科技英语写作和语法教学内容.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,科技英语写作和语法,1.名词前加冠词的常见情况。,1）在普通的单数可数名词前一定要用冠词，泛指时多用不定冠词。,标准房间的高度为2至3米。,A typical room has a height of 2 to 3 meters.,计算机系统是有计算机和一些外部设备构成的。,A computer system consists of a computer and some peripherals.,化学家们在天平上计量质量。,Chemists measures mass on a balance.,当物质经受化学变化时，就可以观察到这些化学性质。,These chemical properties can be observed when a substances undergoes a chemical reaction.,到底用a还是an取决于不定冠词后紧跟的第一个因素（而不是第一个字母）是否为元音，若是元音，则一定要用an。,下面作一个实验。,Here is an experiment.,一小时有60分钟。,There are 60 minutes in an hour.,这是一个n值的函数。,This is an n-valued function.,这是一个RS触发器。,This is an RS flip-flop.,磁铁具有一个S极和一个N极。,A magnet has an S pole and an N pole.,这是一个单位。,This is a unit.,2）前面已提到过的或同一句中第二次提到的或心中特指的事物，以及带有后置修饰语的名词，其前应该使用定冠词。,电路某一段的电阻等于其电压与流过该段电路的电流之比。,The resistance of a given section of an electric circuit is equal to the ratio of its voltage to the current through this section of the circuit.,如果把电压加在闭合电路的两端，电路中就会有电流流动。,If a voltage is applied across the terminals of a closed circuit,an electric current will flow in the circuit.,感抗与电阻之比被称为该电路的Q值。,The ratio of inductive reactance to resistance is called the Q of the circuit.,系统控制是一门跨学科的科目。,The control of systems is an interdisciplinary subject.,控制系统的设计在很大程度上取决于复变量理论的应用。,The design of control systems depends greatly on the application of complex-variable theory.,考虑一下对下面的积分绕闭合曲线C进行求值。,Consider the evaluation of the following integral around a closed contour C.,读者应该明白，将二进制数据码转换成十进制是为了方便人类的使用。,The reader should be aware that the binary data code is converted to base 10 for human consumption.,注意：,(1)很多情况下，在不强调特指时，带有后置定语的复数名词前可以不用定冠词。,化学中所使用的温度计是用摄氏度来标记的。,Thermometers,used in chemistry,are marked in degrees Celsius.,在这种情况下，我们只需要测出该电路两端的电位差。,In this case,all we need to do is measure the potential difference across two terminals,of the circuit,.,在周期表中，化学性质类同的元素是一个接一个直接接在一起的。,Elements,that are similar chemically,fall directly beneath one another in the Periodic Table.,(2)有些情况下，在带有后置定语而不强调特指的可数名词单数前，也可以使用不定冠词。,化合物是能够分解成两种或多种元素的纯净物质。,A compound is a pure substance,that can be broken down into two or more elements,.,摄氏45度，相当于从0度标记到100度标记之间水银柱高度为45的位置时的温度。,A temperature of 45 corresponds to a mercury level,45%of the way from the 0to the 100mark,.,现今在美国常用的一种温度标是基于丹尼尔华伦海特的工作之上的。,A temperature scale,in common use in the United States today,is based on the work of Daniel Fahrenheit.,2.名词前不加冠词或省略冠词的常见情况。,1）泛指的物质名词及不可数名词前不加冠词，表示一类的复数名词前不加冠词。,铁是金属。,Iron is a metal,空气是物质。,Air is matter.,电广泛地应用于工农业。,Electricity is widely used in industry and agriculture.,电能可由电动机转换成机械能。,Electricity energy can be changed by electric motors into mechanical energy.,机械靠电力运转。,Machines are run by electricity.,2)论文、书籍的各级标题前的冠词可以省略。,无线电波与水波的比较,（A）Comparison of Radio Waves with Water Waves,RC 谐振电路的分析,（AN）Analysis of RC Resonant Circuit,锁相环的研究,（A）Study of Phase-Locked Loops,图像处理的研究,（The）Research on Image Processing,计算机入门,（An）Introduction to Computers,19.1节 热力学第一定律,19.1 The first law of thermodynamics,书籍各章的标题如果是可数名词，则常用复数形式表示，也可用定冠词加单数名词表示。,第二章 原子、分子和离子,Chapter 2 Atoms，Molecules,and Ions,第五章 数字电路,Chapter5 Digital Circuit,第七章 存储元件,Chapter 7 the Memory Element,第三十五章 原子,Chapter 35 The Atom,3)专有名词前的冠词使用情况,在科技文写作中，专有名词主要涉及到人名、地名、单位名称、机构名称和国家名称，下面分别加以说明。,人名前不加冠词，如Maxwell(麦克斯韦)，Faraday(法拉第)，Einstein(爱因斯坦)。,地名单独使用时通常不加冠词，如：Beijing(北京),xian（西安）,shaanxi（陕西；注意：由于英语中没有四声，无法区分“陕西”和“山西”，因此陕西的英语为shaanxi,即其中多了一个字母a).,Chicago(芝加哥)，New York(纽约)。,由若干词构成的国名，组织机构名前通常家定冠词,中华人民共和国,the Peoples Republic of China,美利坚合众国,the United States of America,美国国务院,the State Department,中国旅行社,the China Travel Agency,4）图示说明文字中一般可省略冠词。,图2-1 用旋转矢量的垂直分量来产生正弦波,Fig.2-1 Generation of sine wave by vertical component of rotating vector.(注：generation 前省略了the;sine wave 前省略了a;vertical 前省略了the;rotating 前省略了a.另外，科技英语种不论图示的说明是否是一个句子，末尾均要加句号),图1-1 典型数学计算机的方框图,Fig.1-1（The）Block diagram of(a)typical digital computer,图25-6 电荷环产生的电场,Fig 25-6(The)Electric field due to(a)ting of charge,图2-5 安培表电阻对电路中电流的影响,Fig 2-5(The)Effect of(the)ammeter resistance on(the)current in(a)circuit.,图1-4 偏压线与转移特性曲线相交得到了源极偏置放大器的工作点,Fig.1-4(The)Intersection of the bias line with(the)transfer characteristic yields(the)opening point of(a)source-bias amplifier.,5）可数名词单数形式泛指时可省略冠词（特别是在between A and B,from A to B,the variation of A with B 等表达中，A和B之前可以省略定冠词）,图1-5 画出了输出随输入的变化情况。,、Fig.1-5 shows the variation of output with input.,该球的顶部与底部支间所产生的压差产生了一个“提升”力。,The resulting pressure difference between top and bottom of the ball causes a“lift”force.,欧姆首先发现了电流、电压、电阻之间的关系。,Ohm first discovered the relationship between current,voltage,and resistance.,晶体管是有发射极、基极和集电极三部分构成的。,A transistor consists of three parts:emitter,base and collector.,地球到太阳的距离大约为1.51011m.,The distance from earth to sun is about 1.51011m.,此正弦波沿着管子从左边传播到右边。,This sine wave travels along the tube from left to right.,6）表示职位的名词或者表示独一无二的人之前一般不用冠词。,马萨诸塞州伍斯特市的伍斯特工学院数学系主任塞缪尔兰金博士说：“你在科技新领域特别是在我们今天所看到的这些事情中研究得越深，越会发现数学的踪迹。,Said Dr.Samuel Rankin,head of the mathematical sciences department at Worchester Polytechnic Institute in Worchester,Mass:The further you go into the scientific and technological frontiers,especially in the kinds of things we are seeing today,you are going to find mathematics.”,这被称为1 赫兹，以纪念无线电波的发现者海因里希赫兹。,This is called a hertz in honor of Heinrich Hertz,discoverer of radio waves.,功率的点位是每秒1焦耳，这被称为1 瓦特（W），以纪念蒸汽机的开发者詹姆斯瓦特.,The unit of power is a joule per second,which is called a watt(W),如果不是“独一无二”，则必须加上冠词。如：,“科学家视此为最后的工业契机，”位于芝加哥附近的阿贡国家实验室的物理学家弗朗克Y弗拉金说道。,“Scientists see this as the last industrial moment,”said Frank Y Fradin,a physicist at the Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago.,7）人名的所有格之前不用冠词,这些事麦克斯韦方程。,These are Maxwells equations.,基尔霍夫定律对分析网络很有帮助。,Kirchhoffs rules are very useful to the analysis of networks.,此等式被称为欧姆定律。,This equation is known as Ohms law.,本节讨论牛顿运动定律。,This section discusses Newtons laws of motion.,根据法拉第定律，在初级绕组中感应出来的电压与初级电感成正比。,The voltage induced in the primary winding is proportional to the primary inductance according to Faradays law.,这是香农取样定理。,This is Shannons sampling theorem.,但如果人名直接修饰普通名词，则其前一般要用定冠词,这个模型被称为波尔模型。,This model is called the Bohr model.,雷诺数是一个没有量纲的量。,The Reynolds number is a dimensionless quantity.,这些是麦克斯韦表达式。,These are the Maxwell expressions.,这个式子也可以从图1-3 所示的卡诺途中获得。,This equation can also be obtained from the Karnaugh map shown in Fig.1-3.,我们首先确定从AA处想基极看进去的截文宁等效电路。,We first determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit looking into the base at AA.,维恩电桥也可用作频率选择网络。,The Wien bridge is also useful as a frequency-selective network.,8）方程、表达式、公式、图表、章节、页码等后跟数字表示“第”时，其前面不得加冠词。,使用方程（2-1）时必须注意符号。,In using Equation(2-1),attention must be paid to the sign.,这一点将在第五章加以讨论。,This point will be discussed in Chapter 8.,此现象已在第3.5 节讲过了。,This phenomenon was described in Section 3.5.,图6-3 画出了数字计算机的方框图。,Figure 6-3 shows the block diagram of a digital computer.,练习1 的答案在第8页。,The key to Exercise 1 appears on Page 8.,表1-1 显示了几种金属在室温下的电阻率的范围。,The range of resistivities of several metals at room temperatures is shown in Table 1-1.,9）在解释方程、公式、表达式等里面的参数时，一般不用冠词。,S=vt,式中S表示距离，v表示速度，t表示时间。,S=vt,where S=distance,v=velocity,and t=time.,10）在表示下定义的句型by A is meant B 中，A之前不用冠词。,频率指的是某物每秒钟重复的次数。,By frequency is meant the number of times something repeats itself per second.,所谓线性工作制的是放大器以很小的失真或毫无失真地放大信号的能力。,By linear operation is meant the ability of an amplifier to amplify signals with little or no distortion.,11）在学科名前不用冠词。,数学是科学上非常有用的工具。,Mathematics is a very useful tool in science.,电子学属于物理学的一个分支。,Electronics belong to a branch of physics.,12）表示“在某一方面”时不用冠词。,艾肯机的速度受到限制是由于他使用的是继电器而不是电子器件的缘故。,Aikens machine was limited in speed by its use of relays rather than electronic devices.,计算机的体积各不相同。,Computers differ greatly in size.,这个设备性能很好。,This device is very good in performance.,13）在“每（per）”之后不用冠词。,无线电波每秒钟传播30万公里。,Radio waves travels 300,000 kilometers per second.,其频率稳定度为百万分之六。,Its frequency stability is six parts per million(=six parts in a million).,14）不用冠词的其他情况。,这些事极坐标形式的数据。,These are data in polar form.,它们逆序发生。,They take place in reversed order.,3.名词前冠词可加可不加的特殊情况。,1）用“系表”结构定义某个参数时。,标量是只具有大小的一个量。,A scalar/Scalar quantity is one that possesses magnitude only.,热机是能够把热转换成机械能的设备。,A heat/Heat engine is any device that converts heat into mechanical energy.,表压是真正的压力与大气压之差。,A gauge/Gauge pressure is the difference between true pressure and atmospheric pressure.,速度是即涉及大小又涉及方向的一个矢量。,A velocity/Velocity is a vector quantity involving both magnitude and direction.,绝对误差是测得值与认可值之间的实际差别。,An absolute/Absolute error is the actual difference between the measured value and the accepted value.,2)被称谓的名词前。,这个量被称为扩散率。,This quantity is called the diffusivity.,这是由一个被称为调整率的量来度量的。,This is measured by a quantity called the regulation.,这个比值被称为磁强度。,This ratio is called the magnetic intensity.,由核聚变释放出来的能量被称为热核能。,The energy liberated by nuclear fusion is called thermonuclear energy.,某些元素产生辐射的能量被称为放射性。,The ability of some elements to give out radiations is called radioactivity.,4.名词前加定冠词的特殊情况。,1)表示某个参数的单位时一般要用定冠词。,电阻的单位为欧姆。,The unit of resistance is the ohm.,电位差的单位为伏特。,The unit of potential difference is the volt.,电容的单位为法拉。,The unit of capacitance is the farad.,电阻的单位以乔治欧姆的名字命名为欧姆，此人首先发现了电流、电压、电阻之间的关系。,The unit of resistance is labeled the ohm,after George Ohm,who first discovered the relationship between current,voltage,and resistance.,2)参数带有同位语时，该参数前须用定冠词。,系数 u 变量 s,the,coefficient u,the,variable s,下标 i 营销工具 p,the,subscript i,the,marketing tool p,3)在same 前须用定冠词。,在这种情况下，其电位差与电源动势相同。,In this case,its potential difference is,the,same as the,EMF,of the battery.,这两个名称在含义上相同。,These two names are,the,same in meaning.,4)以下表达中须用定冠词。,Any/None/Neither/Neither/All/Most/One/Each/The rest+of the+名词,这里的所有设备都是国产的。,All of,the,devices here are home made.,现在的教科书均没有提到这个问题。,None of,the,texts available mention this problem.,如果前面两个条件都不满足，则式（4-1）不易解。,If neither of,the,foregoing conditions is satisfied,then Eq.(4-1)is not readily solved.,5)几个名词并列时一般公用第一个名词前的冠词。,将冷热水混合后，我们会得到两千克温度为50 的水。,After,the,hot and cold water have been mixed,we will have 2 kg of water at a temperature of 50.,负责的变化对振荡的频率或振幅影响很小。,Variations in the load have little effect on,the,frequency or amplitude of oscillations.,这些方便的电信号源对各种电气设备的测试，维护或运行都很有用。,These convenient sources of electrical signals are useful in,the,test,maintenance,or operation of a wide variety of electrical apparatus.,本书是为了想要了解有关CAD/CAM的技术，应用及范围的经理们撰写的。,The book is designed for managers who wish to learn about,the,technology,applications,and scope of CAD/CAM.,6)当表示“比较一下”，“计算一下”，“了解一下”，“考察一下”，“作一比较”，“作一分析”，“作一研究”，“作一讨论”等时，抽象名词前一般使用不定冠词。,让我们粗略的估算一下那里的压力。,Let us make,a rough estimate,of the pressure there.,首先要对电路的基本内容有一个很好的了解。,The prerequisite is,a good knowledge,of electric circuit fundamentals.,本书范围有限，无法对所有这些数学方法都做详细讨论。,The scope of this book does not permit,a detailed discussion,of all of these mathematical devices.,可以通过对该电路的分析来理解惠斯登电桥的使用方法。,The manner in which the Wheatstone bridge is used may be understood from,an analysis,of the circuit.,对该电路作一定量的分析是相当复杂的。,A quantitative analysis,of this circuit is rather involved.,略微计算一下你就会相信这的确是正确的。,A short calculation,will convince you that this is indeed true.,7)当序数词并不强调次序而表示“另一个”，：又一个“的含义时，其前不用定冠词而用不定冠词，但仍可译成“第一”，“第二”，“第三”等。,另一种方法如下。,A second,approach is as follows.,电子学的诞生是从发现了真空二极管中的电流可以通过引入第三个电极来加以控制算起的。,The advent of electronics is reckoned from the discovery that the current in a vacuum diode can controlled by introducing,a third,electrode.,8.冠词的特殊位置。,1)冠词的特殊位置。,all/both+the+复数名词,我们实验室里的所有仪器都是国产的。,All,the,instruments in our laboratory are homemade.,这里的两台设备质量都很好。,Both,the,devices here are very good in quality.,2).不冠词的特殊位置。,too/so/as/how+形容词+a(n)+单数名词,这道题太难，10分钟都解不出来。,This is so different,a,problem as not to be solved in 10 minutes.,必须确定需要多大的力才能移动这个物体。,It is necessary to determine how large,a,force is required to move this body.,这只机械手能提起重达450公斤的重物。,This manipulator can lift as heavy,a,weight as 450 kilograms.,在实际应用中，电阻器的功率额定值这一特性往往与其阻值同等重要。,In practical applications,the power rating of a resistor is often as important,a,characteristic as its resistance value.,第二节 连词,在科技英语写作中，要注意并列连词（特别是and)的用法。,1.如果两个事物并列，其间要有并列连词（两个分词并列同样如此，不过这时也可以用分号来表示and的含义）；如果有几个事物并列，则在最后两个事物之间用一个并列连词。,这台设备大而复杂。,This device is large,and,complicated.(and 连接了两个形容词）,这台机器的优点是结构简单，性能好。,This machine has the advantages of simple structure,and,good performance.,(and 连接了两个名词短语，在汉语中并没有使用连接词而是用了一个顿号),信息是用户数据或控制数据或者二者兼而有之一种逻辑单位。,The message is a logical unit of user data,control data,or,both.,(or 连接了三个名词）,2.如果几个从句（最常见的是宾语从句）并列，除第一个从句外，其他从句前的引导词都不能省略。,假定在该导线中每立方米有1029 个自由电子，导线中的电流为10安培。,Assume there are 10 free electrons per cubic meter in the wire,and that the current in the wire is 1029A.(两个宾语从句并列，第一个宾语从句引导词that可以省略，但第二个宾语从句引导词不能省略）,假设每个电荷处的电场具有矢量E的方向，但并不是均匀的。,Suppose that the field each charge has the direction of the vector E but that it is not uniform.(but连接了两个并列的宾语从句）,该放大器的优点是（1）.,(2).,(3).,The advantages of this amplifier are(1),that,.,(2),that,.,and,(3),that,.（and连接了三个表语从句）,3.以 therefore,hence,thus,however 等开头的并列分句前一般应该加and，或者用分号隔开，或者把分句改写成一个单独句子。,在这种情况下，每个部件底部的压力是相同的，所以该系统处于平衡状态。,In this case,the pressure at the base of each component is the same and therefore the system is in equilibrium.（或：.Is the same;therefore the system.或:.is the same.Therefore the system.),第三节 数词,1.分数的表示法。,1)一般表达法的公式为：,分子（用基数词）/分母（分子1时用序数词复数形式）,九分之八,eight ninths,五分之三,three fifths,十分之七,seven tenths,七分之一,四分之一,one fourth/a quarter,二分之一,one/a half(此为英美人习惯用法，不可写作one second),2）用语表示“零点几（十分之几）”，“零点零几（百分之几）”等的公式为：,零点几（即：十分之几）,a few tenths,零点零几（即：百分之几）,a few hundredths,零点零零几（即：千分之几）,a few thousandths,百万分之几,a few millionths,这只是汽化热的千分之几（即：零点零零几）。,This is only,a few thousandths,of the heat of vaporization.,如果其后跟有单位，则要用如下公式：,分数表示法+of a(n)+单位（单数形式）,这药丸重零点零几克。,This pill weighs,a few hundredths of a gram,.,只要使V,BE,变化零点零几伏，就可以使基极电流发生明显变化。,By varying V,BE,only a few hundredths of a volt,the base current can be changed significantly.,2.数词在句子中作前置修饰语,（倍数、分数）+,the+名词；that+后置定语（为of短语）；what从句,输出是输入的100倍。,The output is 100 times the input.,其速度为光速的3/10。,Its speed is three tenths that of light.,施加在该物体上的力为原来的2/5。,The force exerted on the body is two fifths what it was.,3.,表示倍数增长的一个常用句型,。,n times+比较级=n times as 原级 as,特别需要引起注意的是，在英语表达“比增长了 倍”时，英语需在汉语基础上增加一倍。如：,这只箱子比那只重5倍。,This box is,six times,heavier than that one.,该数值几乎比理想值大了3.5倍。,This value is nearly,4.5 times,greater than the ideal one.,这个音符的波长比在空气中同一音符长了两倍多。,The wavelength of this musical note is over,three times,longer than that of the same note in air.,常用写作句型归纳与总结,1.对作一分析/研究/比较,make an analysis of,make a study of,make a comparison （of A with/and B）,（between A and B）,2.对作一介绍/描述/解释,give an introduction to,give a description of,give an explanation of,3.对的研究/分析/比较表明,A study of shows that,An analysis of shows that,（between A and B）,A comparison shows that,（of A with/and B）,我们必须,It is necessary for us to do,We must do,我们能够,It is possible for us to do,We can do,We are able to do,We are capable of doing,We are in a position to do,第4节 介词,在科技英语写作中，需要注意以下七个介词的常见用法。,1.of,1)“of+某些抽象名词”等效于与这些名词相对应的形容词，但语气更强。此时，of 意为“具有”，但它后面决不能跟表示具体事物的名词。,本书将有助于计算机