科技英语翻译课件(补充)讲课教案.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,科技英语翻译课件(补充),To enhance students reading ability of EST.,To acquaint students with the major stylistic,features of EST.,To equip students with the basic translation,techniques of EST.,To prepare students for writing academic papers.,Teaching Objectives,Contents of this course,Part one:general stylistic features of EST,Part two:E-C Translation techniques:,lexical aspects,Part three:E-C Translation techniques:,syntactical aspects,Part four:translation of abstract,translation of Chinese sentences into English,Part one:general stylistic features of EST(6 classes),1,.,about the EST,2.lexical features,3.syntactic/grammatical features,Part two:E-C Translation techniques:lexical aspects,(12 classes),1.addition and omission(supplemented),2.translation of negation and compounds,3.translation of numbers&multiple,Part three:E-C Translation Techniques:syntactical aspects(14 classes),1.differences between English and Chinese at,syntactic level,2.,translation techniques:,1)passive voice&its translation,2)long and complex sentences in E-C Translation,3)translation of the titles of science articles,Part four:(4 classes),1.translation of abstract,2.translation of Chinese sentences into English,1,李健,.,科技英语阅读与翻译,M.,外语教学与研究出版社,2009.,2,翟天利,.,科技英语阅读与翻译实用教程,M.,北京：新时代出版社，,2003.,3,严俊仁,.,汉英科技翻译,M.,北京：国防工业出版社，,2004.,4,刘宓庆,.,文体与翻译,M.,北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，,1998.,5,赵萱,郑仰成,.,科技英语翻译,M.,外语教学与研究出版社,2006.,6,武力,赵栓科,.,科技英汉与汉英翻译教程,M.,西北工业大学出版社,2007.,Reference Resources,Assessment Evaluation,Assessment,Evaluation is based on continuous assessment and a final written examination.,Continuous Assessment 30%,Assignments(10%),Attendance(10%),Class Participation,and Independent Learning(10%),Final Written Examination 70%,1.Why do we need translation theory?,2.What is EST?,3.What are the general features of EST?,Lecture 1,About the English of science and technology,1.Why theory?,“All translators,whether consciously or unconsciously,base their work on a certain theories of translation”(Jin Di and Nida,On Translation,中国对外翻译出版公司,1994,p.15),1.describe,2.predict,3.guide,2.What is EST?,The English for science and technology(EST)is actually a big,variety,.It includes the English of chemistry,the English of physics,the English of mathematics,the English of biology,the English of medicine,etc.,But,generally speaking,the English of all scientific fields have something in common and on which we base our studies.,a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality,EST is used in,scientific works,academic thesis,research papers,experimental reports,the description or explanation of natural phenomena,etc.In one word it is a variety of English,dealing with the theories and applications of science and technology.,Comparison,人类是一件多么了不起的作品！他的理性多么高贵！才能多么无限，动作多么敏捷，体形多么令人赞叹！行为像天使，悟性像天神！宇宙之至美，众生之灵长。（莎士比亚 哈姆雷特）,Of the two passages,the first one is a piece of literary work,and the second,EST.,By comparison,we can see the sharp differences between the styles of these two passages although they are dealing with the same subject matter-human being.,comparison,Lexically,in the first passage,we can see the frequent use of,favorable adjectives and nouns,such as,noble,infinite,express,admirable,angel,God,beauty,paragon,.,While in the second one,we find,technical terms of biolog,y predominate the whole text,such as,metazoan,triploblastic,choral,vertebrate,pentadactyl,mammalian,eutheran,primate,etc.,Syntactically,in the first passage,we can find the frequent use of,exclamatory sentences,as well as,two short sentence fragments,in order to express feelings;,while in the second passage,both sentences are,complete declarative sentences,with the purpose of giving information.,In the first passage,exclamation marks,(which show feelings)are frequently used.While in the second passage,the frequent use of,commas,(which offer information)is obvious.,Rhetorically,in the first passage,figurative language,is used in order to show a strong feeling,especially the use of the,hyperbole,and,metaphor,(the beauty of the world;the paragon of animals),and,similes,(like an angel;like a God).As a result,man is greatly praised.,While in the second passage,all the words are used in their,conceptual meanings,.The tone is factual,and impersonal.As a result,the information of how man came into being is clearly revealed.,This kind of writing is usually,formal,in style and,serious,in tone.,It does not take artistic beauty of language as its goal,instead,it tries to achieve clarity in logic and accuracy in meaning.,It ties to avoid subjective opinions or evaluations,ambiguous word or expressions.,Practice,1.,Passive voice,non-restrictive verbs,and,simple tenses,are more frequently adopted.,2.,The sentences are usually,long and complete and subordinate appositive clauses,are often used rather than simple sentences.,Connectors,such as,are used to indicate the logic relationship between the sentences.,3.,As far as punctuation is concerned,the most frequently used marks are the,full stop,the,comma,and the,parentheses,.This is due to the nature of EST writing.,As the basic function of EST is to inform,therefore objective statements are the most preferred sentence type,thus the,full stop,.,And the sentences are usually long;therefore,commas,are used to set off some elements of the sentence from what proceeds,and what follows.,Parentheses,are used to enclose supplementary details.,4.EST makes full use of,graphologic devices,.,Scientists tend to use visual aids more than other people,such as pictures,tables,charts,formulae,etc.in order to explain matters clearly.,Linguistic Features of EST,&the Translation,Science-,precision&the absence of,ambiguity,The language of science-,precise&unambiguous,Coherence,Clarity&Fluency,(,连贯,、,明晰,、,畅达,),Translated versions:objective,accurate&well-knit,Translation Standards,Translation Standards for Translation of EST:clarity,coherence&conciseness,科技英语翻译标准,:,明确,、,通顺,、,简练。,(,准确规范,、,通顺易懂,、,简洁明晰,),例句分析：,We shall mention here two temperature scales,namely,the Fahrenheit scale and the Centigrade scale.,这里我们将提及两种温度计,:,华氏表和摄氏表。,这里我们将提及两种,温标,:,华氏,温标,和摄氏,温标,。,分析：,temperature scales,有固定的翻译方法,翻译为“温标”,而不是“温度计”,-thermometer,。,Practice,1.The power plant is the heart of a ship.,2.The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.,1.,动力,装置,是船舶的心脏。,2.,驱动这些机器,的动力,装置,是一台,50,马力的感应电动机。,通顺易懂,A material object cannot have a speed greater than the speed of light.,一个物体不会有一个大于光速的速度。,一个物体的速度绝不会超过光速。,通顺易懂,Distillation involves heating the solution until water evaporates,and then condensing the vapor.,蒸馏就是加热溶液直到水蒸发,然后冷凝蒸汽,。,蒸馏就是,要把,溶液,加热,直到水蒸发,然后,再使,蒸汽冷凝,。,简洁明晰,It is forbidden to dismantle it without permission so as to avoid any damage to its parts.,为了避免损坏设备的零件,未经许可不得拆卸该设备。,严禁乱拆,以免,损坏该设备的零件。,Requirements for a Qualified Scientific Translator,1)a broad knowledge on the subjects involved;,2)capable of employing translating skills involved in translation of EST;,a)a thorough understanding of the technical terms,b)acquaintance with sentence structures frequently used in EST,c)a thorough analysis of the deep structures,3)to have a good command of English&Chinese,4)to be rigorous,Lecture 2,Lexical Features of EST,1.the formation of EST technical words,2.the translation of nominalization,Lexical Features of EST&the Translation,Frequent Use of,1)Terminology/Scientific Words,2)Nominalization,Terminology,Terminology,1)Proper nouns,2)The borrowing of daily words,3)New words and expressions based on modern English word-formation,Proper Nouns,Proper nouns for a certain major only,hertz,赫兹,volt,伏特,hydroxide,氢氧化物,anode,阳极,annealing,退火,isotope,同位素,Alfonol 16 (,一种铁铝合金,其中铝合金含量为,16%),Unipizeo (,美国制造的铁氧体软磁材料,),The borrowing of daily words,1.operation,操作,(,常见的意思,),Computer Science-,运算,Medicine-,手术,Military-,作战,2.ceiling,天花板、顶板,绝对升限,/,最大飞行高度,(aeronautics,航空学,),云幕高度,(meteorology,气象学,),风值电压,(electricity,电学,),The borrowing of daily words,3.transmission,传递,/,传达,(daily usage),发射,/,播送,(a term in radio engineering),传动,(in mechanical engineering),透射,(in physics),遗传,(in medical science),The borrowing of daily words,4.derivative,派生物,(daily usage),衍生物,(in chemistry),导数,/,微商,(in mathematics),金融衍生工具,(in business activity),5.loop,环,/,圈,回路,(in radio engineering),节育环,(medical science),循环,(in metrology),课堂练习：,翻译句子，注意,concentration,的翻译,concentration,A)Electrode potential depends on the,concentration,of the ions.,B)The determination of trace,concentrations,of mercury in minerals is described.,C)A,concentration,process is important now that the depletion of high grade ores is possibility.,Translation,A)Electrode potential depends on the,concentration,of the ions.,电极电位决定于离子,浓度,。,(chemistry),B)The determination of trace,concentrations,of mercury in minerals is described.,文章论述矿物中痕,量,汞的测定。,(measurement in physics),C)A,concentration,process is important now that the depletion of high grade ores is possibility.,由于目前高品位的矿石可能用完,富集,过程是重要的。,(metallurgy),New words and expressions based on modern English word-formation,(1)Compounding or composition,the process by which two independent words are put together to make a new words.,(2)Affixation,(3)Blending,(4)Acronym,(5)Borrowing,(6)Clipping,Back-Formation,Coinage,Functional Shift&transliteration of foreign languages,(1)Compounding or composition,the process by which two independent words are put together to make a new words.,fallout,放射性尘埃,Laserbomb,激光炸弹,Fallout,放射性尘埃,Splashdown,溅落,Waterlock,水闸,Thunderstorm,雷暴,Moonwalk,月面行走,Ground zero,地面零点位置,Cruise missile,巡航导弹,Compounding or composition,Crawling peg,兑换率微量调整体制,Black hole,黑洞,Fox-bat,狐幅式战斗机,(,米格,-25),Lunar module,登月舱,Biological clock,生物钟,Salt-former,卤素,dew-point,露点,Heatwave,热浪,hot-press,热压,pulse-scaler,脉冲,(2)Affixation,a process of word-formation by which words are formed by adding affixes(prefixes and suffixes)to a root.,antibody,（,anti-,）,antimatter,（,anti-,）,antiproton,（,anti-,）,antismog(anti-),antipollution(anti-,）,antihyperon(anti-,）,anticyclone(anti-),nonaddict,（,anti-,）,nondegradable,（,anti-,）,microeconomics,（,anti-,）,Affixation,Microinstruction(micro-),微指令,Macroeconomics(macro-),宏观经济学,Macroinstruction(macro-),宏指令,Telerama(-rama),大屏幕电视机,Cinerama(-rama),全景电影,Anthropology(-logy),人类学,Translatology(-logy),翻译学,Fururology(-logy),未来学,Ecology(-logy,）生态学,Affixation,Ethnomycology(-logy,）人种真菌学,Escapology(-logy,）逃生术,bronchitis(-itis),支气管炎,arthritis(-itis),关节炎,Else:thermo-,（热）,electro-,（电）,aero-,（空气）,carbo-,（碳）,hydro-,（水，氢）,-ite,（矿物）,-maia,（热，狂）,(3)Blending,a process of word formation by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.,advertistics(advertising+statistics),广告统计学,altiport(altitude+airport),高山短距离起落机场,lunacast(lunar+telecast),登月电视广播,smog(smoke+fog),烟雾,chunnel(channel+tunnel),海峡隧道,comsat(communications+satellite),通信卫星,ballute(balloon+parachute),减速气球,comint(communications+intelligence),通信情报,humint(human+intelligence),间谍情报,amerind(American+Indian),美洲印第安人,telediagnosis(television+diagnosis),远程诊断,carbecue(car+barbeque),热压熔化废旧汽车的装置,Blending,humint (human+intelligence),间谍情报,amerind(American+Indian),美洲印第安人,telediagnosis(television+diagnosis),远程诊断,carbecue(car+barbeque),热压熔化废旧汽车的装置,biorhythm,（,biological+rhythm,）生理节奏,mechnochenistry,（,michanical+chimistry,）机械化学,telex,（,teleprinter+exchange,）电传,medicare,（,medical+care,）医疗保健,escalirt,（,escalator+lift,）自动电梯,(4)Acronym,a word composed of the first letters of the words in a phrase,especially when this is used as a name,Laser(light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation),激光,ADP(automatic data processing),自动数据处理,DC(direct current),直流电,IC(integrated circuit),集成电路,AC(alternating current),交流电,KWIC(key-word-in-context,）关键字在文内,KWOC(key-word-out-of-context),关键字在文首,CPU(Central Processor Unity),(5)Borrowing,Alfven wave,（阿尔文波）,Hannes Alfven,Chandlers wobble(,钱德拉波动说）,Seth Carlo Chandler,Kuru,（库鲁癫痫症）,-Kurn Highlands,（库鲁高地）,IBM System-International Business Machines Corporation(,美国国际商业机器公司）,Mace,（迈斯神经镇静剂）,-To mace,（,v)(a brand name),Toxerox,xeroxer-Xerox(,静电复制）,(a brand name),Ohm(,欧姆）,amp,（安培）,diesel,（内燃机）,hamburger cardigan(,开襟羊毛衫）,(6)Clipping,Back-Formation,Coinage,Functional Shift&transliteration of foreign languages,Clipping:laboratory-lab,Back-Formation:Laser-to lase,Coinage:Quark,夸克,Functional Shift,：,to contact the terminal,Gene(from German),Translation of Technical Terms,名从主人，译者加注,（）,liberal translation,Bourgeoisie,布尔乔亚 资产阶级,Vitamin,维他命 维生素,Laser,莱塞 激光,Couple,对、偶 电偶、力偶,（）,transliteration,Ohm(,欧姆）,amp,（安培,),（）,liberal translation+transliteration,Mastic,玛蹄脂,The Vistula,维斯杜拉河,Pumi,普米族,Translation of Technical Terms,(4)Translation of acronym&blending words,Libel translation&transliteration,Eg.Laser(radio detecting and ranging),PERT(,Program Evaluation Review Technique),CTOL,(conventional take-off and landing,),Multivider=,multiply+divider,programatic=,program+automatic,(5)fixed version,E.g.Greenwich,(6)Chinese Correspondence/equivalence,The Plough,北斗星,The Pluto,冥王星,Tin plate,马口铁,Zinc plate,白铁皮,Marijuana,大麻,liquid crystal,液晶,machine building,机器制造,aircraft,飞机,cast-iron,铸铁,maintenance,维修,antibody,抗体,imbalance,不平衡,extra-terrestrial,行星际的,subsystem,分系统,water jacket,水套,linear measurement,长度单位,metalwork,金属制品,conveyer-belt,传送带,propeller,推进,器,contradiction,矛盾,non-metal,非金属,decontrol,取消控制,unbar,消除障碍,computer language,计算机语言,civil engineering,土木工程,powerplant,发电站,machine-made,机制的,counterbalance,反平衡,discharge,放电,hydro-electric,发电,ultrasonic,超声,non-ferrous,有色金属的,Nominalization,To turn verbs into nouns with actions involved.,To change verbal phrases or sentences into noun phrases.,Nominalization,(1),阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理,Archimedes first discovered the principle that water,is displaced by,solid bodies.,Archimedes first discovered the principle of,displacement,of water by solid bodies.,分析：,The original appositive clause is simplified and the fact“displacement”is emphasized,Nominalization,(2),地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化,The earth,rotates,on its own axis,which causes the change from day to night.,The,rotation,of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.(The idea to be conveyed is much clearer.),More examples,(1)Rockets have found application for the,exploration,of the universe.,火箭已被用来探索宇宙。,(2)The,addition,of 2 percent sodium carbonate to boiling water increases the bactericide effect.,在沸水中加入,2%,的碳酸钠会增加杀菌效果。,(3),The testing of machines,by this method entails some loss of power.,用这种方法实验机器会损失一些功率。,Nominalization,(4),Failure to fix these symbols in,mind keeps students from mastering the mathematical subjects they take up.,由于未能记住这些符号,使得许多学生无法掌握他们选修的教学课程。,(5)This higher cost is not entirely due to the shape of the part,or the use of,a more expensive metal,.,成本教高不完全是由于部件的形状,也不是由于使用的金属比较昂贵。,Nominalization,Despite all the,improvements,rubber still has a number of limitations.,尽管,改进,了很多，但合成橡胶仍有一些缺陷。,High precision implies a high degree of exactness but with no,implication,as to accuracy.,高精度意味着高度的精确度，但并不,表明,具有准确性。,Nominalization increases the frequent use of,action nouns,which can be derived from verbs by adding suffixes such as,ment,sion,xion,ment,ance,ence,to them.This