高中英语非谓语动词课件.ppt

,非谓语动词,性质,非谓语动词具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语，即除谓语以外的一切成分。,形式,1.动词不定式,2.动词-ing形式,3.动词-ed形式,非谓语动词时态&语态对照表,及物与不及物,语态,时 态,类别,vt.,vi.,主动语态,被动语态,主动语态,动词,-ing形式,一般时:,(与谓语动作同时发生),making,being made,going,完成时:,(先于谓语动作发生),having made,(不作定语),having been made,(不作定语),having gone,(不作定语),动词,-ed形式,只有一般时:不强调时间先后，只说明原因、条件等,made(表被动,),gone(表完成),动词不定式,一般时:与谓语动作(几乎)同时发生,to make,to be made,to go,完成时:先于谓语动作发生,to have made,to have been made,to have gone,进行时:在谓语动作发生时正在进行,to be making,to be going,动词-ing 形式,1作主语,Seeing is believing.,注意：,it作形式主语时，可用动词不定式，但下列句型常用动名词：,It is+no good(no use/fun,a waste of time)+doing,2作表语,His job is washing and cooking.,3作定语,This is her father,s walking stick.,4作宾语,When he came in,we all stopped talking.,注意：,mind,miss,excuse,enjoy,escape,consider,admit(承认)，advise,appreciate,avoid,finish,face,practise,suggest,delay,imagine,include,keep,quit,resist,pay attention to等动词以及介词后接动名词作宾语。,C,【跟踪演练】,Bill suggested _ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.,A.having heldB.to hold,C.holdingD.hold,【解析】,选C。suggest后面要接动名词作宾语，A项是动名词的完成式表示发生在谓语动词suggested之前的 一个动作，由句意可知不合题意。,5.作状语：,时间状语：Reading the letter,I couldn,t help thinking of my school life.,原因状语：Being ill,I didn,t go to school yesterday.,方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.,【跟踪演练】,A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city,_all four people on board.,A.killedB.killing,C.killsD.to kill,【解析】,选B。句中逗号后没有任何连词，因此不是并列谓语，可排除A项；C项时态不对也可排除；现在分词killing可作状语表示飞机坠毁的结果，而不定式作结果状语时往往用only to do形式。,playing,having kept,6动词-ing的时态：一般时和完成时,(1)如果动作没明确表示出时间是与谓语动作同时发生或在谓语动作之前发生，用一般时。,We are interested in _ chess.,(2)如果动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用完成时。,Im sorry for not _ my promise.,(3)在某些词后，常用一般时，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的。,On hearing the bad news,she cried.,Ill never forget seeing that film for the first time.,7.动词-ing 的语态,doing,being done,having done having been done,(1),He was afraid of _ at home.,(2),The house showed no sign of _.,注意：,有些动词-ing在句中虽是主动形式，却有被动含义。,The house requires/needs/wants repairing.,The book is worth reading.,being left,having been,damaged,8.固定句型,(1)There is no use/good/sense/harmdoing sth.做某事没用/不好/没意义/没有害处,(2)have difficulty/trouble/problems/a hard time/a good time/fun (in)doing sth.,(3)spend/waste/lose time(in)doing sth.,(4)There is no.doing sth.(there is no 表“不可能”),9.使用动词-ing的几个,注意点,(1)作状语用的现在分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事。例如：,Standing on top of the tall building,we could see the whole city.(正)(StandingWhen we stood),Standing on top of the tall building,the whole city could be seen.(误),(2)短暂动词(即瞬间动词)的现在分词被动式不可作宾语补足语或定语。例如：,He saw the old man knocked down by the car.(knocked down不可改为being knocked down或having been knocked down),动词-ed 形式,1.作定语：The stolen car was found by the police last week.,2.作表语：The glass is broken./When I got to the classroom,the door was locked.,3.作宾语补足语：You must get/have your hair cut.,4.作状语：Given more time,we can do the work much better.,【跟踪演练】,1.Now that weve discussed our problem,are people happy with the decisions _?,A.makingB.make C.made D.to make,【解析】,选C。句意：既然我们已经讨论了我们的问题，人们对我们作的决定满意吗？decisions和make之间是被动关系，而A、B、D三项均表示主动，不合题意。,2._by the advances in technology,many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.,A.Being encouragedB.Encouraging,C.EncouragedD.Having encouraged,【解析】,选C。encourage与主句主语many farmers之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，因此应用被动形式，故排除B、D两项；A项表示该动作正在进行，不符合题意；Encouraged by the advances in technology为过去分词短语作原因状语。,动词-ing被动式与过去分词用法的区别,1.作宾语时，动词-ing的一般被动式表示一个正在发生的被动动作，过去分词则表示一个已发生过的被动动作或没有时间性的状态。例如：Do you see the hospital built(建好的)/being built(正在建造的)there?,2.作原因状语，动词-ing被动式与过去分词可以互换。例如：Being led(Led)by the Party,the Chinese people have won great victories.,3.作方式或伴随状语，不用动词-ing被动式，而用过去分词。例如：The soldiers lay on the ground,covered with nothing.,4.作时间状语，若动作先于句子的谓语动作发生，且有具体的过去时间状语，不可用动词-ing的一般被动式或完成被动式。例如：Built in 1192,the bridge was very useful.,如果没有具体的过去时间状语，可用过去分词或 动词-ing的完成被动式。例如：Discussed(Having been discussed)many times,the problem was settled at last.,如果要强调分词状语的动作发生的时间在谓语动作之前，则宜用动词-ing的完成被动式，而不用过去分词。例如：Not having been invited,she had to stay at home.,5.在have,get之后宜用过去分词作宾语补足语，不用,动词-ing的被动式或不定式被动式作宾语补足语。例如：,I,ll have my hair cut.(cut不能改为being cut或be cut),He got his watch repaired.(repaired不能改为being repaired或to be repaired),6.在make,order,want,like,wish等动词后，多用过去分词作宾语补足语，少用,动词-ing的被动式作宾语补足语。例如：,The speaker couldn,t make himself heard.(一般不说being heard),7.心理状态动词的,-ing形式与-ed形式,所谓心理状态动词是指含有使动意义，使人产生某种情感、心理变化的动词。例如：surprise使惊讶；interest使感兴趣。它们的-ing形式含主动意义，-ed形式含被动意义。皆可视为形容词。例如：surprising令人惊讶的；interesting令人感兴趣的；surprised(因)感到惊讶的；interested(因)感兴趣的。下面的句子可显示两者的区别：,The film is so interesting that they are all interested in it.,She was much surprised at the surprising news.,8.get,become,look,seem,appear,remain等系动词后都可跟done,表示被动或主语的状态，如remain seated/hidden,get paid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等。,注：,常用be done介词短语表示所处的状态，如下：,be addicted to沉迷于,be absorbed in全神贯注于,be aimed at旨在/意图,be armed with有装备,be buried in埋葬在,be based on/upon以 为基础,be burdened with担负着,be crowded with挤满了,be covered with/by覆盖着,be coated with涂抹了,be combined with与联合,be compared with与相比较,be caught in陷入,be lost in沉迷于,be concerned about关心,be dressed in穿着,be devoted to专心致志于,be divided into分成,be designed/meant/intended for,专为而设计,be engaged in忙于,be engaged to sb.与某人订婚,be fixed on专注于,be faced with面临着,be filled with装满了,be greeted with受到了问候,be grown up 已经长大了,be hidden in躲在,be linked to与有关,be connected with与相连/有关,be made of/from/up of 由制成/组成,be known as/for/to以著称/因著名/,为所知,be loaded with载有,be located in/on/at位于,be married(to sb.)与某人结婚,be paved with铺着,be replaced with更换为,be related to/with与有关,be separated from与隔开,be shouldered with肩负着,be stationed in驻扎在,be surrounded with/by四周环绕着,9.固定用法,generally/frankly/roughly speaking一般说来/坦白说/粗略地说,considering 鉴于/考虑到,judging by/from从来看，依据来判断,supposing/suppose that假定,providing that 假定,according to依据,including包括,owing to由于,talking/speaking of 谈及,given考虑到,provided that如果,10.连词分词(短语),有时为了使非谓语动词短语与主句的逻辑关系更清楚，可在非谓语动词前加连词。连词有when，while，if，unless，though，after,before,as等。但分词的主语和主句的主语必须一致。,(1)感官动词带宾语补足语的结构,see,observe，,hear,notice,watch,feel，,look at,listen to,宾语,do sth.(主动，全过程或经常性动作),doing(主动，正在进行),done(与宾语是被动关系),注意:,若感官动词在被动语态中，则要,还原to,。,11.分词作宾语补足语,(2)get/send 带宾语补足语的结构,get/send宾语doing表示“使起来”，动作由静止到运动并持续下去。,get宾语to dolet/have sb.do表示“让某人做某事”。,get宾语donehave sth.done表示“使某事被做”。,send宾语to do表示“派某人去做某事”。,(3)make带宾语补足语的结构,使役动词make宾语do/done；宾语与do为主动关系，与done是被动关系；若make 在被动语态中，要还原to。,(4)have带宾语补足语的结构,have,宾语,to do意为“有某事要做”(主语本人做),to be done意为“有要做的事情”(不是主语本人做),do意为“让某人做某事”,doing意为“让某人一直做某事”,done意为“让人做了某事”或“遭遇某事”,(5)keep/leave宾语doing(主动,且持续进行)/done(被动),(6)catch宾语doing表示“发现某人正在做某事”，宾语与doing为主动关系，且动作正在进行,(7)find宾语doing(主动，正在进行)/done(被动、状态或完成),不定式,to do不定式常作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语或宾语补足语等。,1.不定式作主语,To master,a foreign language is very important.,注意：,(1)如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，,可以在不定,式前加一个由 for 或of 引起的短语。,It is easy,for the students,to read.,(2)Its kind of you to think so much of us.,温馨提示：,下列形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个 of 引起的短语，这些形容词是：,(表评价性的，来说明逻辑主语的性质、特征、属性),kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,stupid,foolish,wrong,right,careless,rude,polite,naughty等。,2.不定式作宾语,He offered to help me,which made me moved.,Please remember to close the door when you leave.,常见的这类动词有：,want,demand,hope,wish,expect,like,hate，start,begin,fail,help,offer,try,manage,pretend,forget,remember,promise,prepare,learn,agree,plan,determine,prefer,intend等。,3.不定式作表语,Her work is,to look,after the children.,注意：,不定式作be动词的表语时，可以和主语部分调换，说明主语的内容。,注意：,如果作宾语的不定式有自己的补语，须用先行词it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语不定式后置。这类动词有：think,find,feel,consider,make等。,例如：,The computer,makes it possible to,calculate faster.,4.不定式作状语,(1)不定式作状语，常常表示目的。,To,be admitted to a key university,I study hard all the time.,He insists on taking exercise every day,to,improve his health.,注意：to do 不定式表目的时，可以与in order to 和so as to替换，但是so as to不能位于句首。,In order to/To,catch the early bus,I got up early.,(2)to do不定式与only或者never连用，表示出乎意料的结果。,He hurried to the station,only to find,the train had left.,He left home at the age of 10,never to,come back again.,5.不定式作宾语补足语,The teacher advised us to have a rest first.,注意：,see,hear,watch,notice,have,make,let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to,但变为被动语态以后(即不定式作主语补足语时)要带to,其中let sb.do sth.变为被动式为sb.is let to do sth.。,help后作宾语补足语的动词不定式可带to,也可不带to,即help sb.(to)do sth.。,6.不定式作独立成分,To tell(you)the truth,he doesnt agree with you.,To begin with,Beijing is a very beautiful city.,7.不定式与疑问词who,which,when,where,how,what 等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等,He didnt know,what to say.,How to solve the problem,is important.,课堂小结,英语非谓语动词题的七条经典原则,原则一：用作目的状语，原则上要用不定式,原则二：用作伴随状语，原则上要用现在分词,原则三：用作结果状语时，可用-ing或不定式,原则四：凡是含有被动意义时，原则上要用过去分词,原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语原则上应与主句主语保持一致,原则六：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时，原则上要用完成时,原则七：用于名词后作定语时，原则是：用不定式，表示动作尚未发生;用-ing，表示动作正在进行;用过去分词，表示动作已经发生，同时表示被动意义,分析句子结构,辨别“谓语与非谓语”,找逻辑主语,一般来说，作状语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是句子的主语；非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫作逻辑主语。作宾语补足语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是宾语；作定语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是被修饰词。,分析语态,分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词所表示的动作和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。,1.(2014湖南高考)_ your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.,A.Understanding B.To be understood,C.Being understood D.Having understood,【解析】,选A。考查非谓语动词。句意:了解你自己交流的需求和方式与学会表达你的喜爱和情感一样重要。分析句子结构,设空处为句子的主语部分,且题干所述表泛指意义的行为,故应用v.-ing形式的一般式作主语。,【高考链接】,2.(2014浙江高考)Annie Salmon,disabled,is attended throughout her school days by a nurse_to guard her.,A.to appointB.appointing,C.appointedD.having appointed,【解析】,选C。考查非谓语动词。句意:残疾人安妮萨蒙在学校的那段日子一直由委派保护她的一个护士陪同。其中a nurse与动词appoint之间是被动关系,故用过去分词作定语。,3.(2014陕西高考)_the difficult maths problem,I have consulted Professor Russell several times.,A.Working out B.Worked out,C.To work out D.Work out,【解析】,选C。考查非谓语动词。句意:为了解决这道数学难题,我已经向拉塞尔教授请教了好几次了。不定式表示目的,故选C。,4.(2014北京高考)Last night,there were millions of people_the opening ceremony live on TV.,A.watchB.to watch,C.watchedD.watching,【解析】,选D。考查非谓语动词。句意:昨晚,几百万人通过电视观看了开幕式现场直播。分析句子可知“_ the opening ceremony live on TV”作millions of people的定语,people和watch之间是主动关系,且动作正在发生,因此选择现在分词。,5.(2013福建高考)_ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.,A.Known B.Having known,C.Knowing D.Being known,【解析】,选C。考查非谓语动词。句意:知道基本的急救技术将会帮助你对紧急情况快速作出反应。由句式分析可知本句缺少主语,且不强调动作的时间对比及被动,故用动名词的一般形式作主语。,6.(2013湖南高考)You cannot accept an opinion _,to you unless it is based on facts.,A.offeringB.to offer,C.having offeredD.offered,【解析】,选D。考查非谓语动词。句意:你不能接受提供给你的某个观点,除非其基于事实。opinion与offer构成逻辑上的动宾关系,故应用过去分词在句中作定语。offer提供。,7.(2013江苏高考)Lionel Messi,_ the record for the most goals in a calendar year,is considered the most talented football player in Europe.,A.set B.setting C.to set D.having set,【解析】,选D。考查非谓语动词。句意:里奥内尔梅西曾在一年内创造最多得分记录,因此他被认为是欧洲最有天赋的足球运动员。由句子谓语动词is considered可知此题考查非谓语动词形式,主语与set之间为主谓关系,且表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前,故用现在分词的完成式形式。,8.(2013新课标全国卷)The sunlight is white and blinding,_hard-edged shadows on the ground.,A.throwing B.being thrown,C.to throw D.to be thrown,【解析】,选A。考查非谓语动词。句意:阳光明亮而刺眼,在地上投射出轮廓清晰的影子。throw这一动作和主语sunlight之间是主动关系,且强调一种自然的结果,所以应用动词-ing的主动形式。B、D两项和sunlight之间是被动关系;C项表示意外的结果。,9.(2013辽宁高考)Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home,there was a pile of mail _ for her.,A.waited,B.to wait,C.waiting,D.was waiting,【解析】,选C。考查非谓语动词。句意:Laura离家去巴黎待了一周多。当她回家时,有一大堆邮件在等着她。mail和wait之间是主谓关系,故用-ing形式作后置定语。,10.(2013山东高考)I stopped the car _ a short break as I was feeling tired.,A.take B.taking C.to take D.taken,【解析】,选C。考查非谓语动词。句意:我感到累了,因此停下车休息一小会儿。to do不定式在句中作目的状语。所以选C。,11.(2013北京高考)Volunteering gives you a chance _ lives,including your own.,A.changeB.changing C.changed D.to change,【解析】,选D。考查非谓语动词。句意:志愿服务给你一个改变生活的机会,包括你自己的生活。题干中已经有谓语动词gives,故A选项change动词谓语形式不能选,只能选非谓语形式,chance后往往接of doing sth.或to do sth.,即give sb.a chance to do sth./of doing sth.给某人做某事的机会。,12.(2013四川高考)_ which university to attend,the girl asked her teacher for advice.,A.Not knowing B.Knowing not,C.Not known D.Known not,【解析】,选A。考查非谓语动词。句意:由于不知道要上哪所大学,女孩向她的老师征求意见。非谓语动词的否定形式要在非谓语动词前面加not,故排除B项和D项;根据句意可知主语the girl和非谓语动词之间为逻辑主谓关系,故选择v.-ing形式。C项表示和主语之间为被动关系。,13.(2012全国卷)The old man sat in front of the television every evening,happy _anything that happened to be on.,A.to watch B.watching,C.watched D.to have watched,【解析】,选A。考查非谓语动词。句意:这位老人每天晚上坐在电视机前,高兴地看着正在发生的一切。happy为形容词,此处作伴随状语,表示老人的心态;做该题时,需想到的是be happy to do sth.。此时的不定式不能用to have done sth.,因为“看”不是一个先发生的动作;该题易误选watching,但是,如用watching作伴随状语,必须把happy改为happily,用来修饰watching。,14.(2012湖南高考)The lecture,_ at 7:00 pm last night,was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.,A.starting B.being started,C.to start D.to be started,【解析】,选A。考查非谓语动词。句意:于昨晚七点开始的讲座之后是通过望远镜观察月亮。本题考查非谓语动词作定语,lecture与start构成逻辑上的主谓关系,故用现在分词形式作定语。A项为现在分词形式,表主动,符合题意。B项为现在分词的被动式,表被动进行;C项为动词不定式,表将来未发生的动作;D项为不定式的被动式,表将来被动。,15.(2011,江西高考)On receiving a phone call from his wife _ she had a fall,Mr.Gordon immediately rushed home from his office.,says B.said C.saying D.to say,16.(2011天津高考)Passengers are permitted _only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.,A.to carry B.carrying,C.to be carried D.being carried,17.(2011四川高考)Simon made a big bamboo box _,the little sick bird till it could fly.,A.keep B.kept C.keeping D.to keep,18.(2011全国卷II)Sarah pretended to be cheerful,_ nothing about the argument.,A.says B.said,C.to say D.saying,19.(2011重庆高考)More TV programs,according to government officials,will be produced _ peoples concern over food safety.,A.to raise B.raising,C.to have raised D.having raised,20.(2011陕西高考)More highways have been built in China,_it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.,A.making B.made,C.to make D.having made,1._many times,he finally understood it.,A.ToldB.Telling,C.Having toldD.Having been told,【解析】,选D。此处为非谓语动词作状语，tell与句子主语he之间为被动关系，故可排除B、C两项。根据前后句的逻辑关系，非谓语动词应用完成时态表示动作发生在句子谓语动词understood之前。故选D。,【课堂训练】,2.The play _ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.,A.produced B.being produced,C.to be produced D.having been produced,【解析】,选C。句意：下月将要完成的那个戏剧主要是为了反映当地的文化。play与produce之间为被动关系，又因next month为将来的时间，而A项指过去已完成的动作；B项指正在被完成的动作；而D项经常作状语，也表示已经完成的动作，均可排除，故选C。,3.Hurry up,Mary!Its time to go.,Im getting _.Have a little patience.,A.dressB.dressing,C.to dress D.dressed,【解析】,选D。考查非谓语动词。句意：玛丽,快点，我们该走了。我正在穿衣服呢，稍等一下。get dressed 是一个固定词组，表示“穿衣服”。故选D。,4.He is rather difficult to make friends with,but his friendship,_,is more true than any other.,A.once gainedB.when to gain,C.after gainingD.while gaining,【解析】,选A。这里“once gained”是once the friendship is gained 的省略形式，由此可知，the friendship 与gain 之间存在被动关系，故选A。,5.With a report _ about the accident,I have to find some witnesses for help.,A.writeB.writing C.written D.to write,【解析】,选D。考查非谓语动词。with 后面的非谓语动词有三种形式，过去分词常用来表示动作的完成或被动，现在分词表示主动或进行，不定式表示动作还没有发生。从“I have to find some witnesses for help”可知关于这次事故的报告还没有写，故选D。,