新编简明英语语言学教程第二版戴炜栋3Morphology省名师优质课获奖课件市赛课一等奖课件.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本幻灯片资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，如有不当之处，请参考专业资料。谢谢,Chapter 3 Morphology,Definition:Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.,第1页,Open class word and closed class word,Open class words-content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words,such as nouns,adjectives,verbs and adverbs,e.g.beatnik（奇装异服言行乖僻人,垮了一代）(a member of the Beat Generation),email,internet,“做秀，时装秀”in Chinese.,Closed class words-grammatical or functional words,such as conjunction,articles,preposition and pronouns.,第2页,Morpheme（词素）-the minimal unit of meaning,-Words are composed of morphemes.Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes,e.g.,1-morpheme boy,desire,2-morpheme boy+ish,desir(e)+ble,3-morpheme boy+ish+ness,desir(e)+bl(e)+ity,4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity,5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness,6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism,（反对国家对教会不予认可论）,第3页,Affix,Prefix-morphemes that occur only before others,e.g.,un-,dis,anti-,ir-,etc.,Suffix-morphemes that occur only after others,e.g.,-ful,-er,-ish,-ness,-able,-tive,tion,etc.,第4页,Free morpheme&bound morpheme,Free morpheme（自由词素）-is one that may constitute a word(free form)by itself,such as,bed,tree,sing,dance,etc.,Bound morpheme(粘着词素)-is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme.They cannot stand by themselves,such as“-s”in“dogs”,“al”in“national”,“dis-”in“disclose”,“ed”in“recorded”,etc.,第5页,Allomorphl,mrf(,词素变体),Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts,such as“dog,bark,cat”,etc.In other instances,there may be some variation,that is,a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms.They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme.,第6页,e.g.The indefiniteness morpheme,a,bag,an,apple,Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph of indefinite morpheme.,e.g.The plural morpheme,map-map,s,s,dog-dog,s,z,watch-watches iz,mouse-m,i,ce ai,ox-ox,en,n,tooth-t,ee,th,sheep-sh,ee,p,Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme.,第7页,Word Structures,A root,（词根）,is that part of the word left when all the affixes(inflectional&derivational)are removed,e.g.“,desire”,in“,desirable”,“care”,in,“carefully,”,“,nation,”in“,internationalism”,“,believe,”in“,unbeliev(e)able,”,N(noun)V(verb)-Af(affix),e.g.teacher teach-er,第8页,Derivational morpheme&inflectional morpheme,Derivational morphemes-派生词素,-the morphemes which change the category(grammatical class of words),or add some lexical meaning,e.g.modern-modernize,length-lengthen,fool-foolish,order-reorder,agree-disagree,etc.,Inflectional morphemes-屈折词素,-the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers,signifying such concepts as tense,number,case and so on;they never change their syntactic category,never add any lexical meaning,e.g.,a)number:table,s,apple,s,car,s,b),person,tense:talk/talks/talking/talked,c)case:John/Johns,第9页,Morphological（形态学）rules,The rules that govern the formation of words:in general,English words are formed through six ways.,Derivation/Affixation派生/词缀,:to add a prefix or a suffix to a word or a root to change either the part of speech or the meaning,or both of the original word.,e.g.playreplay,read-reader,Compounding合成,:putting two words or roots together to form a new word with a certain syntactic relationship within the newly formed word,e.g.blackboard-The board is black.,ladylike-sb is like a lady.,第10页,*Conversion转化,:to change the part of speech of a word without any change in its form.,e.g.a new carpet-to carpet the room,*Abbreviation,缩略,Clippings,:examination-exam,influenza-flu,Acronyms,:Federal Bureau of Investigation-FBI,Blendings,:motor hotel-motel,breakfast lunch-brunch,*Back-formation 逆成,eg.burglar-burgle,editor-edit,*Jingles 重合,e.g.inf.diner-din-din,第11页,Some points about compounds,When the two words are in the same grammatical category,the compound will be in this category,e.g.,postbox,landlady（女房东）,icy-cold,blue-black,When the two words fall into different categories,the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound,e.g.head-strong（固执）,pickpocket（扒手）,第12页,Compounds have different stress patterns from the non-compounded word sequence,e.g.,The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.,Compare：,1）Kate found a red coat in her aunts closet.,2)Kate found a Redcoat in her aunts closet.,red,coat（红外套）,redcoat(英国军人),green,house（绿色房子）,greenhouse（温室）,black,bird（黑色鸟）,blackbird(,画眉,燕八哥,),hot,dog (热狗),hotdog（热狗）,black,smith,blacksmith(铁匠),catch,word,catchword(时髦语),pig,pen,pigpen（猪舍）,第13页,