豌豆语法12实词1市公开课获奖课件省名师优质课赛课一等奖课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考!,2,）分数表示法,组成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于,1,时，分子序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：,1/3 one-third,；,3/37 three and three-sevenths,豌豆语法,实词,豌豆群：,7298916,1/30,一、名词,名词,名词能够分为专有名词（,Proper Nouns,）和普通名词,(Common Nouns,），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有名称，如,Beijing,，,China,等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念名词，如：,book,，,sadness,等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：,1,）个体名词（,Individual Nouns,）：表示某类人或东西中个体，如：,gun,。,2,）集体名词（,Collective Nouns,）：表示若干个个体组成集合体，如：,family,。,2/30,3,）物质名词（,Material Nouns,）：表示无法分为个体实物，如：,air,。,4,）抽象名词（,Abstract Nouns,）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：,work,。,个体名词和集体名词能够用数目来计算，称为可数名词（,Countable Nouns,），物质名词和抽象名词普通无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（,Uncountable Nouns,）。,3/30,二、代词,代词,pronoun,简称,pron,是代替,名词,一个词类。大多数代词含有名词和,形容词,功效。英,语中代词，按其意义、特征及在句中作用分为：,人称代词,、物主代词、,指示代词,、反身代词、,相互代词,、疑问代词、,关系代词,、连接代词和,不定代词,九种。,1,人称代词是表示,我,、,你,、,他,、,她,、,它,、,我们,、,你们,、,他们,词。是表示本身或人称代词。人称代词可用作主语，表语，宾语以及介词。,4/30,单数,单数,复数,复数,主格,宾格,主格,宾格,第一人称,I,me,we,us,第二人称,you,you,you,you,他,he,him,they,them,她,she,her,they,them,它,it,it,they,them,不定,one,one,ones,ones,5/30,2,物主代词：形容词性物主代词可用作定语,名词性物主代词句法功效,a.,作主语，比如：,May I use your pen?Yours works better.,b.,作宾语，比如：,I love my motherland as much as you love yours.,c.,作介词宾语，比如：,Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word,not in yours.,d.,作表语，比如：,The life I have is yours.,我,你,他,她,它,我们,你们,他们,形容词性物主代词,my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their,名词性物主代词,mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs,6/30,第一人称,第二人称,第三人称,第三人称,第三人称,单数,myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,复数,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,themselves,themselves,3,反身代词：,反身代词可用作宾语，表语，主语同位语和宾语同位语。,7/30,4,关系代词,关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定句子成份，比如：,The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.,关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中，,that,可指人也可指物，见表：,限定性 非限定性 限定性,指人指物指人或指物,主 格,who,which,that,宾 格,whom,that,that,属 格,whose,of which/whose,of which/whose,8/30,比如,This is the pencil whose point is broken.,He came back for the book which he had forgotten.,关系代词,which,先行词能够是一个句子，比如：,He said he saw me there,which was a lie.,说明：关系代词,that,在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略，比如：,Ive forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.,Hes changed.Hes not the man he was.,5,疑问代词,1,）疑问代词在句中起名词词组作用，用来组成疑问句。疑问代词有以下几个：,指人：,who,whom,whose,指物：,what,既可指人又可指物：,which,9/30,2,）疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前，没有性和数改变，除,who,之外也没有格改变。,what,which,whose,还可作限定词。,疑问代词：,Whose are these books on the desk?,限定词：,Whose books are these on the desk?,What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?,疑问代词还可引导名词性从句，比如：,I cant make out what he is driving at,？,Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?,Much of what you say I agree with,but I cannot go all the way with you.,10/30,指示代词,1,）指示代词分单数（,this/that,）和复数（,these/those,）两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词，比如：,单数复数,限定词：,This girl is Mary.,Those men are my teachers.,代词：,This is Mary.,Those are my teachers.,2),指示代词句法功效；,a.,作主语,This is the way to do it.,b.,作宾语,I like this better than that.,c.,作表语,My point is this.,d.,作介词宾语,I dont say no to that.,There is no fear of that,11/30,注意：,That,和,those,可作定语从句先行词，但,this,和,these,不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有,those,可指人，试比较：,He admired that which looked beautiful.,He admired those who looked beautiful.,He admired those who danced well.,7,相互代词,1,）相互代词只有,each other,和,one another,两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述动作或感觉在包括各个对象之间是相互存在，比如：,It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.,12/30,2,）相互代词句法功效：,a.,作动词宾语；,People should love one another.,人们应该彼此相爱。,b.,可作介词宾语；,Dogs bark,cocks crow,frogs croak to each other.,吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。,说明：传统语法认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用,each other,，存在于两个以上人和物之间用,one another,。当代英语中，两组词交替使用实例也很多，比如：,He put all the books beside each other.,He put all the books beside one another.,Usually these small groups were independent of each other,相互代词可加,-s,组成全部格，比如：,The students borrowed each others notes.,13/30,8,不定代词：不定代词代替名词或形容词,.,在句中可用作主语，宾语，表语和定语。,没有明确指定代替任何特定名词或形容词词叫做不定代词，惯用不定代词以下：,all,any,another,both,each,every,either,few,little,many,much,no,none,neither,one,other,some,以及由,some,any,no,every,和,body,one,thing,组成复合词。,9,连接代词：,疑问代词在引发从句时，都称为连接代词，包含,who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever,，一共九个，即除了,whose,后不能加“,-ever”,后缀，其余都行。,14/30,主语从句：,It hasnt been announced who won the prizes,It is clear enough what she meant.,宾语从句,：,I dont care what they think,Ask her which he wants.,表语从句：,The question is who(m)we should trust.,What I want to know is which road we should take.,状语从句,Wherever you go,whatever you do,I will be right here waiting for you.,15/30,三、动词,表示动作中状态词叫做动词。,表示动作中状态词叫做动词。依据其在句中功效，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（,Notional Verb,）、系动词（,Link Verb,）、助动词（,Auxiliary Verb,）、情态动词（,Modal Verb,）。,1,实意动词：,即行为动词,表示动作动词。它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种,及物动词：后面必须跟宾语意义才完整实义动词，叫做及物动词,(transitive verb),。如：,I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion,Crude oil contains many useful substances,不及物动词：本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语实义动词，叫做不及物动词,(intransitive verb),。如：,My watch stopped,She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening.,16/30,2,系动词：,系动词,亦称联络动词（,Link Verb,），作为系动词。有些不具词义；有些含有词义，但不能单独用作,谓语,，后边必须跟,表语,（亦称,补语,），组成系表结构说明主语情况、性质、特征等情况。,3,最惯用助动词有：,be,have,do,shall,will,should,would,）帮助主要动词组成谓语动词,词组,词叫助动词（,Auxiliary Verb,）。被帮助动词称作主要动词（,Main Verb,）。,17/30,四、形容词及其使用方法,形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。,1,直接说明事物性质或特征形容词是性质形容词，它有级改变，能够用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。比如：,hot,热。,2,叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级改变，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以,a,开头形容词都属于这一类。比如：,afraid,害怕。,The man is ill.,The girl is afraid.,这类词还有：,well,，,unwell,，,ill,，,faint,，,afraid,，,alike,，,alive,，,alone,，,asleep,，,awake,等。,3,形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词前边。不过假如形容词修饰以,-thing,为字尾词语时，要放在这些词之后，比如：,something nice,18/30,五、副词及其基本使用方法,副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其它结构。,1,副词位置：,1,）在动词之前。,2,）在,be,动词、助动词之后。,3,）多个助动词时，副词普通放在第一个助动词后。,注意：,a.,大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词能够提前，以使句子平衡。,We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.,b.,方式副词,well,，,badly,糟、坏，,hard,等只放在句尾。,He speaks English well.,19/30,2,副词排列次序：,1,）时间，地点副词，小单位在前，大单位在后。,2,）方式副词，短在前，长在后，并用,and,或,but,等连词连接。,Please write slowly and carefully.3,）多个不一样副词排列：程度,+,地点,+,方式,+,时间副词。注意：副词,very,能够修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。,I like English very much.,注意：副词,enough,要放在形容词后面，形容词,enough,放在名词前后都可。,I dont know him well enough.,There is enough food for everyone to eat.,There is food enough for everyone to eat.,20/30,六、数词,表示数目多少或次序多少词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少数词叫基数词；表示次序数词叫序数词。,1,基数词,1,）基数词写法和读法：,345,three hundred and forty-five,；,2,）基数词普通是单数形式，但以下情况，惯用复数：,a.,与,of,短语连用，表示概数，不能与详细数目连 用，如,scores of people,指许多人；,b.,在一些表示一排或一组词组里；,如：,They arrived in twos and threes.,他们三三两两抵达了。,c.,表示几十岁；,d.,表示年代，用,in+the+,数词复数；,e.,在乘法运算一个表示法里，如：,3 x 5=15 Three fives is(are)fifteen.,21/30,2,序数词,序数词缩写形式：,first-1st,second-2nd,thirty-first-31st,3,数词使用方法,1,）倍数表示法,a.,主语,+,谓语,+,倍数（或分数）,+as+adj.+as,I have three times as many as you.,b.,主语,+,谓语,+,倍数（分数）,+the size(amount,，,length)of,The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.,c.,主语,+,谓语,+,倍数（分数）,+,形容词（副词）比较级,+than,The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.,d.,还能够用,by+,倍数，表示增加多少倍,The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.,.,22/30,2,）分数表示法,组成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于,1,时，分子序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：,1/3 one-third,；,3/37 three and three-sevenths,23/30,24/30,虚词：介词，连词，冠词，助动词，情态动词，感叹词,一、介词,1,介词是一类虚词，不能独立作句子成份，必须与名词或代词等词类一起组成介词短语，才能够充当句子成份。介词在句子中普通不重读。,2,、介词种类,简单介词,比如：,at,，,in,，,on,，,under,，,of,，,after,，,over,，,past,等。,复合介词,比如：,into,，,onto,，,throughout,，,without,，,within,，,nearby,等。,短语介词,比如：,in front of,，,because of,，,instead of,，,according to,，,out of,等。,25/30,3,介词短语使用方法,在句子中作表语,Mary and John are from Australia.,在句子中充当后置定语,The young man under the tree is my friend Li Ming.,.,在句子中作状语,Our library keeps open from eight oclock in the morning to nine oclock in the evening.,.,在句子中作宾语补足语,She found herself in a strange room when she woke up.,.,在句子中作介词宾语,Its said that the secret is from inside the well.,26/30,二、连词连词是一个虚词，它不能独立担任句子成份而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和隶属连词。并列连词用来连接平行词、词组和分句。如：,and,but,or,nor,so,therefore,yet,however,for,hence,as well as,bothand,not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,(and)then,等等。,There is no air or water in the moon.,Not only does he like reading stories,but also he can even write some.,Neither you nor he is to blame.,He hurt his leg,so he couldnt play in the game.,27/30,三、冠词,是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义，它用在名词前面，帮助指明名词含义。冠词能够说是名词一个标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。表示名词数量或者特征。,冠词分为不定冠词,a,，,an,、定冠词,the,和零冠词,(/),三种，零冠词指是不用冠词情况。不定冠词表示泛指、类指，定冠词表示特指、专指、类指，零冠词表示泛指人或事物、类指。,不定冠词,1,用于可数名词单数形式之前，表示,一,There is a tiger in the zoo,。,2,表示一类人或事物。,A tiger can be dangerous.,3,表示,某一个,意思。,A gentleman wants to see you,.,巧计定冠词,the,使用方法歌诀：特指双方熟悉，上文已经提起。世上独一无二，方位名词乐器。一些专有名词，还有复数姓氏。序数词最高级，习惯用语切记,28/30,四、助动词,1,）帮助主要动词组成谓语动词词组词叫助动词。被帮助动词称作主要动词。助动词本身没有词义，不可单独使用,2,）助动词帮助主要动词完成以下功用，能够用来,表示时态，比如：,He has got married.,表示语态，比如：,He was sent to England.,.,组成疑问句，比如：,Did you study English before you came here?,加强语气，比如：,He did know that.,3,）最惯用助动词有：,be,have,do,shall,will,should,would,29/30,30/30,