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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,“十二五”,普通高等教育本科国家级规划教材,教育部推荐教材 大学专业英语系列教材,经济学专业英语教程（第,四,版,下,）,主编 宋利芳 张勇先中国人民大学出版社201,9,年,7,月第,4,版,演示文稿,宋利芳 编写,Introduction,1,.Framework,2,.Contents,1,.Framework,14 units,and each unit includes one text and one additional text,Units 1-,7,concern m,a,croeconomics,and economic management,and Units,8,-14 concern,international trade and world economy,2,.Contents,Unit,1,Text:,Income and Work,（收入和工作）,Additional Text:,Income Distribution and Poverty,（,收入分配与贫困,）,Unit,2,Text:,Population,（,人口,）,Additional Text:,The Consequences of High Fertility:Some Conflicting Opinions,（,高出生率的影响：一些冲突的观点,）,Unit,3,Text:,Human Resources Management,（,人力资源管理,）,Additional Text:,The Extensive Brain Drain,（,广泛的人才流失,）,Unit,4,Text:,Environmental Protection,（,环境保护,）,Additional Text:,Methods of Pollution Control,（,污染控制的方法,）,Unit,5,Text:,Investments,（,投资,）,Additional Text:,The Major Types of Investors,（,投资的主要形式,）,Unit,6,Text:,Insurance,（,保险,）,Additional Text:,Types of Insurance Businesses Need,（,保险业务需求的类型,）,Unit 7,Text:,Marketing,（,市场营销,）,Additional Text:,Marketing Strategies,（,营销战略,）,Unit 8,Text:,International Trade,（,国际贸易,）,Additional Text:,National Competitive Advantage and Diamond Model,（,国家竞争优势与钻石模型,）,Unit 9,Text:,WTO,（,世界贸易组织,）,Additional Text:,GATT and Multilateral Trade Negotiations,（,关税及贸易总协定和多边贸易谈判,）,Unit 10,Text:,Nontariff Barriers,（,非关税壁垒,）,Additional Text:,Dumping and Antidumping,（,倾销与反倾销,）,Unit,11,Text:,Multinational Corporations,（,跨国公司,）,Additional Text:,Foreign Direct Investment and Multinational Enterprises,（,外国直接投资与跨国企业,）,Unit,12,Text:,Foreign Aid,（,外国援助,）,Additional Text:,The World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund,（,世界银行与国际货币基金组织,）,Unit,13,Text:,Economic Globalization,（,经济全球化,）,Additional Text:,Regional Economic Integration,（,区域经济一体化,）,Unit 14,Text:,The European Union,（,欧洲联盟,）,Additional Text:,The Broad Economic Guidelines of the EU,（,欧盟经济指南,）,Unit 1,Text:Income and Work,（,收入和工作,）,1.Key words,2,.Definition of income,3.Factors for occupation choice,4.Composition of income,5,.Wage and occupation,6.,Wage and productivity,7.Questions,1,.,Key word,s,skilled people,higher paid occupation,professional training,payment in kind,rent-free accommodation,factor income,physical and mental work,transfer income,unemployment benefits,Transfer payment,ownership of property,previous generations,specialized skills,trade union,tertiary industry,possession of assets,income size,2.Definition of income,Income is a reward for producing goods or providing services that are wanted.It is the price of the workers services.,In many occupations,the income received depends on the training,skills and experience of the individual worker,but it can also depend on the demand for the type of work and its supply.,3.Factors for occupation choice,3.1 Education and training,3.2 Encouragement by the government,3.3 Ability,3.4 Demand and supply of occupation,3.1 Education and training,While the market system operates the same way with the price of labor(income)as with the prices of commodities,it does operate in favor of those people who find it possible to acquire the necessary training and skills to equip them for the better paid jobs.,3.2 Encouragement by the government,The market system,operating alone and working purely on the demand and supply of labor,does not provide equal opportunities for rising to higher income levels.There must be positive encouragement by the government to create greater equality of opportunity because it will not be provided by anyone else.,3.3 Ability,The professions require certain aptitudes and abilities which are not possessed by everyone.,some professional people are more skilled at their work than others and command higher payment for their services.,3.4 Demand and supply of occupation,When entry to an occupation needs special capabilities or long periods of training there is usually a scarcity of these workers,and consequently a higher income.,But if the demand for this type of worker declines because of overcrowding in the profession,not all would be able to command the highest awards.,4.Composition of income,4.1 Factor income,4.2 Transfer income,4.3 Income from ownership of property,4.1 Factor income,Income which is received in return for working is known as factor income because it is payment to an owner of a productive factor,i.e.labor.What a worker receives may be called a wage or a salary.Income from labor comes from personal exertion,which can include both physical and mental work.,4.2 Transfer income,Some people are unable to earn an income because of age,sickness,or some other reason,and do not possess sufficient property to receive income from it.These people need some form of income and this is paid by the government in the form of pensions or other allowances such as unemployment benefits.This type of payment is called a transfer payment and the income is called a transfer income because it is transferred to the receiver from another section of the community,and does not involve work or the production of goods and services.,4.3 Income from ownership of property,Rent,Some receive rent in return for allowing other people to use their land or to live in a house they own.,Dividend,Others receive interest on money lent to a company,and such income is called dividends.,Interest,T,hey may put their money into fixed bank deposits and receive interest on it because the bank is using their money.,5.Wage and occupation,It is the theory of the free market that if the demand for one occupation rises while another declines,workers will move out of the latter and into the former.,But in reality it does not work like that because of the need for specialized skills.Workers cannot easily change their occupations in response to demand for a type of work or changes in wages.,It is also difficult to enter some occupations because trade unions or professional associations restrict entry to safeguard the interests of the existing members.,6.Wage and productivity,6.1 Wage rise and productivity rise,6.2 Problems of measuring the productivity,6.1 Wage rise and productivity rise,Wage rises should be given only when there has been a rise in productivity in the industry.A wage rise naturally leads to increased costs to the employers.,They can do one of two things:they can sell their goods at the same price and suffer the increased costs(wages)in producing them,thereby accepting lower profits;or they can pass on the added costs as increases in the prices of their products to the public.,6.2 Problems of measuring the productivity,In the service or tertiary industries there are no actual goods produced and the value of the services is difficult to assess.,The productivity of teachers,doctors,lawyers,and other workers in the service industries is difficult to assess,particularly as there are great differences in the skill and work performance of people doing similar jobs.,7,.Questions,(1)Explain why some people receive higher incomes than others.,(2)Why is income regarded as a price?,(3)What is the difference between factor income and transfer income?,(4)Should productivity be related to wage levels?,(5)Are there problems involved in measuring productivity?Give examples.,Unit 2,Text:Population,（人口）,1.Key words,2,.Importance of the,size and type of,population,3.Labor,force,4.Unemployment and employment,5.Natural,increase of population,6,.Questions,1,.,Key word,s,skilled people,higher paid occupation,professional training,payment in kind,rent-free accommodation,factor income,physical and mental work,transfer income,unemployment benefits,Transfer payment,ownership of property,previous generations,specialized skills,trade union,tertiary industry,possession of assets,income size,2.Importance of the size and type of population,2.1 As a market for goods and services,2.2 The population provides the members of the workforce,2.1 As a market for goods and services,All members of the population are consumers in some form or other,and the number of consumers who must share the foods and services available has profound effects on the individuals standard of living and on the economy itself.,2.2 The population provides the members of the workforce,The workforce is only a part of the total population.Combined with other resources,the workforce produces most of the goods and services required by the entire population.To a large extent,the size of the population affects the size of the workforce.The larger the available workforce the greater the potential for production,but it is not numbers alone which make for an efficient and effective workforce.The larger the population the greater the number of consumers,which usually means that a larger workforce is needed in order to supply their needs.,3.Labor force,3.1 Definition of labor force,3.2 Factors affecting labor force,3.1 Definition of labor force,Labor force is defined as being the total number of people who are available to work and earn income.This definition includes everyone who is employed or seeking paid employment,so it includes employers and the self-employed.,Labor is one of the countrys resources which can be combined with other resources to produce the goods and services wanted by the community.,3.2 Factors affecting labor force,3.2.1 Age distribution of the total population,3.2.2 Number of school students,3.2.3 Quality of the workforce,3.2.1 Age distribution of the total population,If the population has a high proportion of very young people or of those too old to work,then the available workforce would be lower than if there were an evenly spread age distribution.If the population grows rapidly from natural increase,i.e.the number of births greatly exceeds the number of deaths,then as the total population increases the proportion in the workforce declines.,Aging population means that the birth rate is either falling or growing very slowly,and as people retire from the workforce there are insufficient numbers of young people entering it to replace those who are leaving it.The population is top-heavy with older people.So the percentage of the population in the workforce declines when there is either a rapid increase in births or a falling birth rate.,3.2.2 Number of school students,The greater the proportion of young people who engage themselves in full-time education,the smaller the proportion of those available for the workforce.,3.2.3 Quality of the workforce,Perhaps more important is the quality of the workforce,particularly in a society where the type of production generally requires a high level of skill and education.Because modern methods of production are complex,a country in which the workforce is ill-educated and unskilled cannot develop quickly without an intensive program of education and training.,4.Unemployment and employment,4.1 Types of unemployment,4.2 Employment,4.1 Types of unemployment,4.1.1 Seasonal unemployment,4.1.2 Structural unemployment,4.1.3 Frictional unemployment,4.1.1 Seasonal unemployment,Unemployment can be due to seasonal causes.,For example,sheep-shearers and fruitpickers are needed at certain times of the year and not at other between jobs.,4.1.2 Structural unemployment,Structural unemployment occurs when a certain industry or business is affected by changes in technology,competition from imports,or other factors that relate to the industry as a whole.,4.1.3 Frictional unemployment,Some people will be moving between jobs,there will be some frictional unemployment.,4.2 Employment,4.2.1 Full employment,4.2.2 Level of employment,4.2.1 Full employment,Full employment can be defined as a situation where total demand for labor is equal to the supply of labor.But even when job vacancies and unemployment are approximately equal,not everyone in the workforce is employed because there are always some who are incapable of keeping a job.,4.2.2 Level of employment,The percentage of the workforce which is employed,D,epends largely on the level of demand for goods and services.,5.Natural increase of population,5.1 Definition of natural increase of population,5.2 Birth rate and death rate,5.3 Rate of natural increase of population,5.4 Factors affecting natural increase of population,5.1 Definition of natural increase of population,Natural increase occurs when the number of births exceeds the number of deaths.,5.2 Birth rate and death rate,The birth rate is defined as the number of births per 1,000 of the population in a year.,T,he death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000.,5.3 Rate of natural increase of population,If we subtract the death rate from the birth rate we have the rate of natural increase of the population which is the increase in the population per 1,000 people for that year.,5.4 Factors affecting natural increase of population,B,irth rate and death rate,A,ge and sex composition of the population,The birth rate is largely determined by the number of women of child-bearing age,which is regarded as being approximately 15 to 45.The number of women available for bearing children depends on how many females were born in previous decades.,F,ertility.,This term refers to the actual number of children produced,not merely the ability to have them.,6,.Questions,(1)Explain why some people receive higher incomes than others.,(2)Why is income regarded as a price?,(3)What is the difference between factor income and transfer income?,(4)Should productivity be related to wage levels?,(5)Are there problems involved in measuring productivity?Give examples.,Unit 3,Text:Human Resources Management,（人力资源管理）,1.Key words,2.Motivation,3,.Maslows,need hierarchy theory,4,.Equity Theory,5,.Reinforcement Theory,6.Questions,1,.,Key word,s,need hierarchy,fringe benefits,lower-level needs,higher-level needs,physiological needs,safety and security,self-preservation,social or affiliation needs,esteem needs,self-confidence,self-actualization,from the individuals perspective,positive inequity,negative inequity,walking into a pole,positive reinforcement,negative reinforcement,undesirable behavior,disciplinary letter,2.Motivation,A basic definition of motivation might be the process that causes behavior to be energized,directed,and sustained.,To explain motivation,we must try to understand the“whys”of behavior.Why does an individual choose to act one way rather than another?Why does the individual stop doing something that needs to be done?In attempts to understand the“whys”of individual behavi
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