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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语阅读了解能力养成,湖南师大附中 黄长泰,第1页,1、阅读了解语言基础,1）篇章联结伎俩,2）词汇衔接与逻辑关系语,2、阅读了解技巧和方法,1）正确阅读习惯养成,2）正确有效阅读方法,第2页,3、阅读了解题题型分析,1）文章主旨和大意,2）主旨大意语事实和细节,3）依据上下文揣测词义,4）句子意义与上下文之间逻辑关系,5）判断推理和引申,6）领会作者观点、意图和态度,第3页,1、阅读了解语言基础,阅读了解题测试目标：,应试者综合语言能力：,利用语言知识（词汇和语法）,能力；,认知能力；,阅读技能.,第4页,1）篇章联结伎俩,语篇连贯性是经过合理联结来,表达出来。,主要联结方式有：,语法伎俩、词汇衔接和逻辑关系语,第5页,1、时间关联成份：,表示事物发生次序：,先时性、同时性和后时性。,1）先时性关联成份：,形容词：,earlier,former,previous,副词：,already,before,ago,beforehand,first,previously,介词：,before this/that,in advance,by now,not long before,until now,until then,up to now/then,第6页,Examples:,He finally handed a good essay.His,previous essays were all poor.,If you want to have dinner in this,restaurant at this time of the day,youd,better make a preservation beforehand.,第7页,1）同时性关联成份：,形容词：,contemporary,副词：,meantime,meanwhile,now,presently,then,just then,介词：,at this point,in the meantime,in the meanwhile,at the same,time,第8页,Examples:,The death of the president was reported,on TV.A simultaneous announcement,was broadcast on the radio.,I went to college 2 years ago.Meanwhile,all my friends got well-paid jobs.,第9页,1）后时性关联成份：,形容词：,following,later,next,副词：,after,afterwards,immediately,finally,later,since,then,soon,介词：,after a while,in a moment,after,that/this,第10页,Examples:,The mother went to the supermarket to,buy some food at 4:30.Later,she picked,up her children at school.,We visited the Great Wall on the first day.,in the following days,we visited many,other places of interest,including the,Forbidden City and the Summer Palace.,第11页,2、地点关联成份：,地点关联成份主要用来表示位置、地点,或方向词语,above,around,before,beyond,beneath,close to,further,here,in front of,on the,left,over,under,next to,opposite,on top,of,at the bottom/back of,at the foot of,inside,outside等等。,第12页,On Friday morning,I was,at the front,door,talking to a caller.Suddenly we,heard a crash and two cars collided just,opposite,.We hurried,across,to see if we,could help.One driver was scrambling,out,bleeding profusely,and my visitor,helped him,over to the pavement,.Then,along came some people,running,up the,street,.I dashed,backing,and phoned for,help.When I went,out,again,the other,driver,trying to move his car,down the,road,a little and,into the side,.,第13页,3、照应：,照应是指用代词等语法伎俩来表示语义,关系。,One day the sun and the wind had a,quarrel.The sun said,he,was stronger,than the wind.And the wind said,he,was,stronger than the sun.,第14页,Mary didnt go to class yesterday because,she,was sick.,Listen to,this,!They have cancelled,Fridays meeting.,Tom,Mother says,we,are going to the zoo,tomorrow.,You said Tim had an accident.,That,s,really too bad!,第15页,2)人称照应：,人称照应是由人称代词、形容词性物主,代词、名词性物主代词表达出来。,My wife and I are leaving for Shanghai,tomorrow.,We,have already booked the,tickets.,You and Jane can stay here for the night.,Im sure,you,ll enjoy yourselves.,第16页,Peter married a Chinese girl.He met her,in Shanghai.,His,parents werent pleased.,They visited,her,parents,but not,his,.,You really ought to ask Sally not to tell a,story like that to ass those friends of,hers,if,she,thinks,they,might be going to be,working with John,unless,she,can be,quite sure,it,s not going to go any further.,I hardly think it would appeal to his sense,of humour.,第17页,2)指示照应：,表示指示照应词：,指示代词：,定冠词：,指示性副词：,this,that,these,those,the,here,there,now,then,第18页,用that 或those来指代前面刚提到事情：,His car broke down on the way.,That,is why he was late this morning.,We have no more money for the repairs.,That,s our trouble.,用this来指下面要谈到事情：,This,is what I want to know:Has the,mail arrived yet?,第19页,this 和those 能够用来指代前面提到事,物，以防止重复该名词。that能够用来,指代单数可数名词和不可数名词；,those则用来指复数代可数名词。,第20页,The water in this well is cleaner than,that,in,that,.,(that in that=the water in,that well),The cover of my book is more beautiful,than,that,of yours.,（that of yours=the cover of your book）,I dont like the clothes here but I prefer,those,in the window.,（those=the clothes）,第21页,this和these指代近一些事物；that和,those指代远一些事物。,There seems to have been a great deal of,carelessness.,This,is what I cant under-,stand.,A:There seems to have been a great deal,of carelessness.,B:,That,s what I cant understand.,第22页,We went to the opera last night.,That,was,our first outing for months.,We are going to the opera tonight.,This,will be our first outing for months.,Mary had a bad cold yesterday.,That,s,why she didnt go to the meeting.,These,language options are open to our,students:Spanish,French and German.,He told a story like,this,:Long,long ago,there lived in the forest an old hunter,第23页,定冠词可用来表示前照应：,John bought a TV and a video player.,But he returned,the,video player the next,day.,John bought a bike.But when he rode it,one of,the,wheels came off.,第24页,副词here能够表示前后照应；there只能,表示后照应：,Here,is the news.The president is flying,There seems to have been a great deal of,carelessness.,Here,is what I cant under-,stand.,Hong Kong is a famous city.I have been,there,three times on business.,第25页,now和then通惯用于前照应：,We have had our dinner;,now,lets,have some coffee.,In my young days,we were more serious.,We had different ideas,then,.,第26页,3)比较照应：,比较照应是经过形容词和副词比较等,级形式或其它一些表示比较词语表现,出来，也就是那些表示同异、相同、,差异、质于量优劣词语。,John took two hours to reach London.,Bill,on the other hand,was driving,more,slowly,.,第27页,Tom gets ten dollars a week for pocket,money.Bob receives,the same amount,.,How much pocket money does Bob get,each week?,Jim has 120 stamps but Tim has,fifty,more,.,How many stamps does Tim have?,第28页,3)分句照应：,分句照应是指：一些词语所指对象不,是词或短语，而是分句、句子或语篇。,既用于前照应，也用于后照应：,here,this,it,There seems to have been a great deal of,carelessness.,Here,is what I cant under-,stand.,第29页,Here,is the news I heard from the radio:,Two Japanese air force pilots were missing,after their training jet crashed into the sea,off southern Japan yesterday.,Many students never improve.They get no,advice and therefore they keep repeating,the same mistake.,It,is a terrible shame.,It,never should have happened.She went,out leaving the baby unattended.,第30页,只用于前照应：,that,(the)above,the foregoing,Many years ago their wives quarreled,over some trivial matter,now long forgot-,ton.But one word led to another and the,permanent rupture between them.,That,s,why the two men never visit each others,house.,第31页,只用于后照应：,as follows,the following,below,thus,Below is an example of an informal letter:,Dear Frank,All the best,Jim,第32页,4、替换,替换是指用替换形式来代替上下文中,出现词句：,防止重复；连接上下文。,Have you got any knives?,I need a sharp,one,.,A:Does Mary dance?,B:No,but Jane,does,.,第33页,替换分类：,名词性替换；,动词性替换；,分句性替换,名词性替换：one,ones,the same,Mr.Cook was an excellent captain,one,who took good care of his sailors.,第34页,He goes about interviewing retired sailors,who served in the pre-1914 navy.,The one,that he met in Devon last week was a,fascinating storyteller.,I wish Id bought a few jars of honey.Did,you notice,the ones,they were selling by,the roadside?,A:Ill have a cup of black coffee with,sugar,please.,B:Give me,the same,please.,第35页,名词可数与不可数：,替换分类：,Jane needs a new bike.Shes decided,to buy,one,.,Here is the fruit.Would you like,some,?,第36页,动词性替换：do,do so,A:Will you be attending the meeting this,evening?,B:I may,do,.,A:Does granny take care of you every day?,B:She cant,do,at weekends.Because she,has to do her own house.,John smokes a lot.Does his father,do so,?,第37页,分句性替换：so,not,John hasnt found a job yet.He told me so.,A:Can you come back next week?,B:Im afraid,not,.,A:Do you think John will win the match?,B:Yes,I think,so,.,A:The bridge has not been completed yet.,B:No,they say,not,.,第38页,1)词汇衔接与逻辑关系语,（1）词汇衔接是为了使语篇语义连贯：,复现关系和同现关系。,复现关系：原词、同义词、近义词、,上义词、下义词、概括词等等。,原词复现：,The history of,plastics,is longer than you,might think.In fact that the first man-,made,plastics,ever to appear on the market,was made 300 years ago.,第39页,同义词、近义词复现：,He got a lot of,presents,from his friends,and family.All of the,gifts,were wrapped,in colored paper.,Grades,are the first concern of most,Chinese senior high school students.They,work hard to get high,marks,.,Everything,faded,in mist.The past was,erased,the erasure was,forgotten,and the,lie became true.,第40页,上义词和下义词复现：,animal是sheep,cow,wolf,tiger上义词,dog,cat,horse,fox是animal下义词。,Yesterday a,pigeon,carried the first,message from Pinhurst to Silbury.The,bird,covered the distance in three minutes.,You will need to take,tools,with you.You,can get a,saw,a,screwdriver,and a,hammer,from most big department stores.,第41页,概括词复现：,people,man,woman,place,do,make,etc.,Can you tell me where to stay in Geneva?,Ive been to the,place,.,A:What shall I do with all this crockery?,B:Leave the,stuff,there;someone will put,it away.,第42页,同现关系：词汇共同出现倾向性。,A great number of high school graduates,continue their education in one of the many,colleges or universities in the country.After,4 years,they receive a,bachelor,s degree.,Some continue studying for a masters,degree and perhaps a doctors degree.,A great number of,high school,graduates,continue their,education,in one of the many,colleges or universities,in the country.After,4 years,they receive,a bachelors degree,.,Some continue studying for,a masters,degree,and perhaps,a doctors degree,.,第43页,When you go to the doctor,you like to,come away with a,prescription,.It makes,you feel better to know you will get some,medicine.But the doctor knows that,medicine is not always needed.Sometimes,all a sick person needs is some reassurance,that all will be well.In such cases,the,doctor may,prescribe,a,placebo,.,When you go to the,doctor,you like to,come away with a,prescription,.It makes,you feel better to know you will get some,medicine,.But the doctor knows that,medicine,is not always needed.Sometimes,all a,sick,person needs is some reassurance,that all will be well.In such cases,the,doctor may,prescribe,a,placebo,.,第44页,1)逻辑关系语,逻辑关系语是指表示各种逻辑意义,连句伎俩。,逻辑关系语分类：,连词和副词：and,but,for,then,yet,so,therefore,anyway,等。,短语：in addition,as a result,on the,contrary,in other words,等。,分句：considering all that,to conlude,that is to say,what is more,what is more important,第45页,表示列举：,first,second;firstly,secondly;,for one thing(and)for another,in the,fisrt place;first of all;to begin with;to,start with;for a start;next,finally;then;,in concluison;last of all;to conclude,etc.,第46页,表示增补：,and;and also;also;too;andtoo;,further more;in addition;besides;,moreover;what is more;etc.,Im looking for a job.,Furthermore,Im,not going to look for a job.,The public can see the paintings next,week.,What is more,they can buy them,for as little as ten dollars upwards.,第47页,表示转折和对比：,still,but,yet,nevertheless,all the same,though,instead,anyhow,on the contrary,in fact,at the same time,on the other,hand,as a matter of fact,by contrast,while,wheras,You were not boring me,on the contrary,.,you are intersting me frightfully.,第48页,表示解释：,that is,that is to say,in other words,for,instance,such as,namely,for example,to put it another way,Here is a scholar who is devoted to his,research,to,reprehensive,extent.That is,to say,he,neglects,his family and does,not fulfil his responsibilities as a citizen.,Here is a scholar who is devoted to his,research,to,reprehensive,extent.,That is,to say,he,neglects,his family and does,not fulfil his responsibilities as a citizen.,第49页,表示同等：,equally,likewise,namely,similarly,in the,same way,in other words,that is,I mean,that is to say,etc.,You must pack plenty of food for the,journey.,Likewise,youll need,warm,clothes,so pack them too.,He is being foolish.,In other words,he is,behaving foolishly.,第50页,表示原因：,for,since,because,as,due to,because of,on account of,owing to,thanks to,表示结果：,accordingly,consequently,hence,now,so,therefore,thus,as consequence,in,consequence,for that reason,of course,He was too sick.Accordingly,we sent him,to hospital.,第51页,表示推论：,else,otherwise,then,in other words,in that case,etc.,A:Please give my regards to John.,B:,Then,you are coming with me?,You say your father might object?,In that,case,I will not press the matter.,You must get some petrol,otherwise,we,will not have enough to get us to the next,town.,第52页,表示总结：,altogether,overall,then,thus,(all)in all,in conclusion,in sum,in short,in short,in brief,on the whole,to conclude,to sum,up,to summarize,etc.,He lost his watch,his car broke down,and he got a letter of complaint from a,customer:,all in all,he had a bad day.,The film has a very unusual plot,with,plenty of action.Both the acting,and,photography are excellent.,To sum up,this is a film shoul not miss.,第53页,表示替换：,again,or,rather,better(still),worse,on,the other hand,or at least,or rather,etc.,You can walk home.,Or rather,I can give,you a lift in my car.,If things get any worse,we might have to,arrange a public meeting to discuss the,matter.,Better still,we could even organize,a demonstration.,第54页,表示转题：,now,by the way,to change the subject,We have settled that at last.,Now,whats,the other thing we wanted to discuss?,I must go now.,By the way,if you want,that book Ill bring it next time.,第55页,Practice:,As water flows along,it picks up sands,pebbles,even,boulders,.By this process,huge amounts of,mud and rock,are moved,from the land to the sea.Each year the,Mississippi River carries 730 million tons,of,solid matter,in the Gulf of Mexico.,第56页,A,placebo,is a sugar pill,a harmless shot,or an empty,capsule,.Even though they,have medicine in them,these things seem,to make people well.The patient thinks it,is medicine and begin to get better.How,does this happen?,A,placebo,is a sugar pill,a harmless,shot,or an empty,capsule,.Even though they,have,medicine,in them,these things seem,to make people,well,.The,patient,thinks it,is,medicine,and begin to,get better,.How,does this happen?,第57页,第58页,
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