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,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考!,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考!,青岛滨海学院精品课程,英语精品课程,孙敏副教授,1/92,精品课程,英汉语言对比分析,4,英汉文化对比分析,3,辨证施治,5,重在交际,6,慎与修辞,7,力戒“翻译体”,8,翻译性质，标准及要求,1,翻译过程,2,2/92,第三章 英汉语言对比分析,第一节 词与词序,第二节 句子,第三节 篇章,3/92,3.1.1,词与词序,Part One,理论,英汉词汇比较,英语是拼音文字，汉语是表意文字；英语有屈折改变，汉语没有屈折改变；英语词义比较灵活多变，汉语词义相对稳定严谨。详细差异以下：,英语动词形态改变复杂，汉语动词无形态改变,从理论而言，英语动词有十六种时态，而汉语动词除了“着“了”“过”等虚词能够与英语进行时、完成时或过去时相比之外，别无其它能与英语对应表示时体方式。如：,目录,4/92,3.1.1,词与词序,He has been teaching English for 20 years.,汉语：他已教了英语。,除此之外，英语能够经过固定语法伎俩将动作进行过程与情况作更准确、更细致描绘。有时这种描绘还能融入作者或说话人一个感情色彩。而汉语动则无此语法伎俩。如：I am living in a very pleasant flat.(表示满意),汉语：我现在住在一间非常舒适公寓里。,5/92,3.1.1,词与词序,英语词义灵活多变，汉语词义相对稳定严谨,如：,The relief troops came at,the eleventh hour,.,援兵,终于,来到了。（这里,eleventh,并不是“第十一”之意，而是“最终”之意。）,（,1,）,A succulent desert cactus,native to tropical and subtropical,America,.(,专有名词,),译文：一个多汁沙漠仙人掌，,原产于,美洲,热带、亚热带地域。,目录,实践,6/92,3.1.1,词与词序,（,2,）,I have been to Edinburgh just for two days,and my brothers have followed,in the train of my trip.,（普通词语）,译文：我抵达爱丁堡刚才两天，我弟兄们就,循着我行踪,到来了。,（,3,）,Hewas prominent in the,ragged schools,movement.,（普通词语,+,普通词语）,他在推进,贫民无偿学校,运动中表现出众。,目录,实践,7/92,3.1.1,词与词序,3.,英汉词汇间空缺,假如造成英汉词汇间空缺，（,1,）可采取意译或直译引进新表现法。如：,e-mail,电子邮箱，,internet,因特网，,mobile phone,手机，,Mars Exploration Rover,火星探索车，,knowledge economy,知识经济,（,2,）依据对应意义创造新词和新表现法。如：,smog,由,smoke+fog,缩合而成，译为“烟雾），,workaholic,由,work+aholic,合成，译为“工作狂”。,8/92,3.1.1,词与词序,4.,英汉两种语言一词多义现象,英汉两种语言都有大量一词多译现象，需要审慎辨之。词汇不是单独出现，了解词汇不能离开词汇出现语境。判断词语在语篇中词义，能够从字、句、篇章等层面上逐步分析。,在了解单个词层面上，能够经过查阅字典等工具书来确定词义。在了解句子层面上，能够经过分析句子，句群语法结构来判断词义。在了解篇章层面上，能够经过分析上下文逻辑关系、篇章整体效果来判断词义。如：,9/92,3.1.1,词与词序,I saw him,lying,on the couch asleep.,我看见他,躺,在沙发是那个睡着了。,Failure,lies in,pride.,失败在于骄傲。,You are,lying,.,你在,撒谎,。,5.,英语习语翻译方法,英语中存在大量习语（包含俗语，谚语、俚语等）。经常采取译法有：,（,1,）套用汉语习语,Better say here it is than here it was.,少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。,10/92,3.1.1,词与词序,(2),直译,The bread of charity is bitter.,施舍面包是苦。,Walls have eras.,隔墙有耳。,Pour oil on the flame.,火上浇油,（,3,）意译,A stick is quickly found to beat a dog with.,欲加之罪，何患无辞？,He is a man to eat no fish and play the game.,他忠诚老实又为人正直。,目录,实践,11/92,3.1.1,词与词序,（,4,）直意结合,Caution is the parent of safety.,慎重为安全之本。,All asses wag their ears,。,驴子爱摆耳朵，傻瓜爱装聪明,Every bird likes its own nest.,鸟爱其巢，人爱其家,目录,实践,12/92,3.1.1,词与词序,二、英汉词类比较,英汉都又实词（,Full Word,）与虚词（,Form Word,）之分，语法作用也大致相同，不过也有许多不一样点。,英语有冠词（,a,an,the,）,而汉语没有。,英语冠词在汉译中经常作一下处理：,（,1,）因为不定冠词在可数名词前表示“一”概念，常译为“一”，如：,He is,a,worker.,他是,一名,工人。,(2),表示类别时，不定冠词无须译出，如：,Dont mistake,an old goat,for a preacher because of his beard.,老羊长长须，并非传教士。,(,年高未必才高，不能只看外表,),13/92,3.1.1,词与词序,（,3,）在许多情况下，定冠词,the,无须译出，如：,The,end does not justify the means.,即使目标正确，也不能不择伎俩。,（,4,）当,the,特指时，经常译成“这”或“那”，“这些”或“那些”，如：,The book,on the table is very worth reading.,桌上,那,本书值得一读。,目录,实践,14/92,3.1.1,词与词序,英语重形合，汉语重意合,因为英语重形合，所以连词使用很频繁，而汉语重意合，所以极少用连词。英语连词汉译时往往省略。如：,Write to me,when,you have time.,有时间就给我写信。,They were so moved that tears came to their eyes.,他们激动得热泪盈眶。,目录,实践,15/92,3.1.1,词与词序,3.,英语广泛使用介词，汉语少用介词,英语介词数量多，使用广泛，意义改变大；汉语介词比较少，使用面较窄，意义比较稳定。,英语介词汉译时常可作一下处理。,（,1,）表示时间、介词放在句子前半部分时，可不译。如：,In,1987,he left his old mother alone for New York.,1987,年，他撇下年迈母亲到纽约去了。,但，假如表示时间介词放在句子后半部分，常译为“在”或“于”。如：,The Peoples Republic of China was founded,in,1949.,中华人民共和国成立,于,1949,年。,16/92,3.1.1,词与词序,（,2,）一些含有动词意味介词，可转译为动词。如：,Across,the street,he went into the post and telecommunication office.,他,穿过,大街，走进邮局。,（,3,）与动词、形容词、名词等搭配介词多属约定俗成类，其意义区分比较严格，要依据其固定搭配正确了解和翻译。如：,The committee,was doubtful of,his qualifications.,委员会怀疑他资格。,Mr.Peter was charged with cheating on the examination.,彼得先生被指控考试舞弊。,17/92,3.1.1,词与词序,5.,英语多用代词；汉语少用代词,代词作为一个形态标识在英语中备受青睐，发挥着极其主要作用。相比之下，汉语则尽可能使,名词，而慎用代词。汉译时有时能够省略不译，有时可译成对应名词。如：,He covered,his,eyes with,his,hands.,他双手捂住眼睛。（省略不译）,英语相关系代词，而汉语无关系代词。关系代词经常译成“,”。如：,One should help those,who,are in difficulty.,应该帮助那些有困难人。,18/92,3.1.1,词与词序,6.,英语名词几个翻译方法：,（,1,）有些名词单数形式和复数形式意义不一样。如：,custom,习惯,customs,海关，关税,economy,节约,economies,节约办法,damage,赔偿,damages,赔偿费,ground,场地,grounds,理由,export,出口,ground,出口货物,(2),对一些抽象名词采取详细化译法，有时需要增加“现象”、“情况”、“情绪”等词。如：,unemployment,事业,现象,tension,担心,局势,arrogance,骄傲,情绪,shortage,短缺,情况,19/92,3.1.1,词与词序,除此之外，译者在翻译过程中还能够采取把英语词义或词组从抽象引向详细，从普通引向特殊，从概括引向局部，从“虚”引向“实”。如：,Action and foresight,will be needed as well as,learning and reputation,.,不但需要有,博学德高学者,，而且需要有,远见卓识实干家,。（抽象转为详细）,目录,实践,20/92,3.1.1,词与词序,In the mean time,charlatans are all too happy to exploit peoples ignorance by selling them“miracle”diets or,products,that are worthless and may even be dangerous.,同时，庸医们都轻而易举地利用人们无知，向人们推销“神奇”饮料配方，以及一文不值甚至对人们有害“灵丹妙药”。,目录,实践,21/92,3.1.1,词与词序,（,3,）把一些详细名词抽象化,“,I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman,”she said in 1588,“but I have the heart and,stomach,of a kin,g,and a king of England too.”,“,我知道我长就了一副柔弱女子身子，可我有一个一国之君,心胸,，而且还是英格兰君王。”,（详细名词抽象化）,目录,实践,22/92,3.1.1,词与词序,（,4,）复数名词译法,英语名词有单复树之分，而汉语名词没有。在翻译英语复数名词时译者可采取以下几个翻译方式：,a.,在名词后加们,如：,ladies and gentle men,女士们，先生们,b.,重复名量词，如：,Mountains,座座大山，,rivers,一条条河,目录,实践,23/92,3.1.1,词与词序,c.,加数词,如：,The lion is the king of the,animals,.,汉语：狮子是,百,兽之王。,d.,增加“一些”，“各种”等词，如：,Steps,have been taken,but without success.,尽管已经采取了,一些办法,，但毫无结果。,目录,实践,24/92,3.1.1,词与词序,（,5,）名词全部格译法,名词全部格不一定译成“：字，如：,a birds view,鸟瞰,St.Peters,圣彼得教堂,The barbers,剪发店,目录,实践,25/92,3.1.1,词与词序,7.英语动词翻译,（1）英语动词有时态和语态改变，而汉语动词没有时态和语态改变。从理论而言，英语动词有十六种时态，而汉语动词除了“着”“了”“过”等虚词能够与英语进行时、完成时或过去时相比之外，别无其它能与英语对应表示时体方式。如：,He has been teaching English for 20 years.,汉语：他已教了英语。,目录,实践,26/92,3.1.1,词与词序,除此之外，英语能够经过固定语法伎俩将动作进行过程与情况作更准确、更细致描绘。有时这种描绘还能融入作者或说话人一个感情色彩。而汉语动则无此语法伎俩。如：,I am living in a very pleasant flat.(,表示满意,),汉语：我现在住在一间非常舒适公寓里。,所以，在翻译时态句时，译者要认真把握好原文中时态所表示内涵，在汉译时准确增添对应表示时间词或增加表示情感词。,目录,实践,27/92,3.1.1,词与词序,（,2,）英语重被动；汉语重主动,被动语态是英语中一个常见语法现象。英语中惯用被动句主要是从施事原因，句法要求，修辞考虑，文体要求需要。英文中科技文章，报刊文章和官方文章等正式文体等经常使用被动句。英语中也存在意义被动句（如：,This kind of shampoo sells well.,）,但远比结构被动句少。汉语则惯用意义被动句，少用结构被动句。这主要是因为汉语被动式使用受到意义和形式限制,当不需要或不可能说出施事者时，汉语能够采取无主句或主语省略句来保持句子主动形式。,4,除此之外，汉语还能够采取通称或泛称作主语，以保持句子主动形式，或采取处置式，“为,所”或“是,”。“加以,/,给予”等转换形式来表示被动。如：,目录,实践,28/92,3.1.1,词与词序,(1)The result of the invention of steam engine was that human power,was replaced,by mechanical power.,汉语：蒸汽机创造结果是，机械力代替了人力。（被动句译成主动句）,(2)The history was created by people.,汉语：历史是人民创造。（汉译成“是,”）,(3)He was forced by family circumstances to leave school at sixteen.,汉语：他为家境所迫，,16,岁便辍学了。（译成“为,所”）,目录,实践,29/92,3.1.1,词与词序,（,3,）英语中非谓语动词短语译法,英语中分词短语、动名词短语、动词不定式短语结构非常多见，而汉语中没有这种形态，所以翻译时要利用汉语动词形态改变少，而功效大特点，重新安排句式。可讲英语非谓语动词短语译成连动式、复合式等。如：,The storm,being over,we drove on.,暴风雨停了，我们继续驱车前行。（并列句）,His being late,made the teacher very anger.,因为他来晚了，老师很生气。（偏正复合句）,He got up early,to catch the first bus,.,为了赶上头班车，他一大早就起来了。偏正复合句）,目录,实践,30/92,3.1.1,词与词序,8.,英语倍数表示与翻译,The GNP is,four times as high as,a decade ago.,现在国民总产值,是十年前四倍,。,The GDP is,four times higher than,a decade ago.,现在国民总产值比十年前,提升了四倍,。,The rate of recovery from this disease is estimated to,be as low as 20%,.,据预计，这种病康复率很低，,只有,20,。,Its tea export,decreased by10%,in 1990 compared with 1989.,1990,年，它茶叶出口量比,1989,年,降低了,10,。,目录,实践,31/92,3.1.1,词与词序,9.,英语形容词、副词等比、优比、劣比情况翻译,Only people as old as the Speaker of the House of Representative can safely so bet.,只有像众议院议长这么高龄人，才有如此断言把握。（等比）（和,一样）,Jim can swim twice as fast as Jack.,吉姆有用速度比杰克快一倍。（优比）（比,更,）,A divorce is less easy to obtain in Asia than in Europe.,在亚洲不如像在欧洲那样轻易获准离婚。（劣比）（,.,不如,）,目录,实践,32/92,3.1.1,词与词序,定语,英语单词作定语时，大都放在其所修饰词之前，英汉类同。短语作定语时，英语普通后置，而汉语前置。,（,1,）英语前置，汉语也前置,two comfortable single beds,两张舒适单人床,Chinas first SMS(short message service website),中国第一家短信网站,（,2,）英语后置，汉语前置,a hotel with a few Chinese touches,地下活动基地,目录,实践,33/92,3.1.1,词与词序,（,2,）状语,英语中状语位置比较活，能够放在句前、句中或者句末，而汉语中，状语往往放在其所修饰动词之前。如：,Please read it,carefully,！,(,句末,),汉译：请,仔细,阅读此文,/,句，说明！（动词之前）,但也有例外，如：,They did not want him,let alone his encyclopedias.,他们连他都不需要，更别说他那几本百科全书了。（英汉位置相同）,目录,实践,34/92,3.1.1,词与词序,实践,实践,1,实践,2,实践,3,实践,4,实践,5,实践,6,实践,7,实践,8,实践,9,实践,10,35/92,3.1.2,词与词序,Part two,翻译实践练习,1,、,Fathers attitude toward anybody who wasnt his kind used to puzzle.It was so dictatorial.There was no live and let live about it.,从前，我总不懂父亲为什幺对那些脾气跟他不一样人采取那么个态度。那么专制！一点儿“你好我好”也没有。,2,、,Hardly a day passes without him getting scratched or bruised as he scrambles for a place on a bus.,他挤公共汽车，身上不是这里擦破，就是那里碰伤，几乎天天如此。,目录,实践,36/92,3.1.2,词与词序,3,、,-Whats twice two?,二二得几呀？,-Why,a child can answer that.,还用问吗？连小孩子都知道。,4.American President Eisenhower was not so bold as General Eisenhower.,艾森豪威尔当总统时候可没有他当将军时候果断。,目录,实践,37/92,3.1.2,词与词序,5.If you go there,it must be understood that you do so at your own risk.,话得说明白，你要是去话，自己负责。,6,、,You can always tell the somebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party.The somebodies come late.,在鸡尾酒会上人们经常能够看出大人物与无名小卒来。那些迟到是大人物。,目录,实践,38/92,3.1.2,词与词序,7,、,I have,let the cat out of the bag already,Mr.Cornhel,and I might as well tell the whole thing now.,既然我已经泄露了秘密，科塞先生，现在不妨把全部情况告诉我吧。,8,、,It used to be said that English people take their pleasure sadly.,以前人们常说，英国人享乐时也郁郁寡欢。,目录,实践,39/92,3.1.2,词与词序,9,、,The limited gain could hardly serve as a relieving justification for the tremendous cost the federal government had paid so far.,联邦政府迄今已付出巨大代价，但所得有限，实难心安理得。,10,、,Because of objections,the engineering project was shelved temporarily.,因为他反对，这项工程只好暂时搁置。,目录,实践,40/92,3.1.2,词与词序,11,、,By the time the trial began on July 10,our town of 1,500 people had taken on a circus atmosphere.,7,月,10,日审判开始时，我们这个仅有,1500,人小镇像杂技场一样热闹、喧嚣起来。,12,、,Indeed,this nations best-loved author was every bit as adventurous,patriotic,romantic,and humorous as anyone has ever imagined.,确实，这位在位在该国最受欢迎作家探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫格调及幽默感丝毫不亚于人们想象。,目录,实践,41/92,3.1.2,词与词序,13,、,After five months of winter,we are desperate for some kinder weather and a chance to enjoy life out of doors.,经历五个月严冬，我们渴望天气暖和起来，从而有机会享受户外生活。,14,、,Just days after the birth of calves from an adult cow,Japanese scientists said that calves cloned from cells from adults ears and buttocks could be on the way.,由成年母牛克隆小牛犊刚才出生几天之后，日本科学家说，从成年母牛耳朵或臀部细胞克隆牛犊试验也将展开。,目录,实践,42/92,3.1.2,词与词序,15,、,We crept silently and nervously like prowling cats,making our way towards the entrance.,我们像只扑食猫，屏住呼吸，担心地向着入口处移动脚步。,16,、,Most people are a mix of optimism and pessimism,but are inclined in one direction or the other.,在多数人身上，乐观主义和消极主义兼而有之；不过倾向于其中之一。,目录,实践,43/92,3.1.2,词与词序,17,、,Deeply concealed as it is in ordinary times,a latent dependence reveals itself when the time of ones being left alone lengthens considerably.,分别得越久，日常潜藏在内心深处那份依恋暴露得越充分。,18,、,The treaty provides for freedom of movement,equality before the law,presumption of innocence,freedom of conscience and religion,freedom of opinion and expression,peaceful assembly and participation in public affairs and elections.,条约要求了迁徙自由权，法律面前平等权，无罪推定权，良心和宗教自由权，言论、和平集会、参加公共事务和选举自由权。,目录,实践,44/92,3.1.2,词与词序,19,、,Each embraces New York with the intense excitement of first love,each absorbs New York with the fresh eyes of an adventurer,each generates heat and light to dwarf the Consolidated Edison Company.,每个人都带着初恋激情拥抱纽约，每个人都是以冒险家新奇眼光吸纳纽约，每个人所发出光和热都足以使爱迪生联合电气企业相形见拙。,45/92,3.1.2,词与词序,20,、,They found that the kind of stress most likely to invite a cold is ongoing(lasting a month or more)and involves conflict with colleagues,family or friends.,他们发觉，长时间处于压力之下（,1,个月或更长），最轻易诱发感冒，并使人与同事、家人或朋友之间产生矛盾。,目录,实践,46/92,3.2.1,句子,Part One,理论,英汉句子特点,（,1,）英语重形合，汉语重意合,英语国家沿袭了古希腊人严格而规范语词系统。古希腊人认为，语词系统与思维系统是相一致，要表示一个清楚合理思想离不开清楚合理词形和句法。而在一个毫无条理陈说结构中，思想必定也是杂乱无章，而杂乱无章思想是毫无意义。英语形合特征正是在这么一个背景下产生。与之相反，中国人看重直觉，强调意念流，只要能够达意，词形式是无关紧要，词语之间关系常在不言中，语法意义和逻辑关系常隐藏在字里行间。如：,47/92,3.2.1,句子,Even if,the monk can run away,his temple cannot run with him.,跑了和尚，跑不了庙。,Modesty helps one go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.,谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。,48/92,3.2.1,句子,英语句子“多随举随释”枝杈蔓生，呈树状结构，分叉处有介词，关系代词连接。而汉语按时间次序或逻辑次序逐层展开，节节延伸，如同竹子。英语词组与词组、句子与句子之间结构关系和逻辑联络必须交代十分清楚。英语关系词（包含介词、关系代词、关系副词、连接词等,）十分丰富，英语正式靠这些关系词过渡和连接，从形态上来维系句内和句间一些成份），主干上枝蔓横生；句子成份随时能够加以修饰，而修饰语某一成份又能够被别成份修饰。汉语句子结组成竹状，逐节（短语或小句）展开。汉语句子能够在同一施事或主题语之下按逻辑次序铺陈，即使小句间有逗号隔开，但语句联络仍是紧密。这么，汉译时经常由英语树状转化为汉语竹节状。,如：,49/92,3.2.1,句子,The boy,who was crying as if his heart would break,said,when I spoke to him,that he was very hungry because he had Had no food for two days.,汉语：男孩哭得心都要碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃东西了。,从上例能够看出，英语十分重视句子形式和结构完整，上面英语句子主干是“,the boy said,”,但却节外生枝，由“,who,as if,when,that,because,等多个连接词连出,5,个句子，形成一个空间架构，如同“枝繁叶茂参天大树”，呈树状。而汉语则节节展开，言简意赅，语义连贯，结构紧凑，呈竹状。,50/92,3.2.1,句子,（,2,）英语多复合长句；汉语多简单短句,因为英语重形合，加之各种替换词与关系词广泛利用，造成英语较多出现“多枝共干”式长句、复合句。而汉语则多短句、简单句。如：,As,we lived near the road,we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine,for which,we had great reputation,and,I confess,with the veracity of an historian,that,I never knew one of them to find fault with it.,汉语：我们就住在路边。过路人或外乡人常到我们家,尝尝我们家酿酸果。这种酒很有名气。我敢说，尝过人从未挑剔过。我这话像史学家话一样靠得住。,51/92,3.2.1,句子,上述英语句子由一个主句“,we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine,”,（主干）和三个主从复合句（枝干）（分别由“,as”“for which”,和“,that”,引导）、一个并列句（由,and,引导）组成,形成了自然而又条理清楚复合长句。译成汉语时，形成了,5,个自成一体句子。在翻译过程中假如碰到一些尤其长，尤其复杂句子时，译者能够先找出句子主干，梳理其结构，缕清逻辑关系，然后化长为短，译成符合汉语表示习惯短句。,52/92,3.2.1,句子,英汉句式转换方法,（,1,）英语单句结构转换为汉语复句结构：,Written language comes after spoken language.,先有口语，后有笔语。（汉语为联合复句）,He didnt drop out of school despite his poverty-stricken family.,尽管他家境贫寒，但他没有辍学。（汉语为偏正复句）,（,2,）英语复合句结构转换成汉语简单句结构,The policeman came to the criminal,who was more dead than alive,.,那警察走到半死不活犯人面前。,53/92,3.2.1,句子,It was four oclock and he had a cup of coffee in the Black&White.,4,点钟他在黑白咖啡屋喝了一杯咖啡。,（,3,）英语主从复合句结构转换成汉语联合复句结构,He said no word to his wife as she passed with a plate.,他妻子拿了格盘子走过去，他连一句话也没跟她说。,4.,英语并列复合句转换成汉语偏正复合句,Old John stood there speechless,for hews burning with anger.,老约翰一声不坑地站在那里，（因为）他正怒火中烧呢。,54/92,3.2.1,句子,5.,英语被动结构转换成汉语主动结构,Semi-finals of the“Mr.America”contest were held last Sunday.,上星期日举行了“美国先生“半决赛。,3.,英语长句结构转换,在动笔翻译之前，先要做到三点：,搞清语法关系,区分主从意思,确定表示次序,如：,55/92,3.2.1,句子,It was decided that(the former Italian colonies)should remain under British military urle for the time being,and that the four powers could not agree within a year as to their disposition,the matter would be referred to the United Nations General Assembly.,首先，理清语法关系。这是一个主从复合句，其树形结构图大致以下：,主句,|,主语从句（,1,）,It was decided|,that they should,|if the four,主句从句（,2,）,the matter,that,56/92,3.2.1,句子,其次把握各层意思之间关系。这个句子重心不在主句上，而在两个主句从句上。另外，从形式上看，两个主句从句式并列，但从意义上看，第二个主语从句建立在第一个主语从句基础上，要搞清后者，必须先搞清前者。,再次，决定表示次序，即先译什么，后译什么。既然第一个从句式第二个从句基础，理当先译第一个主语从句。第二个主语从句本身又包含了一个条件状语从句，从逻辑上看，这个条件在前，结果在后主从复合句，恰好复合汉语表示习惯，翻译时可顺其自然,.,经决定，这些前意大利殖民地暂时仍处于英国军事统治之下，假如四大国在一年内对它们处理方法不能取得一直意见，这个问题将提交联合国大会。,57/92,3.2.1,句子,请试译以下各句：,1,、,In developing countries,funding for education has been low,average 5.2%of the tital budget,though in some countries it is around 26%.,发展钟国家教育经费一直少,平均占国家总预算,5.2&,而有些国家则占到了,26%,。,2,、,The book has risen quickly to the top of the bestseller list,from which his commission is,for him,astronomical,though the author is not yet at the peak of his career.,该书很快跃为畅销书榜首，他所以取得了一笔对他来说是天文数字酬金，尽管该书作者还未到达其事业顶峰。,58/92,3.2.1,句子,3,、,So I was there(at a cocktail party,trapped in a crowed room,people milling all around me
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