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,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Company Logo,*,Click to edit Master title style,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,E-C Translation(3),A Contrastive Analysis of English&Chinese,1/41,Contents,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,1,Complex vs.Simple,2,Impersonal vs.Personal,3,2/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Hypotaxis(,形合,),Hypotaxis is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives.,e.g.,I shall despair if you dont come,.,3/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Hypotaxis,To clarify the relations between words,phrases or clauses,English more often resorts to,overt cohesion,(,显性衔接,),frequently using various,cohesive ties,such as,relatives,connectives,prepositions,and some others,.,英语重视句子形式，结构完整，以形显义。,4/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Hypotaxis,Relatives&Connectives,When,I try to understand,what,it is,that,prevents so many Americans from being,as,happy,as,one might expect,it seems to me,that,there are two causes,of,which,one goes much deeper than the other.,为何如此众多美国人不如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有两个，且有深浅之分。,5/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Hypotaxis,Relatives&Connectives,It had been a fine,golden autumn,a lovely farewell to those,who,would lose their youth,and,some of them their lives,before,the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.,那是个天气晴朗金秋，美好秋色为那些年轻人送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞秋天再度来暂时，当日青年已失去了青春，有已失去了生命。,6/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Hypotaxis,Prepositions,The many colors,of,a rainbow range,from,red,on,the outside,to,violet,on,the inside.,彩虹有各种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。,Change,of,information,if any,concerning,the contents,of,this section will be found,in,the appendix,at,the end,of,this book.,本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。,7/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Hypotaxis,Others,There,is nothing,more,disappointing to a hostess,who has gone,a lot of trouble,or,expense,than,to have her guest,so,interested in,talking,politics,or,business,with,her husband,that,he,fails to notice the flavor,of,the coffee,the lightness,of,the cake,or,the attractiveness,of,the house,which,may be her chief interest,and,pride.,8/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Parata,xis,(,意合,),Parataxis is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.,e.g.,The rain fell;the river flooded;the house washed away,.,意正当在英语中较为少见，主要使用于一些简练谚语。,9/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Paratac,xis,汉语重意合，句中各成份之间或句子之间结合多依靠语义贯通，少用连接语，所以句法结构形式短小精悍,。,雨是最寻常，一下就是三两天。可别恼，看，像牛毛，像花针，像细丝，密密地斜织着，屋顶上全笼着一层薄烟。,（朱自清,春,）,雨是最寻常，（它）一下就是三两天。（不过）（你）可别恼，（你）（试着像外边）看，（它正在下着），像牛毛，像花针，（也）像细丝，（它那么）密密地斜织着，（以致于）（人家）屋顶上全笼着一层薄烟。,10/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Paratac,xis,Chinese more frequently relies on,covert coherence,(,隐性连贯,)and context,focusing on temporal or logical sequences.Chinese resorts or,word order,contracted sentences,(,紧缩句,),four-character expression,(,四字格,),and some,grammatical or rhetorical devices,.,汉语重视功效、意义，以神统形。,11/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Paratac,xis,语序,：汉语中许多主从复句，虽不用关联词，形式类似并列复句，但分句含义却有主有次。从句若置前，普通有“因为”、“假如”、“即使”、“即使”等含义。,她不老实，我不能信任她。,Because she is not honest,I cant trust her.,人不犯我，我不犯人。,We will not attack unless we are attacked.,12/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Paratactic(,意正当,),语序,：汉语中许多主从复句，虽不用关联词，形式类似并列复句，但分句含义却有主有次。从句若置前，普通有“因为”、“假如”、“即使”、“即使”等含义。,打肿脸充胖子，吃亏是自己。,If you get beyond your depth,you will suffer.,人到事中迷，就怕没人提。,When a man is lost in a labyrinth,what he needs badly is a hint.,13/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Paratactic(,意正当,),紧缩句,：这类句式是由复句紧缩而成，简明紧凑，分句之间语法关系和逻辑关系往往是隐含。,有饭大家吃。,Let everybody share the food if there is any.,不到黄河不死心。,Until all is over,ambition never dies.,14/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Paratactic(,意正当,),紧缩句,：这类句式是由复句紧缩而成，简明紧凑，分句之间语法关系和逻辑关系往往是隐含。,问遍千家成行家。,Learn from numerous advisers,and youll become a master.,上梁不正下梁歪。,If the upper beam is not straight,the lower ones will go aslant.,15/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Paratactic(,意正当,),紧缩句,：这类句式是由复句紧缩而成，简明紧凑，分句之间语法关系和逻辑关系往往是隐含。,狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。,However sly a fox may be,it is no match for a good hunter,.,狼批羊皮还是狼。,A wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheeps clothing,.,16/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Paratactic(,意正当,),四字格,：是汉语里广为利用语言形式，历经锤炼，言简意赅，经常是意正当佳作。,不进则退,He who does not advance falls backward.,酒醉智昏,When wine is in,wit is out.,欲盖弥彰,The more one tries to hide,the more one is exposed,.,17/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Paratactic(,意正当,),重复、排比、对偶、对照等,：这些句式词句整齐、匀称，往往不用关联词。,吃苦在前，享乐在后。,Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts.,聪明一世，糊涂一时。,Smart as a rule,but this time a fool.,18/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Paratactic(,意正当,),重复、排比、对偶、对照等,：这些句式词句整齐、匀称，往往不用关联词。,不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？,If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall,how can you know the sweetness of honey?,东边闪电出日头，西边闪电必有雨，南边闪电天气热，北边闪电有雷雨。,19/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,小结,英语重视形合，经常借助各种连接伎俩，因而比较严谨；汉语重视意合，重视功效、意义，经常不用或少用连接伎俩，因而比较简练。英译汉时，往往要先分析句子结构、形式，才能确定句子功效、意义；汉译英时，往往要先分析句子功效、意义，才能确定句子结构、形式。,20/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Practice,Somewhere in the middle is me,a grown-up version of the girl who,used to camp out under covers with Nancy Drew,a foreshadowing of a,baby-sitting grandma whose son will come home to find Mom snoozing,contentedly beneath her paperback.,在这一老一少中间就是成年我了：儿时我曾在野营时怀揣着侦探小说南茜德鲁入睡；多年后我也会成为照看孙儿祖母，每晚儿子回到家，都会看见自己母亲已怀抱爱书，欣然入睡。,21/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,从其交友知其为人。,Tell me whom you associate with and Ill tell you who you are.,总之，前途是光明，道路是波折。,In a word,the prospect is bright but the road has twist,s,and turns.,他天天练习开车，很快就学会了。,He soon learnt how to drive because he practiced every day.,22/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Practice,翻译本科专业学制四年，分为基础阶段（一、二年级）和高年级阶段（三、四年级）。基础阶段意在打好英语和汉语基本功，提升双语实际利用能力，熟悉相关国家语言社会文化，为进入高年级学习打下牢靠语言技能基础和文化基础。高年级阶段开设一系列口笔译课程，重点训练各项口笔译技能，并让学生熟悉企业惯用翻译平台和实际翻译操作程序。,23/41,Company Logo,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,Practice,The four-year undergraduate program in translation and interpreting is divided into two stages,the foundation stage(the first and second year)and the advanced stage(the third and fourth year).Courses offered at the foundation stage are designed to improve students proficiency in both English and Chinese and deepen their understanding of the social and cultural context of English-speaking countries,so as to get them fully prepared for more demanding learning objectives at the advanced stage,where students receive intense professional training in translation and interpreting skills and familiarize themselves with the workflow of translation and interpreting in the workplace,such as the use of commonly employed translation software programs.,24/41,Company Logo,Complex vs.Simplex,Complex(,繁复,),Subordination,the placing of certain elements in modifying roles,is a fundamental feature of English.With plenty of subordinate clauses and phrases,English has comparatively longer and more complicated sentences than Chinese.,英语包孕式复合句很常见，各式各样长短成份，经过丰富而灵活连接伎俩，能够接成枝叶横生“参天大树”。,25/41,Company Logo,Complex vs.Simplex,Simplex(,简短,),Chinese is marked by its coordination,loose or minor sentences,contracted sentences,elliptical sentences,run-on sentences,and composite sentences.,汉语造句主要采取“流水记事法”，惯用分句或流水句来逐层叙述思维各个过程。,26/41,Company Logo,Complex vs.Simplex,英译汉：破句重组，化繁为简,In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.,门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。,Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?,我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？,（比较：你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你问题吗？）,27/41,Company Logo,Complex vs.Simplex,英译汉：破句重组，化繁为简,It would take me an entire book to list,all of,the people I have known in my life who spent the,m,ajority of their,lives as single people,but who were the undisputed focus,of a large group of friends,-,-usually serving as,problem-solvers,and widely respected and loved,.,我一生中认识了许多人，他们单身了大半辈子，,但在,一大群,朋友中却,是,无可,争议,关键人物。他们经常帮人处理问题，广受尊敬，广受爱戴。,若,要把这些人姓名一一列出，恐怕,得,写一本书,。,28/41,Company Logo,Complex vs.Simplex,英译汉：破句重组，化繁为简,He had flown in just the day before from Georgia,w,here he had spent his vacation,basking in the su,n,after the completion of the construction job,he had been engaged,in in the South,.,他先是在南部从事一项建筑工程，任务完成后去了,佐治亚去度假，享受,阳光浴,，前天才飞回来,。,29/41,Company Logo,Complex vs.Simplex,汉译英：化简为繁，组合成复合句或长句,因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝。这种隔绝状态，因为通讯工具不足，就变得愈加严重了。,The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.,30/41,Company Logo,Complex vs.Simplex,汉译英：化简为繁，组合成复合句或长句,在非洲，我碰到了一个小孩，他哭得难过极了，我问他时，他说他饿了，两天没有吃饭了。,In Africa I met a boy,who was crying as if his heart would break and said,when I spoke to him,that he was hungry because he had not had any food for two days.,31/41,Company Logo,Complex vs.Simplex,汉译英：化简为繁，组合成复合句或长句,他这时已是快要六旬人，一表人才，高个儿，眉目清秀，头发又多又黑，略带花白，恰好衬出他那堂堂仪表。,He was at this time in his late fifties,a tall,elegant man with good features and thick dark hair only sufficiently graying to add to the distinction of his appearance.,32/41,Company Logo,Impersonal vs.Personal,物称,vs.,人称,Formal written English often goes with an impersonal style.Chinese,by contrast,prefers to use a personal style.,汉语重人称，英语重物称，这一特点主要表现在怎样使用主语和动词这两方面。,33/41,Company Logo,Impersonal vs.Personal,英语惯用非人称主语，汉语惯用人称主语,英语可用人称主语表示，也惯用非人称（物称）主语表示，用非人称表示时，往往重视“,什么事发生在什么人身上,”。,汉语则较惯用人称主语表示，往往重视“,什么人怎么样了,”。,34/41,Company Logo,Impersonal vs.Personal,英语惯用非人称主语，汉语惯用人称主语,What has happened to you?,你怎么了？,An idea suddenly struck me.,我突然想到了一个主意。,Not a sound reached our ears.,我们没有听到任何声音。,A great elation overcame them.,他们欣喜若狂。,35/41,Company Logo,Impersonal vs.Personal,英语惯用非人称主语，汉语惯用人称主语,英语用非人称作主语句子大致能够分为两类：,1.,“无灵主语”“有灵动词”,inanimate subject:,抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称、时间地点等等,animate verb:,see,find,witness,escape,surround,deprive,seize,permit,invite,drive,prevent.from.,etc.,36/41,Company Logo,Impersonal vs.Personal,英语惯用非人称主语，汉语惯用人称主语,英语用非人称作主语句子大致能够分为两类：,1.,“无灵主语”“有灵动词”,Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.,我兴奋得说不出话来。,The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.,我走在厚厚地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。,The forty years,1840-80,brought almost ten million migrants to America.,从,1840,至,1880,这四十年中，近一千万移民移居美国,。,37/41,Company Logo,Impersonal vs.Personal,在汉译英时，惯用“物称”代替“人称”。,一看到那颗大树，我便想起了童年情景。,The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood.,我每当听到一个旧友死去消息，总要惆怅多时。,The news of any old pals death will invariably make me sad for a long,long time.,最近忙于其它事务，未能早些复信，深感抱歉。,I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter.,38/41,Company Logo,Impersonal vs.Personal,英语惯用非人称主语，汉语惯用人称主语,英语用非人称作主语句子大致能够分为两类：,2.,用非人称代词,“,it,”,作主语,It never occurred to me that she was so mean.,我从来也没有想到她这么吝啬。,Its only half an hours walk to the ferry.,只要走半个钟头就能够到轮渡。,It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession.,人总是在面临考验关头，才发觉自己专长。,39/41,Company Logo,Impersonal vs.Personal,英语惯用非人称主语，汉语惯用人称主语,英语,“,There be,”,句式及用不定代词“,one,”,做主语句子也含有非人称倾向：,In 1958,there was a strike participated in by five thousand workers.,1958,年，五千个工人参加了一次罢工。,One must be a servant before one can be a master.,要当主人，先当仆人。,40/41,Company Logo,Impersonal vs.Personal,英语惯用被动式，采取物称表示法；汉语惯用主动式，采取人称、泛称或隐称表示法。,发觉了错误，一定要更正。,Wrongs must be righted when they were discovered.,必须调整高等院校专业设置，改进教学方法。,Specialties in colleges and universities should be adjusted and teaching methods improved.,41/41,Company Logo,
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