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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,本资料仅供参考,不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考,不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考,不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考,不能作为科学依据。,英汉翻译理论与实践,A Course in English-Chinese Translation,1/50,2/50,1921年生,福州市人。1945年毕业于上海圣约翰大学英文系。同年任上海自由西报英文记者、中国评论周报(英文)特约撰稿者。翌年赴日本东京远东国际军事法庭任英语翻译,约两载半,随即赴美学习,1949年于美国印地安纳大学英国文学系肄业后回国。历任北京外文出版社编译、中国人民解放军外国语学院英语教授、北京对外经济贸易大学英语教授。中国译协第一、三届理事,现任英语世界杂志顾问。主要译作有:柔石为奴隶母亲、曹禺明朗天、杨植霖王若飞在狱中、王士菁鲁迅传、谬静文徐悲鸿一生、英译中国当代散文选(上、下册)等。主要论著有:习语汉译英研究、英语声色词与翻译、英汉翻译教程(主编)等。张培基先生提出可用“忠实、通顺”四个字作为翻译标准。,3/50,why translate?,an allusionary way to explain the very begining of translating activity-,the Bible,The Big Flood,Noahs Ark,Eastward Migration,The Plain,the Settlement,the Town/city,the Babel Tower,Gods wrath,4/50,Chapter One,Brief Introduction to the History of Translation in China第一章 中国翻译史介绍,5/50,Definition of Translation,The act of changing from one form,state,subject or place to another.(,Longman Dictionary Contemporary English,),Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor.(,Columbia Encyclopedia,),To change (speech or writing)from one language into another.,To translate is to change into another language,retaining as much of the sense as one can.(Samuel Johnson),6/50,Eugene Nida:,Translation means translating meaning.,Peter Newmark:,Translating is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text,Zhang Peiji 张培基,翻译是利用一个语言把另一个语言所表示思想内容准确而完整重新表示出来语言活动。,7/50,Function of Translation,In our social life,actually,translation has played a very important part in the development of all countries since it appeared.,It helps people to better communicate with one another;,It facilitates the development of culture and civilization of all nations,such as the Sutra translation in China and the Bible translation in western countries.,In the present epoch,it plays a very important role in promoting global economic and cultural development.China in particular benefits a great deal from translation.For example,Chinas entry into the World Trade Organization,Beijings successful hosting of the 29th Olympic Games and Shanghais successful hosting of World Exposition.,Translation,as a noble cause,is bound to play an even more important role in all fields of our country.,8/50,Introduction,China,has an over,five thousand-year long history,of human civilization and a,three thousand-year history of translation,.This lesson is to provide a chronological review highlighting translation theory and practice in China from ancient to present times.,9/50,However,we have little knowledge of when translation activities really began either in China or in the world.,In China,we didnt have any record of translation until,Zhou Dynasty,(1066B.C.256B.C.).,“五方之民,言语不通,嗜欲不一样。达其志,通其欲,东方日寄,南方日象,西方日狄鞮,北方日译。”,礼记王制,(“Translators are called Ji in the east,Xiang in the south,Didi in the west,and Yi in the north .),10/50,There are three peaks of translation in history,The First Peak of Translation in ancient China(Sutra or Buddhist Scripture Translation),The Second Peak of Translation,(Translation of Books on Science and Technology and Litera,ture,during the Ming and Qing Dynasties,The Third Peak of Translation,(,Translation of Socialist and Communist Works),the,May,4,th Mo,ve,ment,11/50,The First Peak of Translation in China,Buddhist Scripture Translation in Qin Dynasty,Fuqin Times(符秦时代),DaoAn(道安)set up translation organ(译场),XuanZang(玄奘),In Tang Dynasty,12/50,道安,是东晋时代出色佛教学者,生于东晋怀帝永嘉六年(312),卒于孝武太元十年(385),年七十四(一说年七十二),出生于常山扶柳县(今河北省冀州境)一个读书人家里。因为世乱,早丧父母,从小就受外兄孔氏抚养,七岁开始读书,到十五岁时候,对于五经文义已经相当通达,就转而学习佛法。十八岁出家(此据名僧传抄之说,高僧传等作“年十二出家”)。,small distribution of work at the Organ:dictator(译主),shorthand(笔授),comprehension(度玉),vertification证梵,modification/polishing润文,proofreading证意,editing总刊,13/50,玄奘(602年664年),唐朝著名,三藏法师,,汉传佛教史上最伟大译经师之一,中国佛教法相,唯识宗,创始人。俗姓陈,名袆,出生于河南,洛阳,洛州缑氏县(今河南省,偃师市,南境)。他是,中国,著名古典小说,西游记,中心人物,唐僧,原型。,14/50,Translation Practice and,Theory in Ancient China,Early Translation in China,(Eastern Han Song Dynasties),Buddhist Scripture Translation,An Shigao(安世高)Lou Jiachen(娄迦谶)Zhu Fahu(竺法护),The three famous Sutra translators are 鸠摩罗什,真谛,玄奘.,15/50,中国历史上3-4次翻译高潮(一),两汉,-(-符秦时代-隋代-)-,唐宋(佛经翻译)(1-13世纪),佛经翻译第一阶段,我国佛经翻译,从东汉桓帝末年安世高译经开始.,安清,字世高,安息(即波斯)人,偏于直译.,支娄迦谶,月支国人,简名支谶.译笔生硬,多用音译.,支亮,支谦,字恭明,本月支人.用意译取代音译.,竺法护和“三支”一道被人称作月支派.,佛经翻译第二阶段,释道安,俗姓卫,常山扶柳(今河北省衡水县西南)人,出身士族.主张直译.,鸠摩罗什,主张意译.是中国翻译史上主张全方面意译第一人.,真谛,西印度人.,佛经翻译第三个阶段,玄奘,通称“三藏法师”,姓陈,名(示韦),洛州缑氏(今河南省偃师县)人,世家出身,“既须求真,又须喻俗”,佛教三大翻译家/,华夏三大翻译家:,鸠摩罗什、真谛、玄奘。,鸠摩罗,什(梵语 Kumrajva)(公元 344 413 年),音译为鸠摩罗耆婆,又作,鸠摩罗什婆,,简称罗什。东晋时,后秦,高僧,著名,佛经,翻译家。与,真谛,(499569)、,玄奘,(602664)、并称为,中国佛教,三大翻译家。另说还有义净(635713)(又说为不空(705774)并称为四大译经师,16/50,The Second Peak of Translation,Translation of Books on Science and Technology and Literary during the Ming and Qing Dynasties,17/50,Technical and Literary Translation during the Ming and Qing Dynasties,明末清初(科技翻译)(17-18世纪),科技翻译代表作:,Euclids Elements几何原本,Hydraulic Methods of the Great West,测量法义,Xu Guangqi(徐光启)and M.Ricci利玛窦 in Ming Dynasty,明代徐光启和意大利人利马窦合作,18/50,徐光启(1562年4月24日1633年11月10日),字子先,号玄扈,教名保禄,汉族,,明朝,南直隶松江府上海县人,中国明末,数学,和科学家、农学家、政治家、,军事家,,官至礼部尚书、,文渊阁大学士,。赠,太子太保,、,少保,,谥文定。徐光启也是,中西文化交流,先驱之一,是上海地域最早天主教徒,被称为“圣教三柱石”之首。,19/50,Xu Guangqi(徐光启),Xu Guangqi(1562-1633),a distinguished scientist and a senior official of the late Ming Dynasty.,Many of the terms of Euclids Elements几何原本 in the translation are still in use today.For examples:point,line:straight line,parallel lines,curve,angle:right angle,acute angle,obtuse angle,triangle.,20/50,Lin Shu(林纾),Lin Shu(1852-1924),A traditional Chinese scholar,has been regarded as the pioneer of literary translation in China due to his large quantity of translations of Western novels.(184 novels),我国最早翻译西方文艺作品人,清光绪七年(1882年)中举人,他能诗善画,文章擅叙事抒情,文笔婉约感人,依靠他人口译,用文言文翻译欧美等国小说,184种之多,Uncle Toms Cabin,David Copperfield,Hamlet,黑奴吁天录 块肉余生述王子复仇记,21/50,林纾(18521924年)近代,文学家,、翻译家。,福建,闽县(今,福州市,)人。早年曾从同县薛锡极读欧阳修文及,杜甫,诗。后读同县李宗言家所藏书,不下三、四万卷,博学强记,能诗,能文,能画,有狂生称号。光绪八年(1882年)举人,考进士不中。二十六年(1900年),在,北京,任五城中学国文教员。所作古文,为桐城派大师,吴汝纶,所推重,名益著,因任,北京大学,讲席。,辛亥革命,后,入北洋军人,徐树铮,所办正志学校教学,推重桐城派古文。后在北京,专以译书售稿与卖文卖画为生。,22/50,1949岁林纾先生(右)与挚友林白水先生(左)在杭州合影留念,23/50,Translation of Works of Social Science in,Late Qing,Dynasty,Yan Fu(严复),(1853-1921),24/50,Yan fu,a famous reformer in late QING dynasty,was born in HOU GUAN,FUJIAN.He is among the most influential initiation thinker in the modern history of CHINA.He is also known as a translator and educator.,严复“少年砺志、投身海军、天演惊雷、教育救国,25/50,Evolution and Ethics(Thomas Henry Huxley)natural selection and survival of the fittest.,天演论,公派到英国留学3年,先入普茨毛斯大学,后转到格林威治海军学院,19严复受袁世凯命担任北大校长之职,北京大学第一任校长,上海任复旦大学校长,26/50,严复从光绪二十四年到宣统三年(公元1898-1911)这三十年间翻译了不少西方政治经济学说.,如赫胥黎天演论(Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays)、亚当史密斯原富(An Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations)孟德斯鸠法意(Lesprit des Lois)、甄克思社会通诠(A History ofPolitics)等。,Yan Fu(严复),His triple criteria,信,达,雅,Faithfulness,Expressiveness(Fluency),Elegancy,(,Evolution and Ethics and other Essays天演论,),27/50,Faithfulness:It requires that the meaning in the target language should be faithful to the meaning of the original.,Expressiveness(Fluency):It is the requirement of intelligibility of the target language text,the translated text should be in accordance with the language rules of the target.,Elegance:It requires a translation to be esthetically pleasing.,28/50,The Third Peak of Translation,Translation in Contemporary ChinaMay Fourth in 1919,29/50,Translation in,Contemporary,China,May Fourth in 1919,The Translation of Socialist and Communist Works,共产党宣言,Manifesto of the Communist Party,Developments in Translation Theory,Lu Xun(鲁,迅,),Lin Yutang(林语堂),Qu Qiubai(瞿秋白),30/50,Lu Xun(鲁讯):,A translation must have both intelligibility and the style of the original text;advocation of strict literal translation.,Lin Yutang(林语堂):,the first is fidelity,the second coherence,the third is elegance.,Qu Qiubai(瞿秋白):,a translation should be faithful to the original meaning and enable the target language readers to have the same concept from the translated text as the source language readers get from the original text.,31/50,鲁迅(1881.9.251936.10.19),浙江,绍兴,人,原名,周树人,,字豫山、豫亭,后更名为豫才。他时常穿一件朴素中式,长衫,,头发像刷子一样直竖着,浓密胡须形成了一个,隶书,“一”字。,毛主席,评价他是伟大无产阶级,文学家,、思想家、,革命家,,是,中国文化,革命主将。也被人民称为“,民族魂,”。,32/50,林语堂,,福建,龙溪(现福建省,漳州,市,平和县,坂仔镇,)人。原名和乐,后改,玉堂,,又改语堂。,笔名,毛驴、宰予、岂青等,,中国,当代著名学者、,文学家,、,语言学家,。早年留学国外,回国后在北京大学等著名大学任教,1966年定居,台湾,,一生著述颇丰。,33/50,瞿秋白(1899.1-1935),江苏,常州,人,散文作家,文学评论家。他曾两度担任,中国共产党,最高领导人,是中国共产党早期主要领导人之一,马克思主义者,无产阶级革命家、理论家和宣传家,中国革命文学事业主要奠基者之一,,上海大学,原教务长兼社会学系主任,在国共合作背景下,把上大建设为南方,新文化运动,中心,为中国人民解放事业和民族振兴输送了一大栋梁之才。1935年2月在福建,长汀县,被国民党军逮捕,6月18日慷慨就义,时年36岁。,34/50,Translation in Present China,Guo Moruo,(郭沫若),:Translation is creative work.Good translation is as good as writing and may be even better than it.,Fu Lei,(傅雷):,A good translation product should both be“alike in spirit and appearance(形神皆俱)。Spiritual conformity”,Qian Zhongshu,(钱钟书):transmigration theory(化境说),or sublimed adaption,35/50,郭沫若(1892年11月16日1978年6月12日),清光绪十八年九月二十七日(1892年11月16日)出生于四川省乐山市观娥乡沙湾镇,汉族,原名郭开贞,字鼎堂,乳名文豹,号尚武。笔名沫若、麦克昂、郭鼎堂、石沱、高汝鸿、羊易之等。中国共产党优异党员,致力于世界和平运动,是我国当代著名无产阶级文学家、诗人、剧作家、考古学家、思想家、古文字学家、历史学家、书法家,学者和著名革命家、社会活动家,蜚声海内外;他是我国新诗奠基人,是继鲁迅之后革命文化界公认领袖,36/50,傅雷(1908.4.71966.9.3),字怒安,号怒庵,汉族,,上海市,南汇县(现,南汇区,)人,翻译家,文艺,评论家,。20世纪60年代初,傅雷因在翻译,巴尔扎克,作品方面卓越贡献,被,法国,巴尔扎克研究会吸收为会员。他全部译作,现经家眷编定,交由安徽人民出版社编成,傅雷译文集,,从1981年起分15卷出版,现已出齐。,37/50,钱钟书,原名仰先,字哲良,字默存,号槐聚,曾用笔名中书君,中国当代著名作家、文学研究家。曾为毛泽东选集英文版翻译小组组员。晚年就职于中国社会科学院,任副院长。书评家,夏志清,先生认为小说,围城,是“中国近代文学中最有趣、最专心经营小说,可能是最伟大一部”。钱钟书在文学,国故,比较文学,文化批评等领域成就,推崇者甚至冠以“钱学”。其夫人,杨绛,也是著名作家,育有一女,钱瑗,(1937年-1997年)。,38/50,许渊冲:诗歌翻译三标准(三美):,音美、形美、意美,(Beautiful sound,Beautiful form and Beautiful meaning),(Beauty in Sense,Sound and Style),刘重德;信、达、切,(Faithfulness,Expressiveness,Closeness),信于内容,达如其分,切合原文格调,39/50,许渊冲-诗译英法唯一人,,北京大学,教授,翻译家。在国内外出版中、英、法文著译六十本,包含诗经、楚辞、李白诗选、西厢记、红与黑、,包法利夫人,、追忆似水年华等中外名著,是有史以来将,中国,历代诗词译成英、法韵文唯一教授。1999年被提名为,诺贝尔文学奖,候选人。,40/50,刘重德,河南滑县人,生于1914年,1931年考入开封高汉字科,在校刊上发表他翻译雪莱抒情短诗数首,1934年入北京大学,先后从朱光潜先生学英诗,从叶公超学翻译。毕业后相继执教于河南大学、国立师范学院及湖南大学。现任湖南师范大学教授,中国译协副会长。其主要译作有:英国奥斯汀爱玛、赫士列特莎士比亚戏剧人物论;美国斯托夫人黑奴吁天录和盖斯特寻常人家。?,刘重德是我国著名翻译理论家,其主要论著包含:试论翻译标准、翻译标准刍议、谈翻译忠实性、了解、表示与文学翻译、惯用译法例解、谈谈直译和意译、英语定语从句译法、阿诺德评荷马史诗翻译、托尔曼教授谈翻译艺术及翻译漫谈等,41/50,音美,意美,形美Beauty in sense,sound and style,無邊落木蕭蕭下不見長江滾滾來(登高-,杜甫,),The boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by showerThe endless river rolls its waves hour after hour.,(shower by shower譯出蕭蕭音美,為了和shower押韻,選擇不多,用了hour after hour表示不斷,endless river表示長江,leaves和waves同韻,rivers同rolls、sheds同shower雙聲,盡顯音美),42/50,Translation in the West,西方历史上六次翻译高潮(一),Bible 66(,Old,Testament,39 and New Testament 27 vollumes),Old,Testament,旧约全书was written in Hebrew,New Testament in Greek.,公元前三至二世纪之间,七十二名犹太学者在埃及亚历山大城翻译圣经旧约即后人所称七十子希腊文本(Bible from Hebrew into Greek)。,约在公元前三世纪中叶罗马文学家安德罗尼柯用拉丁语翻译希腊荷马史诗奥德赛(Homers Odyssey from Greek into Latin)。,西方历史上六次翻译高潮(二),公元,4,世纪至,6,世纪之间圣经翻译。,其中最含有权威性是由,Jerome,(杰罗姆),对照希伯来原文翻译出,圣经通用本(,The Vulgate)(from Hebrew into Latin),。,43/50,西方历史上六次翻译高潮(三),中世纪中期,即11至12世纪之间,西方翻译家云集西班牙托莱多(Toledo),把大批作品从阿拉伯语译成拉丁语。这是历史上少有基督徒和穆斯林友好接触,也是西方翻译史上第三个高潮。,9,10世纪,(雅典)希腊古叙利亚语(巴格达)阿拉伯语,西方历史上六次翻译高潮(四),十四至十六世纪欧洲发生文艺复兴运动,是一场思想和文学革新大运动,也是西方翻译史上一次大发展。,翻译活动深入到思想、政治、哲学、文学、宗教等各个领域,包括古代和当代主要作品,产生了一大批出色翻译家和一系列优异翻译作品。,在德国,宗教改革家Martin Luther King顺从民众意愿,采取民众语言,于1522至1534年翻译了第一部“民众圣经”,开创了当代德语发展新纪元。,44/50,1611年钦定圣经译本(the King James or Authorized Version又名,the King James Bible,)翻译出版则标志着英国翻译史上又一次大发展。它以其英语格调地道、通俗和优美赢得了“英语中最伟大译著”盛誉,在长时期里成为英国唯一家喻户晓、人手一册经典作品,对当代英语发展产生了深远影响。,法国文学家阿米欧用,17,年翻译希腊、罗马名人比较列传,英国查普曼用,18,年翻译伊利亚特和奥德赛都是译著中精品,西方历史上六次翻译高潮(五),文艺复兴后,17,世纪下半叶至,20,世纪上半叶,西方各国翻译继续向前发展。即使就其规模和影响而言,这一时期翻译比不上文艺复兴时期,但依然涌现出大量优异译著。,其最大特点是,翻译家们不但继续翻译古典著作,而且对近代和当代作品也发生了很大兴趣。塞万提斯、莎士比亚、巴尔扎克、歌德等大文豪作品都被一再译成各国文字,东方文学译品也陆续问世。,45/50,西方历史上六次翻译高潮(六),西方翻译第六个大发展表现在第二次世界大战结束以来翻译活动。因为时代演变,翻译特点也发生了很大改变。主要表达在,范围,规模,作用和形式,四个方面.,首先是翻译,范围,扩大。传统翻译主要集中在文学、宗教作品翻译上,这个时期翻译则扩大到了其它领域,尤其是科技、商业领域。,其次,翻译,规模,大大超出了以往。过去,翻译主要是少数文豪巨匠事业;而今,翻译已成为一项专门职业,不但文学家、哲学家、神学家从事翻译,而且还有一支经过专门训练专业队伍负担着各式各样翻译任务。,再者,翻译,作用,也为以往所不可企及。尤其是在联合国和欧洲共同市场形成之后,西方各国之间在各个领域交流日益频繁、亲密,全部这些交际活动都是经过翻译进行,因为翻译在其间起着越来越大实际作用。,最终,翻译事业发展,形式,也有了很大改变和进步。这主要表达在三个方面:(一)兴办高等翻译教育,如法国、瑞士、比利时设有翻译学校或学府,英、美、苏等国在大学高年级开设翻译班(Translation Workshop),以培养翻译人员;(二)成立翻译组织以聚集翻译力量,最大国际性组织有国际翻译工作者联合会(简称“国际译联”)以及国际笔译、口译协会和各国译协;(三)打破传统方式,发展机器翻译。,当前,西方翻译事业仍处于第六次高潮之中;今后向何处发展,第六次高潮会连续多久,眼下尚难预测。,46/50,Conclusion,1.The situation:,On the one hand,China has a long history of translation and the development of some translation theories;,On the other hand,it is hard to find a systematic translation theory to guide translation practice although there are prescriptive explanations of how to translate.,47/50,Translation In China-Facing a Challenge,2.Challenge:,By comparing this situation with the west,we find that the development of translation,and especially translation theory,is lagging in China although it is now a major translation user.With its booming economy and the expansion of its political influence in the international community,China is now facing a challenge in the development of translation.,48/50,Homework,I.,Answer the question,:,1.What is meant by translation?,2.How to define the literal and the liberal translation?,II.,Translation:,1.信、达、雅,2.,佛经翻译,3.共产党宣言,4.Source language and target language,5.Translationese,49/50,Thank you!,50/50,
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