实用外贸英语2省名师优质课赛课获奖课件市赛课百校联赛优质课一等奖课件.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,International Trade(2),We,ve learned that international trade took place for two main reasons:,The distribution of natural resources is uneven,;,International specialization,.,Where there are no differences among countries in basic capabilities at producing goods,other bases for trade among them may still exist.,即使各国在生产商品基础能力方面没有差异，它们之间进行贸易基础依然可能存在。,1/14,Other reasons for international trade:,A.Patterns of demand may differ among nations.,各国需求结构会有所不一样。,比如，一个国家大多数消费者会认为狗肉是一个美味，而在另一个国家，吃狗肉是可憎。在这种情况下，第二个国家可能将本国狗肉卖给第一个国家。,So,trade will be bases not on differences in the production capabilities of the two countries but on different consumption preferences.,所以，贸易不是建立在两个国家生产能力差异上，而是建立在不一样消费兴趣上。,B.Trade may occur out of economy of scale _ the cost advantage of large,scale production.,贸易可能产生于规模经济,_,即大规模生产成本优势。,C.Trade takes place because of innovation or style.,Even though a country produces enough commodities at reasonable cost to meet its own demand and even to export some,it may still import commodities from other countries for innovation or variety of style.,贸易发生是因为革新或款式需要。,即使一国能用合理成本生产足够商品满足自己需求，甚至还出口一些。不过，因为革新或各种不一样款式需要，它们依然可能从其它国家进口该商品。,2/14,To summarize,the theory of international specialization seeks to answer the question which countries will produce what goods,with what trade patterns among them.Differences in production conditions,the element highlighted by the theory of,comparative advantage,provide the most important part of the answer.But complete answer must also take into account other factors such as,patterns of demand,economies of scale and innovations or style,.,总来说，国际分工理论寻求回答是哪些国家将生产什么产品，以及采取什么样贸易结构。生产条件差异，这一被,比较优势理论,所强调要素为这一问题作出了最主要回答。不过，完整答案也必须同时考虑到其它原因，如,需求结构，规模经济，革新或款式。,3/14,In reality,however,complete specialization may never occur even when it is economically advantageous.,实际上，即使从经济上看是完全有利，完全专门化也永远不会发生。,For strategic or domestic reasons,.A country may continue to produce goods for which it does not have an advantage.,The benefits of specialization may also,be affected by transported cost,.Goods and raw materials have to be transported around the world and the cost of the transport reduces the benefit of trade.The case will be more serious with transporting bulky or perishable goods.,Trade barriers for protection of the country,.Protectionist measures which are often taken by government are also barriers to trade.The typical examples are tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.,出于战略或国内原因,，一个国家可能继续生产不具优势产品。,专门化好处也可能受到运输成本影响,，货物和原材料不得不在全世界运来运去，而运输成本降低了贸易利益。假如是运输大宗货物或易腐败变质货物，情况就更严重了。,保护国家贸易壁垒,。各国政府经常采取贸易保护主义办法也是贸易障碍。经典例子是关税壁垒和非关税壁垒。,4/14,Multinational Enterprise/multinational Company,What is MNE/MNC?,MNE is a business organization that,owns,controls and manages assets,in more than one country.,MNE has the following distinctive characteristics:,A.MNEs are generally enormous in size.,They control enormous amount of resources in the world.,跨国企业组织都十分庞大，他们控制着世界上大量资源。,B.MNEs are wide geographical spread.,It enables them:,a.to have a wide range of options in terms of decisions in souring and pricing.,b.to take advantage of charges in the international economic environment.,c.to engage in worldwide integrate production and marketing.,辽阔地域分布也是跨国企业一个特点。这使得它们在资源和定价决议上有了很大选择范围；也使它在能更方便利用世界经济改变；更使得它能在全球范围内实现生产和销售一体化。,C.MNEs have longevity and rapid growth.,They have a history of many years and double digit growth of rate of revenue.,跨国企业另一个普遍特点是历时长久和发展快速。,5/14,Four different types of MNC,1.,Multi-domestic corporation,:,这类跨国企业由相对独立分企业组成。母企业授予各分企业充分权力，使其按照东道国当地用户需要进行生产和营销。当各东道国详细情况显著不一样时这种方式比较适用。,2.,Global corporation,:,其经营标准与第一类相反，它们把世界市场视为一个统一整体，权力和责任都集中于总企业，由总企业负责管理全球生产和营销，以尽可能多实现规模经济效益。,3.,Transnational corporation,:,这类跨国企业意在将上述两种经营方式结合起来，即实现高效率又保持灵活性。它们经营活动和资源既不是高度集中又不是分权，而是有各子企业形成一个相互依赖企业网络。,4.,World company,:,因其国籍在很大程度上淡化了，当前到达这么高国际化程度企业极少。如，,World Bank Group,IFC,-International Finance Corporation,IMF,-International Monetary Fund,6/14,Procedures of Export,出口流程,The most difficult part of exporting is taking the first step.Different countries have different economic policies or system.So before doing business with foreign countries,one has to understand the whole procedures of exporting.,对出口贸易来说，最困难是迈出第一步。不一样国家有不一样经济政策或不一样经济体系。所以，任何想要做外贸人都必须事先了解外贸出口流程。,7/14,Exporting is an orderly,methodical and a somewhat technical process of adapting Chinese products and exporting methods to conditions outside China.,Export marketing has much in common with internal selling.But business environment varies greatly because of different in language,customs and tradition.To some extent,this gap can be filled by export market research before real exporting is undertaken.In moving to the foreign market,the exporter who squarely confronts the problem of seeking a target,or locating the promising customer for his products finds himself facing many distinct but related problems,which involve using a variety of techniques and a whole set of procedures in a suitable and systematic way,making a serious of right decisions about many different options that one has,and always bearing in mind the requirements and characteristics of the market itself.Above all,it all adds up to,“,marketing mix,”,.,8/14,出口是把中国产品和出口方法适合其它国家条件一个有秩序，有方法并有一定技术性过程。,出口推销和国内销售在很多地方有共同之处。但商业环境却因各国语言，习俗以及传统差异而有极大不一样。在转向国外市场过程中，正在寻找目标市场及有希望用户这种问题出口商发觉他们面临许多截然不一样又亲密相关问题，其中包含采取各种技巧及一整套适合而有系统办法，在各种不一样选择中制订一系列决议，同时还要切记市场本身要求及特点。最主要是这一切组成了,“,市场营销组合,”,。,9/14,The procedures of an export or import business is so complicated that it may take quite a long time to conclude a transaction.Varied and complicated procedures have to be gone through in the course of export or import transaction.From the very beginning to the end of the transaction,the whole operation generally undergoes three stages:preparation for exporting or importing,business negotiation and contract performance.Each stage covers some special steps.Since the export and import trades are two sides of the same coin,and one country,s export is another country,s import,hence,we will take the procedures of export transaction in the following diagram to illustrate the general procedures of export and import transaction.Before proceeding to the following units,we,d better keep this general picture in mind.,10/14,进出口贸易过程非常复杂，往往要花很长一段时间才能完成一笔交易。在一笔进出口交易中，要经历各种各样复杂程序。从一开始到结束，一笔交易普通要经历三个阶段：进口或出口准备；商务谈判和协议执行。每个阶段包含一些详细步骤。既然进口贸易和出口贸易是同一事物两个方面，一个国家进口就是另一个国家出口，那么在这里，我们用出口贸易流程流程图来说明进出口贸易普通程序。在继续往下学习之前，同学们脑海里最好一直有这么一幅流程图。,11/14,The First Stage,Preparation for Exporting,Establishing Business Relations,ResearchesMarket and Firm,Marketing and Promotion,12/14,The Second Stage,Business Negotiation,Enquiry,Acceptance,Contract,Offer and Counter-offer,13/14,The Third Stage,Contact performance,Goods Preparation,Chartering or Space Booking,Documents preparation for,Bank Negotiation,Examination and Amendment,of L/C,14/14,