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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢,句子成份,(Members of a Sentence),第1页,什么叫句子成份呢？句子组成成份叫句子成份。在句子中，词与词之间有一定组合关系，按照不一样关系，能够把句子分为不一样组成成份。句子成份由词或词组充当。当代汉语里普通句子成份有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语基本成份有七种：主语（,subject,）、谓语（,predicate,）、表语（,predicative,）、宾语（,object,）、定语（,attribute,）、状语,(,adverbial,),和补语（,complement,）。,一个完整英语句子，最少由两部分组成（祁使句除外）,主语和谓语,。,主语,是一个句子叙述主体，表明这句话描述是什么,，,谓语,则用以说明主语情况，它在人称和单复数形式上应与主语保持一致,。,除了主语和谓语，句子有时还需要其它成份，如,用在系动词后表明主语性质，特征，状态或身份,表语,，,用在及物动后，表示行为对象或结果,宾语,，,修饰或限定名词或代词,定语,，,修饰动词形容词副词介词短语或全句,状语,以及,对一个名词或代词作深入解释,同位语,等。,第2页,英语句子基本结构能够归纳成,五种基本句型,及,其扩大、组合、省略或倒装,。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构基础。,英语,五种,基本句型列式以下：,一：,（主谓）,二：,（主系表）,三：,（主谓宾）,四：,（主谓间宾直宾）,五：,（主谓宾宾补）,第3页,基本句型 一：（主谓）,主语,：能够作主语成份有,名词,（如,boy,），,主格代词,（如,you,），,数词,，,名词化形容词,，,动词不定式,，,动名词或从句,。主语普通在,句首,。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！,谓语,：谓语由动词组成，是英语时态、语态改变主角，普通在主语之后。,不及物动词（,vi.,）,没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：,We come.,此句型句子有一个共同特点，即句子谓语动词都能表示完整意思，不能再接对象（即宾语），这类动词叫做,不及物动词,，后面能够跟,副词、介词短语、状语从句,等作状语。,（不及物动词）,1.The moon,rose.,月亮升起了。,2.The universe remains.,宇宙长存。,3.We all,breathe,eat,and drink.,我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。,4.Who,cares?,管它呢？,5.What he said,does not matter.,他所讲没有什么关系。,6.They,talked for half an hour.,他们谈了半个小时。,7.The pen,writes smoothly,这支笔书写流利。,第4页,基本句型 二：（主系表）,此句型句子有一个共同特点：句子,谓语动词都不能表示一个完整意思,，必须加上,一个表明主语性质，特征，状态或身份,表语,组成,复合谓语,，才能表示完整意思。这类动词叫做,连系动词,。,系动词,分三类：,1,）表示人或事物身份特征或状态,:,appear,be,feel,look,seem,smell,sound,taste,。,比如,look,well/,面色好,sound,nice/,听起来不错,feel,good/,感觉好，,smell,bad/,难闻，,taste,good/,尝起来不错；,2),表示状态改变：,become,come,fall,go,get,grow,turn,prove,等；比如,become,cold/,变冷，,go,grey/,变灰白,(dreams),come,true/,（梦想）实现；,3),表示某种状态延续或连续：,continue,，,remain,stay,keep,等。比如,keep,silent/,保持缄默，,stay,fine/,依然很好。,注意,be,本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。,表语,通常由名词,n.,代词,pron.,形容词,adj.,数词，副词,adv.,介词短语,prep.phr.,，动词不定式,to-do,，现在分词，或从句等担任。,第5页,（系动词）,1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.,这是本英汉辞典。（,n.,）,2.The dinner smells good.(adj.),午餐气味很好。,3.He fell in love.(,介词短语,),他堕入了情网。,4.Everything looks different.,（,adj.,）,一切看来都不一样了。,5.He is growing tall and strong.,他长得又高又壮,6.The troubleis that they are short of money.,麻烦是他们缺乏钱。,(,句子，表语从句,),7.Our well has gone dry.,我们井干枯了。,8.His face turned red.,他脸红了。,9.I am not quite myself today.,我今天身体不太好。（,pron.,）,10.The war was over.,战争结束了。,(adv.),11.He seemed to know the truth.,他似乎知道真相。,(,动词不定式,),12.He is out of condition.,他身体情况不太好。,(,介词短语,),13.Time is pressing.,时间紧迫。（现在分词）,14.Who was the first?,谁第一？（数词）,第6页,There be,结构：,There be,表示存在有。这里,there,没有实际意义，不可与副词,there,那里混同。,此结构后跟名词，表示（存在）有某事物,试比较：,There is a boy there.,（那儿有一个男孩。）,/,前一个,there,无实意，后一个,there,为副词那里。,基本句型 三：（主谓宾）,此句型句子共同特点是：谓语动词都含有,实义,，都是主语产生动作，但不能表示完整意思，必须跟有一个,宾语,，即动作承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做,及物动词,。宾语位于及物动词之后，普通,同主语组成一样,，不一样是组成宾语代词必须是,代词宾格,，如：,me,，,him,，,them,等,（及物动词）,1.Who knows the answer?,谁知道答案？,2.She smiled her thanks.,她微笑表示感激。,3.He has refused to help them.,他拒绝帮他们。,4.He enjoys reading.,他喜欢看书。,5.They ate what was left over.,他们吃了剩饭。,6.He said Good morning.,他说：,早上好！,7.I want to have a cup of tea.,我想喝杯茶。,8.He admits that he was mistaken.,他认可犯了错误。,第7页,基本句型 四：（主谓间宾直宾）,有些及物动词能够有,两个宾语,，如：,give,给，,pass,递，,bring,带，,show,显示,。,宾语,包含,直接宾语,（动作承受者或结果，普通指物）和,间接宾语,（表示动作是谁做，或为谁做，普通指认）。,e.g.They offered me the job.,他们把那份工作给了我。,（及物）（多指人）（多指物）,1.She ordered herself a new dress.,她给自己定了一套新衣裳。,2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.,她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。,3.He brought you a dictionary.,他给你带来了一本字典。,4.He denies her nothing.,他对她什么都不拒绝。,5.I showed him my pictures.,我给他看我照片,6.I gave my car a wash.,我洗了我汽车。,7.I told him that the bus was late.,我告诉他汽车晚点了。,8.He showed me how to run the machine.,他教我开机器。,第8页,间接宾语普通位于直接宾语之前。普通次序为：,动词,+,间接宾语,+,直接宾语,。如：,Give me a cup of tea,please.,注意,：间接宾语在以下情况下常能够改为一个由,to,或,for,引发短语。,1,）,当直接宾语是一个人称代词时,Give it to me.,把它给我。（试比较：,Give me the book.,）,Ill order it for you.,我给你点菜。（试比较：,I ordered us three dishes.,）,2,）,需对间接宾语加以强调时,Ive bought this book for you,not for myself.,惯用,接双宾语动词,有,1,）,介词用,to,:give,show,send,bring,offer,read,pass,lend,hand,tell,return,write,pay,throw,allow,wish,teach,fetch,等,;2),介词用,for,:make,do,spare,order,cook,sing,buy,find,get,等。,第9页,基本句型 五：（主谓宾宾补）,此句型句子共同特点是：动词即使是及物动词，不过只跟一个宾语还不能表示完整意思，必须加上一个,补充成份,来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。,宾语补足语,：位于宾语之后对宾语作出,说明,成份。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上主谓关系，它们一起组成复合宾语。能作宾补有：,名词，形容词，介词短语，不定式短语，分词短语，副词,等。比如：,1,）名词,/,代词宾格,+,名词,The war made him,a soldier,./,战争使他成为一名战士,.,2,）名词,/,代词宾格,+,形容词,New methods make the job,easy,./,新方法使这项工作变得轻松,.,3,）名词,/,代词宾格,+,介词短语,I often find him,at work,./,我经常发觉他在工作,.,4,）名词,/,代词宾格,+,动词不定式,The teacher ask the students,to close the windows,./,老师让学生们关上窗户,.,5,）名词,/,代词宾格,+,分词,I saw a cat,running across the road,./,我看见一只猫跑过了马路,.,第10页,6,）名词,/,代词宾格,+,副词,Please keep the dog out.,（及物）（宾语）（宾补）,1.They appointed him,manager,.,他们任命他当经理。,2.They painted the door,green,.,他们把门漆成绿色,3.This set them,thinking,.,这使得他们要细想一想。,4.They found the house,deserted,.,他们发觉那房子无人居住。,5.What makes him,think so,?,他怎么会这么想？,6.We saw him,out,.,我们送他出去,7.He asked me,to come back soon,.,他要我早点回来。,8.I saw them,getting on the bus,.,我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。,第11页,注意,：主动语态变成被动语态后，,宾语补足语,就变成了,主语补足语,：,1.He was last seen,playing near the river,.,有些人最终一次看见他在河边玩。,（,Someone last saw him,playing near the river,.,（宾补）,2.He was considered,to have stolen the money.,有些人认为他偷了钱。,3.The door was pushed,open.,门被推开了,4.He was caught cheating,in the exam.,他被当场抓住考试作弊。,5.He was made,monitor.,他被选为班长。,第12页,但惯用英语句子并不都象基本句型这么简短,，这些句子除了基本句型成份不变外，,通常是在这些成份前面或后面增加一些,修饰语,（,modifier,）而加以扩大。这些修饰语能够是,单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词,）,，也能够是,各种类型短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语,）。我们称之为：,定语、状语,一、定语,：,定语是对,名词或代词,起修饰、限定作用,词、短语或句子,，汉语中惯用,表示。,定语通常位于被修饰成份前,。,若修饰,some,any,every,no,组成复合不定代词时，（如：,something,、,nothing,）；或,不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语,时，则定语通常,置后,。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。,形容词,作定语：,The,little,boy needs a,blue,pen.(little,修饰名词,boy,；,blue,修饰名词,pen.,）,/,小男孩需要一支兰色钢笔。,Tom is a,handsome,boy./Tom,是个英俊男孩。,数词,作定语相当于形容词：,Two boys need,two,pens./,两个男孩需要两支钢笔。,There are,two,boys in the room./,房间里有两个男孩。,代词或名词全部格,作定语：,The boy needs,Toms,pen./,他男孩需要,Tom,钢笔。,His,name is Tom./,他名字是汤姆。,第13页,介词短语,作定语：,The boy,in the classroom,needs a pen of yours./,教室里男孩需要你一支钢笔。,The boy,in blue,is Tom./,穿兰色衣服孩子是汤姆。,There are two boys,of,9,and three,of,10,./,有两个,9,岁，三个,10,岁男孩。,名词,作定语：,The boy needs a,ball,pen./,男孩需要一支圆珠笔。,He works in a,trade,company,。他在一家贸易企业上班。,副词,作定语：,The boy,there,needs a pen./,那儿男孩需要一支钢笔。,She meet her,English teacher on her way,home.,不定式,作定语：,The boy,to write this letter,needs a pen./,写这封信男孩需要一支钢笔。,There is nothing,to do,today./,今天无事要做。,分词（短语）,作定语：,The,smiling,boy,needs a pen,bought,by his mother,./,那个微笑男孩需要一支他妈妈买钢笔。,The pen,bought,by her is made in China./,她买笔是中国产。,There are five boys,left,./,有五个留下男孩。,定语,从句：,The boy,who is reading,needs the pen,which you bought yesterday,./,那个在阅读男孩需要你昨天买钢笔。,The boy,you will know,is Tom./,你将认识男孩叫汤姆。,There are five boys,who will play the game,./,参加游戏男孩有五个。,第14页,二、状语：,状语修饰,动词、形容词、副词或全句,，说明,方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目标,等。,状语在句子中,位置,很灵活，常见情况为：,1,）通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；,2,）修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰词之前；,3),表示时间、地点、目标状语普通位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语普通须在时间状语之前,(,假如修饰同一个动词时间状语或地点状语不止一个，则普通按照“由小到大”排列,),；,e.g.He arrived here at about ten oclock yesterday morning.,she lived in a small village in the north.,4),一些表示不确定时间,（,如：,often,）或程度（如：,almost,）,副词,状语通常位于,be,动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前,有时状语在句中某个位置会引发歧义，应,注意,，如：,The boy calls the girl in the classroom.,普通了解成,男孩喊教室里女孩,”,（此时,in the classroom,为,girl,定语），也能够了解为男孩在教室里喊女孩（此时,in the classroom,为地点状语），最好写作,In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.,第15页,副词（短语）,作状语：,The boy needs a pen,very much,./,男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）,The boy needs a pen,now.,/,Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./,男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语）,介词短语作状语,：,In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./,在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）,Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./,在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子,.(,条件状语,),On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./,星期天,教室里没有学生,.(,时间状语,),分词（短语）,作状语,：,He sits,there,asking for a pen,./,他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）,Having to finish his homework,the,boy needs a pen./,因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）,Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./,（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）,不定式,作状语：,The boy needs a pen,to do his homework,./,男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目标状语）,To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./,为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣,.,名词,作状语,：,Come,this way!/,走这条路！（方向状语）,第16页,状语从句：,时间,状语从句、,地点,状语从句、,原因,状语从句、,结果,状语从句、,目标,状语从句、,比较,状语从句、,让步,状语从句、,条件,状语从句,三、同位语：,同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者,加以说明,成份，近乎于后置定语。如：,We,students,should study hard./(students,是,we,同位语，都是指同一批学生）,We,all,are students./(all,是,we,同位语，都指一样我们）,第17页,四、独立成份：,有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联络成份，称为句子独立成份,(,注意：区分于分词独立结构,),。,感叹词：,oh,hello,aha,ah,等。,必定词,yes,否定词,no,称呼语：称呼人用语。,插入语：一些句中插入,I think,I believe,等。,如,:The story,I think,has never come to the end./,我相信,这个故事还远没结束,.,情态词,表示说话人语气（多作为修饰全句状语）,:perhaps,可能,maybe,大约,acturely,实际上,certainly,当然，等。,第18页,五、分词独立结构,：,分词作状语时其,逻辑主语,与句子,主语一致,!,不然应有自己逻辑主语，组成份词独立结构。,例：,错句：,Studying hard,your score will go up.,正确：,(1),Studying,hard,you,can make your score go up.,或,(2)If you study hard,your score will go up.,解析：错句中分词,studying,没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子主语，既,your score.,显然做,study,应是人，不应是,your score,（分数）,.,正确句,(1),更正了句子主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致,(,同为,you);,正确句,(2),则使用条件分句带出,study,主语,(,不过已经不是分词结构了,).,分词独立结构常省略,being,having been.,不过,There being.,场所不能省略,.,如：,Game,(being)over,he went home.,He stands there,book,(being)in hand.,独立结构还可用,with,、,without,引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但能够用分词，还能够用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。,如：,With nothing,to do,he fell asleep soon./,无事可做，他很快就睡着了。,The teacher came in,with glasses,on his nose,./,老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句,on his nose,不可省略！）,第19页,句子成份练习题,(,一,),(,一,).,指出以下句中主语中心词（,4,分，,4,分钟）,The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.,There is an old man coming here.,The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.,To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.,第20页,(,二,),选出句中谓语中心词（,10,分，,10,分钟）,I dont like the picture on the wall.,A.dont B.like C.picture D.wall,The days get longer and longer when summer comes.,A.get B.longer C.days D.summer,Do you usually go to school by bus?,A.Do B.usually C.go D.bus,There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.,A.will be B.meeting C.the library D.afternoon,Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?,A.Did B.twins C.have D.breakfast,第21页,Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.,A.Tom B.didnt C.do D.his homework,What I want to tell you is this.,A.want B.to tell C.you D.is,We had better send for a doctor.,A.We B.had C.send D.doctor,He is interested in music.,A.is B.interested C.in D.music,Whom did you give my book to?,A.give B.did C.whom D.book,第22页,(,三,),挑出以下句中宾语（,10,分，,10,分钟）,My brother hasnt done his homework.,People all over the world speak English.,You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.,How many new words did you learn last class?,Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?,The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.,They made him monitor of the class.,Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.,You will find it useful after you leave school.,They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.,第23页,(,四,),挑出以下句中表语（,5,分，,5,分钟）,The old man was feeling very tired.,Why is he worried about Jim?,The leaves have turned yellow.,Soon They all became interested in the subject.,She was the first to learn about it.,第24页,(,五,),挑出以下句中定语（,6,分，,6,分钟）,They use Mr,Mrs with the family name.,What is your given name?,On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.,I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.,The man downstairs was trying to sleep.,I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!,第25页,(,六,),挑出以下句中宾语补足语（,6,分，,6,分钟）,She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.,He asked her to take the boy out of school.,She found it difficult to do the work.,They call me Lily sometimes.,I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.,Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?,第26页,(,七,),挑出以下句中状语（,8,分，,8,分钟）,There was a big smile on her face.,Every night he heard the noise upstairs.,He began to learn English when he was eleven.,The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.,With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.,She loves the library because she loves books.,I am afraid that if youve lost it,you must pay for it.,The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.,第27页,(,八,),划出句中直接宾语和间接宾语（,5,分，,5,分钟）,Please tell us a story.,My father bought a new bike for me last week.,Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.,Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.,Did he leave any message for me?,第28页,句子成份练习题,(,二,),指出以下句子中划线部分句子成份：,1.Whether well go,depend on the weather.,2.Peoples standards of living,are going up,steadily.,3.That was,how they were defeated.,4.The nursery takes good care of,our children.,5.Ill return the book,to yo,u tomorrow.,6.We are sure,that we shall succeed.,7.The woman,with a baby in her arms,is his other.8.There are many film,that Id like to see.,9.Have you met the person,about whom he was speaking,?,10.I have a lot of work,to do,.,第29页,11.Anyway,I wont stop you from doing it.,12.I said it,in fun.,13.We can send a car over,to fetch you.,14.She had to work,standing up.,15.Seeing this,some comrades became very worried.,16.Much interested,he agreed to give it a try.,17.The bus arrived,ten minutes late.,18.We should serve the people,heart and soul.,19.Spring coming on,the tree turned green.,20.Some farmers saw something,strange,in the sky.,第30页,21.We think it necessary,that everyone should attend the meeting.,22.Its strange,that she doesnt come today.,23.It was,in the library,that I come today.,24.He likes drawing at times,when he isnt working.,25.We left in such a hurry,that we forgot to lock the door.,第31页,句子成份练习题,(,三,),A,1,、,_ six years since I began to study English.A.It is B.I have been C.There are D.It was,2,、,_ in the room at that time.A.Nobody was B.Someone were C.Who is D.He are,3,、,ITS very noisy outside._ is going on?A.Who B.What C.Which D.Where,4,、,_ in English in class every day is important.A.Speak B.Talking C.Saying D.To tell,5,、,There must be_ near the factory.A.a book store B.book store C.books store D.books stores,6,、,Although its raining hard,_ are still working in the fields.A.but they B.and they C.they D.since they,第32页,B,1,、,The doctor as well as the nurses _ great concern for the patients.A.show B.shows C.have shown D.are showing,2,、,Your son must be a clever boy,_ he?A.is B.isnt C.must D.mustnt,3,、,The computer center,_ last year,is very popular among students in this school.A.open B.opening C.opened D.being opened,4,、,I _ go to the shop today,for there is a lot of food at home.A.mustnt B.had to C.cant D.neednt,5,、,Dont _ excited.A.get B.is C.seem D.look,6 This room _ every morning.A.is cleaning B.is cleaned C.cleans D.cleaning,第33页,C,1,、,Glad to meet you!_ is your full name?A.What B.Where C.How D.Who,2,、,He is _ to lift the heavy box.A.too weak B.weak tooC.enough weak D.weak enough,3,、,The days are _ warmer and warmer in spring.A.getting B.looking C.seeming D.going,4,、,His job is_English.A.teach B.to teach C.taught D.teaches,5,、,Two balls are_.A.under the desk B.in the wall C.to here D.at desks,第34页,D,1,、,We should get ready_ others.A.helping B.to help C.hel
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