to-do用法---复习(课堂PPT).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,动词不定式（,The Infinitive）,一,.动词不定式的基本构成：,由不定式符号,to加动词原形,构成,肯定式：,to do sth,被动式：to be done 完成式：to,have done,其否定式在,to,前加,not,三,.动词不定式的,功能,动词不定式,有,名词，形容词和副词的特征,，因此在句中可,作主语、宾语,、表语、定语、宾补、状语,等成份。,一个句子,中，已经存在,谓语,没有连词的情况下,有别的动词出现时,，,这些动词就可能,用不定式的形式。,二,.,不定式的使用条件,1,动词不定式,To do that sort of thing,is foolish,.,I want,to see you this evening,.,All you have to do is,to finish it quickly.,We found a house,to live in,.,She came here,to study English,.,I warned the patient not,to eat cold water,after the operation.,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾补,2,(1)作主语,位置：不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。,意义：不定式作主语,多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作,。,To see is to believe,Not to get there in time,is your fault.,注：,常用,it,作,形式主语，将,to do放在,谓语之后，使句子保持平衡。,句型,1：,It,+谓语+,to do,It,takes us an hour,to,get there by bus,.,句型,2：,It,s+n.+,to do,It,s our duty,to,help the poor,.,It,is a great enjoyment,to,spend our holiday in the mountains,.,句型,3：,It,s,+,adj.for/of sb.,to do sth,.,1),It,is+adj,.,+,for,sb,.,to do sth,.,2),It,is+adj,.,+,of,sb,.,to do sth,.,（,adj.,是形容事物的性质的,）,（,adj.,是形容人的品质的,）,3,It is easy for,me,to,finish,this work before ten.,It is a great honor for,us,to,be present at,your,birthday party.,It is very,kind,of,you,to give me some help.,Its,impolite,of,you,to speak to the teacher like that.,You are very kind to give me some help.,you are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.,4,(2)作宾语,I want,to know this matter,.,He agreed,to get someone to help us.,A:,常见接不定式作宾语的动词有：,decide/determine,learn,want,wish/hope/expect;,决定学会想希望,refuse,manage,care,pretend;,拒绝设法愿假装,offer,promise,choose,plan;,主动答应选计划,agree,ask/beg,help;,同意请求帮一帮,happen,intend,prepare;,碰巧打算准备,order,afford,fail,命令能做未做的事,can,t wait to,/,make up one,s mind to/used to,/,want would like,to do,迫不及待下决心做过去常常想做的事,need,to do sth.,需要做某事,be used to,do,被用来做,A:,常见接不定式作宾语的动词有：,决定学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装,主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮,碰巧打算准备,命令能做未做的事,迫不及待下决心做过去常常想做的事,5,B,:,疑问词,+,不定式 作 作动词（词组）,tell,show,understand,explain,teach,learn,advise,discuss,ask,decide,wonder,find out,等的宾语时，,不定式前常带引导词,how,what,whether,where,when,who,等，但,why,后加不带,to,的不定式,，构成,动词（词组）,+,疑问词,+,不定式,的结,构。注意：此用法中的,不定式的逻辑主语需与句子的主语或宾语保,持一致，否则用宾语从,。,1),He,taught,us,how to use,the tool,.,=,He,taught us how,he,used the tool.,2),No one could,tell,me,where to get,the book.,3),I hope you,ll,advise,me,what to do,.,4),I dont know,how to get there,.,5),I havent decided,whether to go or stay,.,6)Can you tell me,why do,it?,_,_,6,特殊词精讲,:,to do,doing,remember,forget,(do,在后,),要做,（,do,在前）做过,stop,go on,（两个字）两件事,（一个字）一件事,like,hate,love,一次性,长期,try,尽力做,尝试做,start,begin,一样,一样,7,1)stop doing/to do,stop to do,停下来去做另一件事，,stop doing,停止正在做的某事,。,Eg:,他们停下来吸烟。,They stop to smoke.,我必须戒烟了,I must stop smoking.,2)forget doing/to do,forget to do,忘记要去做某事，,forget doing,忘记做过某事。,Eg,：办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。,(,没有做关灯的动作,The light in the office is still on.He forgot to turn it off.,他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作）,He forgot turning the light off.,3)try doing/to do sth.,try to do sth.,努力,尽力做某事,try doing sth.,试着做某事,Although maths is difficult,I will try to study it.,The machine couldnt work.Lets try repairing it.,8,4)remember doing/to do,remember to do,记得去做某事,remember doing,记得做过某事,记着放学后去趟邮局。,Remember to go to the post office after school.,你不记得以前见过那个人吗,?,Dont you remember seeing the man before?,5)go on doing/to do,go on to do,做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，,go on doing,继续做原来做的事。,Eg,：做完数学后，他接着去做物理。,After he had finished his maths,，,he went on to do his physics.,做完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习,Go on doing other exercises after you have finished this one.,9,(3)作宾语补足语,(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系),1.Mothertoldme,_,comebackbefore,10o,clock.2.I,llgetsomeone,_,repairtherecorder,foryou.3.Whatcausedhim,_,changehismind?4.Iwishyou,_,comeassoonaspossible.,5.He asked me _,do the work with him,.,10,sb.to do,beg,cause,forbid,oblige,force,get,hate,intend,love,order,prefer require teach,wish permit,persuade request,wait for depend on call on,11,接不定式作宾语补足语的动词,口诀：,请求与命令,想要邀请期待鼓励与建议,答应告诫允许提醒和帮助,want,sb.to do sth.,想要某人做某事,invite,sb.to do sth.,邀请某人做某事,expect,sb.to do sth.,期待某人做某事,encourage,sb.to do sth.,鼓励某人做某事,advise,sb.to do sth.,建议某人做某事,promise,sb.to do,答应某人做某事,warn,sb.not to do sth.,告诫某人做某事,allow,sb.to do sth.,允许某人做某事,remind,sb.to do sth.,提醒某人做某事,help,sb.(to)do sth.,帮助某人做某事,ask sb.to do sth.,请求某人做某事,tell sb.to do sth.,命令某人做某事,12,The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him _.(95 N),A.not to B.not to do,C.not to it D.do not to,为了避免重复，常用省略形式,to,来代替前面的动作。如：,Would you like to visit our school?Yes,Id like to.,有些动词后面需要用不定式作宾补，除,tell,外，常见的还,有：,adviseallowcause encourage forbid forceintendorder permitpersuade remind request requireurge warn ask wish want,等,特别注意：,hope,agree,demand,suggest,等没有宾补。,_,13,see,watch,observe,look at,notice,hear,listen to,feel,+,宾语,+,do,（,做了,）,doing,（,正在做,）,being d,one,（,正在被做,）,done,（,被做）,make let,have,14,省略,to,的情况,:,She could do nothing but,cry,What do you like to do besides,swim,?,I have no choice but,to go,1),使役动词和感官动词后：一感二听三让四看,2),最好,(,不,),做,3),为什么不做,?,4)help sb.,（,to,）,do sth.,5),宁愿做,6)would you please do sth.,7),情态动词,+do,8),助动词,+do,不定式动词在介词,后面时，如果这些介词之前有,的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式,，否则要,带,to,。,She could do nothing but,cry,What do you like to do besides,swim,?,I have no choice but,to go,feel,hear/listen to,let/make/have,look at/see/watch/notice,had better,（,not,）,do sth.,why not/why dont you do sth.,Would rather do sth.,but,，,except,，,besides,行为动词,do,省略,to,除了哭，她什么也不能做。,除了游泳，你还喜欢干什么,?,除了离开我别无选择。,前有,do,后省,to.,15,sb.be,seen,watched,looked at,heard,listened to,felt,noticed,+,to do,made,let,16,4.it作形式宾语,I find/feel to work with him,interesting,I find/feel,it,interesting to work with him,注意：,不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用,it作形式宾语。,主语,+find/think/feel/make/,consider,it,+,ad,j,/n+,to do sth,.,1.Wethought_better_startearly.2.Doyouconsider_betternot_go?,3.Ifeel_myduty_changeallthat.,4.We think,_ important _ obey the law.,5.I know _ impossible _ finish so much homework in a day.,_,_,_,17,1),不定式修饰的名词前有,only,，,last,，,next,，,not a,，序数词,(first,second,.),或形容词最高级形容时，不定式作后置定语,与,其所修饰的名词通常逻辑上是主谓关系。,He was the last one to leave school yesterday,.,不定式可作定语,:,2),不定式与所修饰的名词逻辑上构成动宾关系时，该不定式后面不能再带宾语，如果不定式为不及物动词，则需保留介词。,I need a pen to write with.,我需要一支笔写字。（介词,with,不能省略）,3),不定式做定语时一般修饰将要去做的事。,The meeting,to be held,tomorrow is very important.,4),有些名词的同根词跟不定式，因此他们也常跟不定式作定语，如：,promise,plan,attempt,offer,decision,refusal,failure,ability,chance,等。,I have no chance,to go there.,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,18,但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是,time,place,或,way,时，不定式后面的介词习惯性省去。,He had no place to live.,5),作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词或者不定式所修饰的而名词或代词时不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面需要有相应的介词。,He is looking for a room,to live in.,Please give me a knife to cut,with,He is looking for a room to live,in,19,(5)作状语,表示目的、原因、结果或条件。,I came here,to see you,We were very excited,to hear the news,He hurried to the school,to find nobody there,.,To look at him,，,you would like him,(目的),(原因),(结果),(条件),1).目的状语:可放于句首,也可放于句末,前面可加in order/so as,/,soas to表强调.,He went,to see the artist himself,.,He ran,so fast as to get to school in time,2).结果状语:主要用在enough to/tooto/only to结构中。,The question is,too difficult to answer,.,They worked hard,enough to finish their work.,3).原因状语:主语+系动词+adj.+to do,表,感情的,adj,.有,:,happy,surprised,pleased,glad,sorry,anxious,(忧虑),disappointed,careful,afraid,wrong.,I,m very sorry,to see you,.,He was afraid,to leave him home,.,_,_,_,_,_,20,动词不定式的时态和语态,总结,动词不定式保留了动词的一些特征，具有时态和语态的变化，但是它的时态和语态只有以下几种，见下表。,语态时态,主 动 语 态,被 动 语 态,一般时,to make,to be made,进行时,to be making,完成时,to have made,to have been made,完成进行时,to have been,making,21,不定式时态、语态的用法,1.不定式的动作与谓语动词,同时发生时,，用一般时态,He,wanted,to see,you,.,2.,强调不定式的动作正在进行时,，用进行时态,When I came in,he pretended to,be reading,a book,.,He is said,to be writing,a novel,.,3.强调,不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生,时，用不定式,完成时,He is said to have written a novel.I,m so glad to have seen you.,The ground is so wet,.,It must have rained last night,.,不定式被动语态的用法,.,当不定式的,逻辑主语是不定式的承受者时,，用被动语态,She asked to be sent to work in Tibet(宾语),.,The book is said to have been translated into English,.,(,宾语）,It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here,.,(主 语),22,2,.,The house is to let,.,（此房出租。）,The manager is to blame.,（经理负责。）,The reason is not far to seek.,（答案就在眼前。）,3,.,There be句型中，主动形式或被动形式均可但有时含意不同,There is nothing to do now(we have nothing to do now),.,现在没事干,There is nothing to be done now(we can do nothing now),.,现在没什,么办法,。,There is nothing to see(nothing is worth seeing),.,没有东西值得看,。,There is nothing to be seen,.,看不见有什么东西,23,When I got home,my son happened,to be watching,TV.,如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成式。,She is said,to have read,thirty novels this year.,Im sorry,to have kept,you waiting so long,After graduation,he asked to be sent to work in the countryside.,This novel is said to have been translated into French.,24,关于,to do,用法的十二问：,1.To do,的构成，使用条件，以及功能,2.To do,结构作主语的基本句式；,it,作形主,的条件,3.,接,to do,作宾语的动词、短语,4.,疑问词,+to do,作宾语，原则,5.,特殊词,stop,forget,try,remember,go on,start,begin,love,like,hate,用法比较,6.,接,to do,作宾补的动词,口诀类,普通类,7.,省略不定式后面内容保留不定式符号,To,原因，结果,8.,省略不定式符号,to,的情况,9.It,作形宾的条件 特殊动词,10.To do,作定语的情况,11.To do,作状语 内容，结构,12.To do,to be doing,to have done,的时态含义,25,