语言学总复习(课堂PPT).ppt

,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,语言学总复习,1,Chapter1 Invitations to linguistics,1.the definition and the design features of language,语言的定义与特征,2.the origin and the function of language,语言的起源和功能,3.main branches of linguistics study,语言学研究的范围和内容,4.important distinctions in linguistics,语言学的一些重要概念的区分,2,Definition of language,Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.,3,Design features of language,1.arbitrariness,任意性,2.duality,二重性,3.creativity,创造性,4.displacement,不受时空限制性,/,移位性,4,Origin of language,Divine-origin theory,神授说,Bow-wow theory,汪汪理论 摹声说,Pooh-pooh theory,噗噗理论 感叹说,Yo-he-ho theory,呦嘿吼理论 劳动叫喊说,5,Functions of language,1.informative function,信息功能,2.interpersonal function,人际功能,3.performative function,施为功能,4.emotive function,感情功能,5.phatic communion,寒暄交谈,6.recreational function,娱乐功能,7.metalingual function,元语言功能,6,Definition of linguistics,Linguistics is the scientific study of language.,语言学是对语言的科学研究。,7,Main branches of linguistics,1.phonetics,语音学,2.phonology,音系学,3.morphology,形态学,4.syntax,句法学,5.semantics,语义学,6.pragmatics,语用学,8,Macrolinguistics,1.psycholinguistics,心理语言学,2.sociolinguistics,社会语言学,3.anthropological linguistics,人类语言学,putational linguistics,计算机语言学,9,Important distinctions in linguistics,1.prescriptive&descriptive,规定式和描写式,2.synchronic&diachronic,共时研究与历时研究,3.langue&parole,语言与言语,petence&performance,语言能力与语言运用,10,Chapter2 Speech sounds,1.speech organs,发音器官,2.distinction,classification and the criteria of description between consonants and vowels,辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则,3.coarticulation and phonetic transcriptions,协同发音和语音转写,11,4.phonmes and allophones,音位和音位变体,5.phonological process,phonological rules and distinctive features,音系过程、音系规则和区别特征,6.syllable structure,stress and intonation,音节结构 重音和语调,12,Major branches of phonetics,Articulatory phonetics,发音语音学,Acoustic phonetics,声学语音学,Auditory phonetics,听觉语音学,13,Speech organs,The lungs（肺），the trachea,trek(气管),the throat（咽喉）,the nose and the mouth,The mouth:the tongue,the p,a,late p,lt(颚),The throat:pharynx f,rks(upper)(咽),larynx l,rks(lower)(喉头),The vocal tract(声道):the pharynx,mouth,and nose,The mouth:the oral cavity(口腔),The nose:the nasal cavity(鼻腔),14,15,16,Table 2.1 A chart of English consonants,17,18,English vowel,s(RP),19,Four basic requirements for the description of vowels,1)the,height,of tongue raising(high,mid,low),2)the,position,of the highest part of the tongue(front,central,back),3)the,length,or tenseness of the vowel(tense vs.lax or long vs.short),4),lip-rounding,(rounded vs.unrounded),20,Coarticulation,协同发音,anticipatory coarticulation,(,先期协同发音,).lamb,it is,perseverative coarticulation,(,后滞协同发音,).map,21,Phonetic transcription,标音,Narrow transcription,严式标音,Broad transcription,宽式标音,22,Phonemes and allophones,音位与音位变体,1.minimal pairs,最小对立体,2.phoneme,音位,3.allophones,音位变体,plementary distribution,互补分布,5.free variation,自由变体,23,Assimilation rule,同化规则,Progressive assimilation,顺同化,map,Regressive assimilation,逆同化,lamb,24,Suprasegmental features,超音段特征,Syllable,音节,Stress,重音,Tone,声调,Intonation,语调,25,The syllable structure,音节,Onset 节首 Rime韵基,Nucleus节核 Coda节尾,k r k t,26,Chapter 3 From morpheme to phrase,1.the formation of word,词的构成,2.the classification of word,词的分类,3.word formation,（,1,）：,from morpheme to word,构词法,1,：从词素到词,4.word formation,（,2,）：,lexical change,构词法,2,：词汇的变化,27,The formation of word,词的构成,1.morpheme,词素,2.free morpheme,自由词素,3.bound morpheme,黏着词素,4.root,词根,5.stem,词干,6.affix,词缀,7.inflectional affix and derivational affix,屈折词缀与派生词缀,28,The classification of word,词的分类,1 variable and invariable words,可变词与不变词,2 grammatical(functional)and lexical(content)words,词汇词和语法词,3 closed-class and open-class words,封闭类词和开放类词,4 word class,词类,29,Word formation(1):from morpheme to word,构词法,1,：从词素到词,1.inflectional morphology,屈折构词,2.derivational morphology,(root+affix),派生构词,（其中包含,compounding,(word+word),）,30,Word formation(2):lexical change,构词法,2,：词汇的变化,1.Invention,新创词语,2.Blending,混拼词,3.abbreviation(clipping),缩写词,4.Acronym,首字母缩写词,5.Back-formation,逆构词法,6.Analogical creation,类推构词,7.class shift,词性变换,8.Borrowing,外来词,31,Chapter 4 From Word to Text,1.Syntactic relations,句法关系,2.Grammatical construction and its constituents,语法结构与成分,3.Syntactic function,句法功能,4.Category,范畴,5.Phrase,clause and sentence,6.Recursiveness,递归性,7.Beyond the sentence,32,Definition of syntax,Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language,or the study of the interrelationship between elements in sentence structures.,句法就是研究语言不同成分组成句子的规则或句子结构成分之间的关系。,33,Syntactic relations,句法关系,1.positional relation,位置关系,2.relation of substitutability,替代关系,3.relation of co-occurrence,同现关系,注意每种关系的不同名称及举例,34,Functional approach,功能学派,Identification of,Subject,Predicate,(predicator),Object.,35,The structural approach,结构主义学派,(Saussure),IC Analysis:Immediate Constituent Analysis,直接成分分析法,Tree diagram,树形图,Endocentric and exocentric constructions,向心结构与离心结构（有无,head,）,Coordination and subordination,并列与从属（有几个,head,）,36,Traditional approach,传统学派,Number,数,(singular,plural,dual etc.),Gender,性,(masculine,feminine,neuter),Case,格,(accusative,宾格,nominative,主格,dative,与格,etc.),Agreement,一致性,(,anaphoric前照应,head and its dependent,与中心词的一致,verb and subject,主谓一致,),37,Phrase,clause and sentence,Phrase&word group,Clause(finite&non-finite,coordinate and subordinate clause),Sentence,38,Recursiveness,递归性,Conjoining,并列,Embedding,从属,39,Beyond the sentence,Sentential connection,句子,Cohesion,衔接,Cohesion,is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax.It refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text,and defines it as a text.,40,Cohesive devices,衔接手段,conjunction连接词,ellipsis省略,lexical collocation词汇搭配,lexical repetition词汇重复,reference所指,substitution,替换 etc.,41,Chapter 5 Meaning,1.Leechs seven types of meaning,2.referential theory,指称论,3.sense relations,涵义关系,4.sense relations between sentences,句子之间的涵义关系,ponential analysis,语义成分分析法,6.sentence meaning,42,Leechs seven types of meaning,1.conceptual meaning,概念意义,2.connotative meaning,内涵意义,3.social meaning,社会意义,4.affective meaning,情感意义,5.reflected meaning,反射意义,6.collocative meaning,搭配意义,7.thematic meaning,主位意义,43,Referential theory,指称论,1.definition,The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to,or stands for,is known as the referential theory.,将词的意义和它所指或所代表的事物联系起来的意义理论叫做指称论。,44,Semantic triangle,语义三角,Sense and reference,涵义和所指,45,Sense relations,涵义关系,1.synonymy,同义关系,2.antonymy,反义关系,3.hyponymy,上下义关系,4.polysemy,一词多义,5.homonymy,同音,/,同形异义关系,46,Sense relations between sentences,1.synonymy,同义关系,2.inconsistency,不一致关系,3.entailment,蕴含关系,4.presupposition,预设关系,5.contradiction,自相矛盾,6.semantic anomaly,nmli语义异常,47,Componential analysis,语义成分分析法,Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.This approach is based on the belief that meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components,called,semantic components,semantic features or semes.,48,father:PARENT(,x,y,)&MALE(,x,),x,is a parent of,y,and,x,is male.,take:CAUSE(,x,(HAVE(,x,y,),x,causes,x,to have,y,.,give:CAUSE(,x,(HAVE(,x,y,),x,causes,x,not to have,y,.,die:BECOME(,x,(ALIVE(,x,),x becomes not alive.,How about“Kill”?,kill:CAUSE(,x,(BECOME(,y,(ALIVE(,y,),x causes y to become not alive.,49,Sentence meaning,An integrated theory,综合理论,Logical semantics,逻辑语义学（,propositional logic,命题逻辑）,（,predicate logic,谓词逻辑）,50,Chapter 8 Language in use,1.sentence meaning and utterance meaning,2.speech act theory,言语行为理论,3.conversational implicature,会话含义理论,51,Speech Act Theory,言语行为理论,Performatives and constatives,施为句和叙事句,Theory of illocutionary act,行事行为理论,Locutionary act,发话行为,Illocutionary act,行事行为,/,言外之意,Perlocutionary act,取效行为,52,Conversational implicature,会话含义理论,Cooperative principle,（,CP,）合作原则,Characteristics of conversational implicature,会话含义的特点,53,Maxims of CP:,QUANTITY,数量准则,1.Make your contribution as informative as is required.,（使你的话语按照当前的交谈目的所要求的那样信息充分）,2.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.,（不要使你的话语比所要求的信息更充分）,QUALITY,质量准则,Try to make your contribution one that is true.,（设法使你的话语真实）,1.Do not say what you believe to be false.,（不要讲明知是虚假的话）,2.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.,（不要说没证据的话）,54,RELATION,关联,/,关系准则,Be relevant.,（要有关联）,MANNER,方式准则,Be perspicuous.,（要清晰）,1.Avoid obscurity of expression.,（避免晦涩）,2.Avoid ambiguity.,（避免歧义）,3.Be brief.,（要简练）,4.Be orderly.,（要有序）,55,Characteristics of converstaional implicature,Calculability,可推导性,Cancellability,可取消性,Non-detachability,不可分离性,Non-conventionality,非常规性,56,