语言学概论演示课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Applied Linguistics,Instructor,Feng Qi,Course for Postgraduate Program,School of Foreign Languages,Shanghai University,Sept.12,2010,4/26/2025,1,Course Description,Aims and Objectives,To enable the students to have fundamental knowledge of the nature and contents of applied linguistics,To enable the students to conduct some research in this area with the knowledge they acquire by taking the course,Teaching plans:,16 hours of lectures,Evaluation:,term paper,Norms:,Title+abstract+key words+body+reference/bibliography,No plagiarism,4/26/2025,2,Course Description,A General Introduction:What is Applied Linguistics,Language Behaviour and Language Learning,Second Language Learning,Performance Analysis and Discourse Analysis,Learner Characteristics,Relevance of Source Disciplines,Historical Development of FLT,Language Policy and Syllabus Design,Selection of Course Contents,Testing and Summary,4/26/2025,3,What is applied linguistics?,Basic assumptions and misconceptions:,subordinate to linguistics or application of linguistic theories:Beijing and China;empire and colony,equalize linguistics:,盐,=,氯化纳,independent discipline:has nothing to do with linguistics,independent discipline but related to linguistics in some way,4/26/2025,4,Disagreements,How to give Applied Linguistics a scientific definition?,So far no general agreement on clear-cut boundary where Applied Linguistics can be strictly defined/delimited.,any theoretical study related to the application of language,the application of theories to language teaching and learning,4/26/2025,5,Representatives,1st view:best represented by Wang Dechun(SISU)(Chinese and Russian tradition:from the point of view of a linguist),Lexicography,translation,language teaching and learning,language and machine translation,stylistics.,2nd view:best represented by Gui Shichun(GW),and Oxford series of readings on AL:consists of about 20 books and covers a wide area of discussion and a wide range of topics(European and American tradition:from the perspective of applied linguistics itself),4/26/2025,6,China:Books on AL,冯志伟（著）：应用语言学综论广东教育出版社，1999（汉语）,于根元（著）：应用语言学概论商务出版社，2004,何玉英，蔡金亭（主编）：应用语言学（Applied Linguistics）上海外语教育出版社，2005（汉语）,桂诗春（编著）：应用语言学（Applied Linguistics）湖南教育出版社，1988（外语专业教师）,文秋芳（著）：Applied Linguistics:Research Methods and Thesis Writing应用语言学研究方法与论文写作，外语教学与研究出版社，2001（外语专业教师）,4/26/2025,7,International:Oxford Series on AL,Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching,Understanding Second Language Acquisition,The Study of Second Language Acquisition,Second Language Research Methods,Conditions for Second Language Learning,A Grammar of Speech,Measured Words(Objective Language Testing),Aspects of Language Teaching,A Cognitive Approach to Language Learning,10.Issues and Options in Language Teaching,11.History of English Language Teaching,12.Functional Considerations in Language Testing,13.Language Testing in Practice,14.Language and Understanding,15.Context and Culture in Language Teaching,16.Discourse and Literature,17.Practical Stylistics(a marriage between linguistics and literature),18.Literature and Language Teaching,19.Language Corpus,4/26/2025,8,More Books,Corder:Introducing Applied Linguistics,Els et al:Applied Linguistics and the Teaching and Learning of Foreign Languages,Halliday et al:(1964)published a book under the title of“The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching”,The implication passed from the writer to the reader:Applied Linguistics is synonymous to foreign language teaching,Conclusion:broadly defined and narrowly defined:,Broad definition covers areas outside language teaching and learning and narrow definition strictly refers to Language teaching and Learning,especially Foreign Language teaching and learning,4/26/2025,9,Then what is Applied Linguistics?,Different definitions:different treatment and different philosophy about language,How is it to be treated in our course?,Second perspective,but in close association with the first for two reasons:,Because we are English learners and tend to follow the European and American tradition,Because this is where my expertise lies and how it has always been treated in our program.,4/26/2025,10,A more specific definition,Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics:Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics(revised edition):(Richards,Platt and Platt),the study of second and foreign language learning and teaching.(Narrow Definition),the study of language and linguistics in relation to practical problems,such as Lexicography,Translation,Speech Pathology,etc.(cross-cultural communication,computational linguistics)Applied linguistics uses information from sociology,psychology,anthropology,and information theory as well as from linguistics in order to develop its own theoretical models of language and language use,and then uses this information and theory in practical areas such as syllabus design,speech therapy,language planning,stylistics,etc.(Broad Definition),4/26/2025,11,Any confusion?,Applied mathematics=the application of mathematics in solving mathematical problems,Applied physics=the application of physics in handling practical problems,Why applied linguistics the application of linguistics in dealing with language problems?,Due to the ambiguity of the term“applied”,B.Spolsky recommends that we should use the term“educational linguistics”instead of“applied linguistics”to avoid confusion.,4/26/2025,12,Explanations,Most people maintain:nothing inappropriate about the term“applied linguistics”.strictly define it so that it will not be interpreted in its literal sense.,“Language laboratory”has come to be accepted.How?,not used in the sense of ordinary laboratory full of test tubes,chemicals and so on,but its reference has more or less been internalized and determined in our mind as something fixed.There is no need to consider the term literally or word by word.,conventionalization&arbitrary nature of language:more examples:end of the world,未婚妻,打扫卫生,晒太阳,It is a technical term.Origin&development of the term,4/26/2025,13,origin&development of the term,Origin of the term,:,Back:already existed at the turn of last century:late 19th and early 20th centuries.Failed to give evidence to support his statement.,Generally agreed:originated in the,United States,in,1947,at the,University of Michigan,Why?,4/26/2025,14,Rise of Applied Linguistics,Because it was in 1947 and at University of Michigan that English Language Department established by Fries and Lado,purpose of the program:,to be devoted to the teaching of English to Foreign learners,Please note:key words:“teaching”&“foreign learners”,4/26/2025,15,How did the term come into popularity,Came into being in 1947,but did not come into popularity until 1960s.,Why 1960s rather than 1950s?,4 principal reasons:,1)practical reasons;,2)linguistic reasons;,3)educational reasons;,4)reasons of Applied Linguistics itself,4/26/2025,16,1.Practical Reasons,What was the situation in the 1940s 50s?,After WW2,there was a need for every nation to heal from wounds:,to develop politics,to develop economics,to develop industry,to develop tourism,to develop education,to develop social security,Education was considered to be the best policy&solution,4/26/2025,17,Political situation in the 1950s,Cold war,:between the Soviet Union and America,Soviet Union emerged as a,new up-start,:,challenge&threat to the US government.,felt an urgent need to develop education,especially foreign language education to learn from the world.,Because applied linguistics has something to do with education.,4/26/2025,18,2.Linguistic Reasons:,What was the Linguistic situation?,Important dates to remember:1950s 1960s:,a period dominated by structuralism represented by Bloomfield.,Corresponding to Mainstream of American Structuralism,behaviourist psychology headed by Skinner.,A direct result of the development of linguistics and psychology:stimulus and response theory,habit formation process;the rise of Audio-lingual Approach;English 900,pattern drills.,4/26/2025,19,Linguistic Reasons(continued),What was the situation in the 1960s?,rise of Chomsky and his TG grammar:brought new life to linguistics:,considered as a revolution and offered a new perspective/view/approach to FLT:,mentalistic view:to be discussed in subsequent lectures,4/26/2025,20,Educational Reasons,The educational situation in the mid 1960s:educational crisis prevailed western world:,strong demand for reform.What was wrong?,too much importance attached to teachers:,two or three years of training,but still unable to perform communicative tasks,many research projects focused on various factors related to learners,A similar situation faced by Chinese:a kettle of water,4/26/2025,21,Reasons in AL itself,Important dates to remember:58&64:,1958:for the first time in history:College of Applied Linguistics was set up by the School of Graduate Studies at the University of Edinburgh;dedicated to the training to applied linguists,1964:marked the beginning of Applied Linguistics to maturation:Why?,the First International Conference for Applied Linguistics held in France.,At the conference,International Association for Applied Linguistics set up,25 organizations became members,regularly every 3 years,4/26/2025,22,Properties of Applied Linguistics,Four properties of AL:,Applied Linguistics as an Independent Science,Applied Linguistics as an Interdisciplinary Science,Applied Linguistics as an Applied Science and MORE than an applied science,Applied Linguistics as an Experimental Science,4/26/2025,23,AL as an Independent Science,It has its own subject of study:i.e.language teaching&learning,It has given rise to projects waiting for us to explore in the course of language teaching,It has already developed a relatively complete set of theories&methodologies,It has its own training bases of experiment to develop its own professional teams.,Subject of study for graduate and Ph.D.,students all over the world.No need to go elsewhere:Just situation in China:Most prestigious universities in China offer AL programs at both,doctoral and masters levels,.,A sure sign,that AL is a,legitimate area,of academic research.,4/26/2025,24,Statistics,Statistical evidence:,over 1 thousand applied linguists were produced in Britain from 1967 to 1977.And still more today.,China:I personally benefited from a similar program in 1982 a chance to go to Xiamen,Beijing&Shanghai,4/26/2025,25,AL as an Interdisciplinary Science,Reflected in its connection with many other different disciplines.For example:,Linguistics Discipline(LD),Linguistics Related Disciplines(LRD),Education-Related Disciplines(such as Psychology),Language Teaching,4/26/2025,26,a diagram,Linguistics Disciplines(LD),Linguistics-related Disciplines(LRD),Applied Linguistics(AL),Education-related Disciplines(ERD),Language Teaching(LT),4/26/2025,27,AL as an Applied Science,&More,Focus on actual application rather than theoretical research.,One misconception:a direct relationship between linguistic theories,linguistic descriptions&language teaching.What an applied linguist does is no more than putting theories into practice.,Useful but cannot and should not expect linguistic theories to provide answers to all your questions and problems.,Linguistic theories provide teachers with information&systematic knowledge about structures&functions of language systems.,Applied linguistics is concerned not with the actual application,but more importantly with its implication to language teaching&learning.,We need to observe our own material collect data from our own data from our own practice.An important source to enrich linguistic studies.,4/26/2025,28,AL as an Experimental Science,The aim of applied linguistics:to establish theories and principles on language teaching.,How to achieve it?Scientific experimentation.,Two possible ways to conduct Educational Research:,Observation:when working on language development and language errors of our students.,Experiment:establish research projects&propose hypotheses and test hypotheses by means of controllable observations and come to objective conclusions on the basis of our research findings.,4/26/2025,29,Experimental Science(continued),FLL effects can be determined by internal factors such as learners motivation,personal interest,intelligence,age span,learning strategies and so on.,also by external factors such as sense of responsibility,teaching approaches,teaching materials,teaching instruments,teaching facilities,etc.,Manipulation&Control:interlanguage is a result of various factors.But which is a dominant factor?To know their different effects,we need to make a list of factors&put the dominant factor under manipulation&the rest under control.,Statistical data as evidence,4/26/2025,30,Some technical terms,TEFL,TESL,TESOL and ELT:Whats the difference?,TEFL(Teaching English as a Foreign Language)involves teaching people,usually in their own countries,who want to use English for business,leisure,travel,etc.,TESL(Teaching English as a Second Language)involves teaching immigrants in English-speaking countries.,TESOL(Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages)&ELT(English Language Teaching)cover both TEFL and TESL.,Confusingly,the acronym TESOL also refers to the American professional association:Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.,4/26/2025,31,Course Description,in more detail,4/26/2025,32,A General Survey,What is Applied Linguistics?,Two different definitions:a narrow definition and a broad definition.,What are the defining features of AL:,Four properties of AL,Where does the term come from and how does it become popular?,origin 1947 at University of Michigan,USA;popularity in 1960s for 4 principal reasons,What should be included in this course?,4/26/2025,33,Language Behaviour and Language Learning,Language Behaviour,What is language behaviour:hierarchical structures of language behaviour,Grammar and language behaviour,Observations in the study of grammar and language behaviour,Language Learning,A behaviouristic approach,A mentalistic approach,A procedural approach,4/26/2025,34,Second Language Learning(1),CA,EA&Interlanguage:a historical perspective,Contrastive analysis:,strong hypothesis,weak hypothesis,Error Analysis:,intralingual deviations from L1 norms,learner oriented deviations,Interlanguage:a unique system,fossilization and defossilization,Training procedures,4/26/2025,35,Performance Analysis&Discourse Analysis,Performance analysis,methodological aspects,syntactic development,morphological development,lexical development,phonological development,Discourse analysis,foreigner talk,turn-taking and conversational correction(how different cultures influence turn taking:conversational ball games),thematic progression,4/26/2025,36,Learner Characteristics,Age:年龄,critical period hypothesis 语言学习关键期假说,biological argument:hemisphere localization&brain plasticity 可塑性,other arguments,empirical evidence 观察得到的证据,Aptitude:,资质,definition,aptitude test,4/26/