资源描述
1. Requirements for oxygen cleaning 氧气管线脱脂要求
This class of service requires essentially complete removal of contaminant such as
hydrocarbon, greases, oils, thread lubricants, dirt, water, fillings, scale, weld spatter, chips, fluxes, paints, varnishes, crayon marks, rust, powdered metal oxides, excelsior, packing materials, labels or any other foreign material. Many of these materials, especially hydrocarbons and oils, can react violently in the presence of oxygen, causing fires or explosions. Others, such as metal chips, can be propelled by a fluid stream with sufficient velocity to trigger an explosion on impact. Still others, by plugging small ports or seizing moving parts, can cause dangerous malfunctions of equipment. All of these materials are considered contaminants and must be removed. It is especially important to avoid trapping contaminants in locations difficult or impossible to clean after assembly. Therefore, cleaning and assembly procedures must be integrated to avoid this condition. Furthermore, once the equipment is clean, it must be kept clean until it is used.
此项工作是从本质上的完成清除如下污染物：碳氢化合物，油脂类，油类，螺纹润滑油，灰尘，水分，填料，污垢，焊渣，铁渣，助溶剂，油漆，亮光漆，标识，铁锈，金属粉末，包装材料，标签及其他不相关的材料。特别是碳氢化合物及油脂，可以与氧气发生剧烈的反应造成起火及爆炸。其他的例如：铁渣，可能被流体或者蒸汽以一定的速率推动造成伤害导致爆炸。其他的材料，如果不清理会对设备口造成堵塞，导致设备运转失灵。以上所述材料都可以被称为污染物并且必须被清理。需要注意的是，某些污染物在安装之后就很难甚至无法再去清除，因此，清洁工作于安装工作必须相互协调去避免以上事件发生。一旦设备被清洁之后，在投入使用之前，必须保持洁净。
2. Procedures 程序
2.1 General 概述
2.1.1 This specification covers the cleaning of the piping process oxygen service.
此说明是对氧气管道清理程序的阐述。
2.1.2 Prefabrication and hydro tested pipes shall be cleaned to this specification. There shall be no welding after cleaning. A strict record must be kept of cleaned sections, with date of cleaning, to be included in the data book.
预制和水试压完的管道需要遵循此说明进行清洁，需要确保在清洁之后没有任何焊接工作产生。必须坚持对清洁的管道进行严格的记录，并注明时间。
2.2 Requirements要求
2.2.1 Internal surface.
管道内表面
Internal surfaces of cleaned items shall show no evidence of excessive adherent articles or hydrocarbon films.
管道内表面必须保证没有过多的附着物或者碳氢化合物油膜。
Presence of loose particles is not allowed. Inspection will be done visually by wipe test.
不允许有松动的颗粒物存在，可用敲击检查是否存在松动。
To meet these requirements, scale, rust, welding slag, coatings, greases, oils, dirt, filings, chips, powdered metal oxides, water and other foreign materials shall be removed .
为确保满足要求，污垢，铁锈，焊渣，涂料，油脂，油类，灰尘，填充料，碎渣，金属粉末，水及其他无关的材料需要被清理。
2.2.2 External surfaces
管道外表面
External surfaces of cleaned items shall be free of mill scale, rust, welding spatter, welding slag, greases, oils and all materials which do not allow the correct application of the paint system.
需要进行清理作业的物品外表面不能存在污垢，铁锈，焊渣，涂料，油脂，油类，灰尘，填充料，碎渣，金属粉末，水及其他无关的材料，按照要求涂刷的油漆系统除外。
All cleaned items shall be dry.
物品必须保持干燥
Flange faces, treads and all other functional surfaces shall remain undamaged.
法兰面，螺纹口等其他连接面需要保证完好无损。
2.3 Preliminary Cleaning初步清洁
The shop or job spot shall be kept in a clean condition. Before and during prefabrication, radiographic inspection and hydro test, all precautions shall be taken, not to contaminate pipe sections and components
工作区域需保持整洁，在预制之前或进程中，探伤，水压试验均需采取防护措施以保证管道及部件不受污染。
2.4 Sandblasting 喷砂
2.4.1 General 概述
All pipe sections shall he sandblasted to this specification. The term sandblast is used in a general sense and includes shot grit blasting.
所有管道均需要按照要求进行喷砂，喷砂包括一般意义的喷砂及钢丸喷砂。
Sandblasting shall always be carried out inside a shop where good temperature and relative humidity conditions are maintained (min. 10 °C, 100e, max. 70% humidity).
喷砂工作需要在车间进行并保持合适的温度及湿度。（最小10°C，100e，湿度最高70%）
Flange faces and threads shall be suitable protected.
法兰面及螺纹口必须进行相应的防护。
2.4.2 Internal Sandblasting 内表面喷砂
All pipe sections shall be internally sandblasted.
所有管道需进行内表面的喷砂
Required cleanliness: Sa2 to Swedish Standards SIS 055900-19G7.
要求的清洁度：Sa2，根据瑞士标准 SIS 055900-19G7
Blast medium: steel grit of a maximum size no larger than passing through a 16 mesh screen AST 1 sieve or 1.2 mm screen DIN 1171 sieve.
喷砂方式：用经过筛选的最大粒径不大于1.2mm的钢丸喷砂。
Blast method: Spin blast or hollow blast nozzle moving through pipes, pressure blasting
喷砂方式：旋转式喷砂或者用喷枪通过管道，压力喷砂。
2.5 Flushing 吹扫
After sandblasting all pipe sections shall be thoroughly flushed with dry and oil free air until all loose particles are removed
在喷砂之后所有的管道系统需要用干燥的无油空气进行吹扫直至清除所有松动颗粒。
2.6 Chemical cleaning 化学清洗
2.6.1 General概述
After sandblasting all pipe sections shall be chemically cleaned
在管道进行喷砂之后需要对其进行化学清洗。
When the chemical cleaning is carried out on a different location, all pipe sections shall be plugged during transportation and all flange faces and pipe threads shall be protected.
当化学清洗工作因地点不同时而需要运输时，所有管口都需要封堵并且对法兰面及螺纹口进行相应保护。
2.6.2 Degreasing procedure for Carbon Steel 碳钢管道清洁方案
(a) A hot alkaline medium at 80°C min. and pH 11 shall be used. The medium must be constantly agitated. All pipe sections shall be exposed 2 to 4 hours.
介质将会使用温度在80°C，PH值为11的碱性溶液进行脱脂，介质必须被不停的打循环整个过程2至4小时
This Degreasing method is used as a chemical cleaning process to remove light oily residues with a caustic solution at elevated temperature, in the range of 40°C to 80°C, depending on the solution concentration.
此脱脂方式是用高温苛碱性溶液对低粘度油进行清洗的化学清洗过程，温度在40°C至80°C之间，视溶液浓度而定。
After degreasing, all components shall be thoroughly rinsed using oil-free water, preferably hot to aid drying and if possible, followed by nitrogen purging.
在脱脂完毕后，所有管道部分应该用无油水进行清洁，如果可以的话最好采用热水以便于干燥，如果可以的话，进行充氮保护。
(b) The solvent degreasing method is considered to be the principle procedure for the removal of soluble organic contaminants to be used in oxygen service and is suitable for use with all metals (for use on aluminium refer to the specifications)
此溶剂脱脂的方式原则上适用于清除用于氧气管线的可溶性有机污染物，此方式不但适用于氧气管线，而且适用于所有金属材料。(铝制线路需要参考说明)
Solvents used shall be of a stabilized grade of proven suitability for the purpose. (As some unsterilized solvents can cause metal corrosion)
不会产生化学反应的稳定溶剂被证明更适用于脱脂 （一些不稳定的溶剂将会导致金属生锈）
Choice of solvent for a given application is the best compromise after considering the various properties:
经过折衷考虑将选用以下溶剂进行脱脂：
- Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride)
二氯甲烷
- Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
四氯乙烯
- Trichloroethane (Methyl Chloroform)
三氯乙烷
- Trichloroethylene
三氯乙烯
The system shall be thoroughly drained, purged, and dried with warm, dry, oil-free air and finally with nitrogen.
脱脂的管道系统需要彻底的排净，清洁，并用温暖干燥的无油空气吹干，最后充氮保护。
A method of checking that residual solvents have been eliminated is by using a commercially available vapor detector/analyzer on completion of the purge and drying process.
用来测试溶剂是否被清除完毕的方法是在经费许可的情况下用烟雾测试器/分析仪在清理及干燥程序完成后进行。
(c) Detergent degreasing: after degreasing with detergents, the cleaned units shall be washed out and flushed with adequate quantities of hot oil-free water and preferably purged by steam.
清洁剂脱脂：在用清洁剂完成脱脂之后，需要用足量热的无油水进行清洁，最好使用蒸汽。
After complete draining and purging use dry, oil-free warm air and/or nitrogen to complete the system cleaning.
在完成排空和清洁程序之后，需要用无油温暖的空气和/或氮气去完成系统清洁工作。
2.6.3 用于不锈钢管线的脱脂工作
(a) Degreasing 脱脂
An acid degreaser shall be used. All pipe sections shall be exposed 2 to 4 hours.
将会使用酸性脱脂液进行脱脂，整个过程持续2至4小时.
(b) Acid pickling + Passivation: 酸洗及钝化
A medium of mixed solution of 5% to 7% by weight HNO3 and 2% to 4% by weight of HF shall be used.
将使用一种由5%至7%比重的硝酸及2%至4%比重的的氢氟酸配比而成的混合型溶剂。
The ambient temperature shall be maintained.
周围温度需保持恒定
Pickling shall be considered as finished when the required cleanliness is reached.
当达到清洁要求的时候，酸洗工作即可结束。
(c) Rinsing: 清洁
Immediately after pickling all pipe sections shall be rinsed until neutral.
在酸洗之后应立刻对管段进行清洁，直至管道表面呈中性反应。
2.7 Inspection after cleaning 清洁后检查
Wherever possible, equipment destined for oxygen service shall be inspected using black light (Paragraph 2.7.3) and whichever of the other methods given below apply to a particular situation. This covers bath pre-cleaning and post-cleaning inspections. If any of the following tests reveal contaminants, the item must be re-cleaned.
只要有可能，去往氧气系统的设备应该用黑光灯进行检查(见2.7.3)或用以下给出的任意方式应用于特殊的情况。此包括预清洗及清洗检查。如果某项检查显示出依旧有污染物存在，清洁工作应重新进行。
2.7.1 Direct Visual Inspection 直观检查
Look at, or in, the equipment to determine the type and extent of contamination, if any. This method is suitable to detect excessive grease and oil films, and filings, chips, or other particles.
对设备进行外观及内部检查，以确认污染物的类型及范围，如果有。此方法可用于目测明显较过多的油膜，填料，碎渣及其他杂物。
2.7.2 Wipe Test 擦拭测试
Wipe the surface with a clean, white cloth. Powdery residues and films will discolor the cloth. This is sometimes usable where direct visual examination is impossible.
用干净的白色布料擦拭表面，粉状的残渣及填料会使白布变色。当有些时候直观检查无法适用的时候，此方法可用来测试。
2.7.3 Ultra-Violet or "Black Light" Inspection 紫外线或黑光灯检查
Examine the surface in darkness or subdued light using a 3200-3800 AU black light. Most common hydrocarbon oils or greases fluoresce, so that they become visible under black light even though they are invisible in normal light.
在无光或者阴暗处用3200-3800AU的紫外线进行检查，通常，大多数的碳氢化合物的油类，油脂会发出荧光，荧光在黑暗处会显得非常明显，但在正常光线的照射下很难看见。
However, not all organic oils fluoresce, so this inspection should be backed up by a review of the manufacturing procedures involved, to make sure that no animal oils such as fish oil rust preventatives or vegetable oils such as oil-based cutting emulsions, were used in its manufacture. On the other hand, certain other materials such as lint form laundry-washed rags may fluoresce, but are not considered harmful contaminants, except in excess. To summarize, if any fluorescence shows up as a blotch, blot, smear, smudge or film, re-clean the item.
然而，并不是所有的有机油类都会发出荧光，所以这个检查工作需要有工业程序的介入，以确保没有可能用于制造业的油脂，例如用于防锈的鱼油等动物油，和例如油基阻断乳剂等植物油。另一方面，虽然某些其他的材料，例如一些从抹布中飞散出去的棉线，在照射下也可能发荧光，但除非过量，否则其并不属于有害污染物。总得来说，如果有荧光表现为斑点，污渍，污点，污迹或者油膜等，需要重新清洁。
2.7.4 Ultra-Violet Wipe Test 紫外线及擦拭联合测试
Wipe the surface with laboratory type filter paper and examine it for fluorescence under black light. Do not use cloth for this test because the cloth itself may fluoresce.
用实验级滤纸擦拭表面，并放在黑光灯下观察是否有荧光。不要用布料，因为布料本身也许会发出荧光。
2.7.5 Solvent Purity Test 溶剂的纯净度测试
This method can be used as an indirect criterion of cleanliness. Check the concentration of contaminants in successive solvent washes. When the concentration of impurities decreases below 100 ppm, the item can be presumed to be clean, as long as there are no pockets or recesses not readily accessible to the solvent.
此方式可间接作为测试的标准。连续的用溶剂清洗并检查其中污染物的浓度，当杂质污染物的浓度小于100ppm时，只要没有溶剂不易进入的地方及凹陷，均可视为清洁干净。
2.7.6 Water Break Test 水膜破散测试
Wet the surface with clean water. The water must remain unbroken for at least five seconds for the part to clean. This test is limited to horizontal surfaces.
用干净的水打湿表面，对测试部分必须保证至少5秒内不间断的冲刷。此项测试受制于水平面的影响。
下面为附送毕业论文致谢词范文！不需要的可以编辑删除！谢谢！
毕业论文致谢词
我的毕业论文是在韦xx老师的精心指导和大力支持下完成的，他渊博的知识开阔的视野给了我深深的启迪，论文凝聚着他的血汗，他以严谨的治学态度和敬业精神深深的感染了我对我的工作学习产生了深渊的影响，在此我向他表示衷心的谢意
这三年来感谢广西工业职业技术学院汽车工程系的老师对我专业思维及专业技能的培养，他们在学业上的心细指导为我工作和继续学习打下了良好的基础，在这里我要像诸位老师深深的鞠上一躬!特别是我的班主任吴廷川老师，虽然他不是我的专业老师，但是在这三年来，在思想以及生活上给予我鼓舞与关怀让我走出了很多失落的时候，“明师之恩，诚为过于天地，重于父母”，对吴老师的感激之情我无法用语言来表达，在此向吴老师致以最崇高的敬意和最真诚的谢意!
感谢这三年来我的朋友以及汽修0932班的四十多位同学对我的学习，生活和工作的支持和关心。三年来我们真心相待，和睦共处，不是兄弟胜是兄弟!正是一路上有你们我的求学生涯才不会感到孤独，马上就要各奔前程了，希望（，请保留此标记。）你们有好的前途，失败不要灰心，你的背后还有汽修0932班这个大家庭!
最后我要感谢我的父母，你们生我养我，纵有三世也无法回报你们，要离开你们出去工作了，我在心里默默的祝福你们平安健康，我不会让你们失望的，会好好工作回报社会的。
致谢词2
在本次论文设计过程中，感谢我的学校，给了我学习的机会，在学习中，老师从选题指导、论文框架到细节修改，都给予了细致的指导，提出了很多宝贵的意见与建议，老师以其严谨求实的治学态度、高度的敬业精神、兢兢业业、孜孜以求的工作作风和大胆创新的进取精神对我产生重要影响。他渊博的知识、开阔的视野和敏锐的思维给了我深深的启迪。这篇论文是在老师的精心指导和大力支持下才完成的
感谢所有授我以业的老师，没有这些年知识的积淀，我没有这么大的动力和信心完成这篇论文。感恩之余，诚恳地请各位老师对我的论文多加批评指正，使我及时完善论文的不足之处。
谨以此致谢最后，我要向百忙之中抽时间对本文进行审阅的各位老师表示衷心的感谢。
开学自我介绍范文：首先，我想说“荣幸”，因为茫茫人海由不相识到相识实在是人生一大幸事，更希望能在三年的学习生活中能够与大家成为好同学，好朋友。其次我要说“幸运”，因为在短暂的私下接触我感觉我们班的同学都很优秀，值得我学习的地方很多，我相信我们班一定将是团结、向上、努力请保留此标记。）的班集体。最后我要说“加油”衷心地祝愿我们班的同学也包括我在内通过三年的努力学习最后都能够考入我们自己理想中的大学，为老师争光、为家长争光，更是为了我们自己未来美好生活和个人价值，加油。哦，对了，我的名字叫“***”，希望大家能记住我，因为被别人记住是一件幸福的事！！
）查看更多与本文《高中生开学自我介绍》相关的文章。
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