高中英语语法形容词和副词(课堂PPT).ppt

形容词和副词,一、形容词的语法功能,1.,作定语,前置定语：,a beautiful picture,an honest boy,多个形容词作前置定语时的排列顺序：,限定词,+,数量形容词,+,描绘性形容词,+,大小、长短、高低等形体形容词,+,新旧,+,颜色,+,国籍,+,材料,+,用途,+,被修饰的名词,the pretty little oldest Chinese stone bridge,ten strong black plastic bags,后置定语：,少数以,a,开头的形容词（,absent,alike,alive,available,）,及其他形容词,(concerned,present),作定语时后置。,He made full use of English reference books,available,and learned a lot.,People,concerned,will attend the meeting.,由,and,or,bothand,连接的并列形容词成对使用时。,Everyone,old or young,will take part in the activities.,形容词一般放在被修饰的名词前面作定语，但考生特别要注意形容词放在被修饰词后面的情况：,(1),这些形容词，如：,alive,，,afraid,，,awake,，,alone,，,asleep,，,worth,等作定语时，常放于被修饰词的后面。,The baby still asleep might be awake very soon.,仍在睡着的那婴儿可能很快会醒。,(2),形容词在修饰,somebody,，,something,，,anybody,，,anything,，,nobody,，,nothing,等不定代词时，需要后置。,Is there anything wrong,，,Bob,？,You look sad.,鲍勃，有什么不对吗？你看上去闷闷不乐的。,Oh,，,nothing much.In fact,，,I was just thinking of my friends.,噢，没什么，其实我只是在想念我的朋友。,(3),形容词后面有介词短语时，必须放在名词后面。,He is a student worthy of praise.,他是个值得表扬的学生。,(4),形容词后面有动词不定式时，必须放在名词后面。,Isnt it a problem difficult to solve?,这难道不是一个很难解决的问题吗？,2.,作表语,We are,hungry,.,He looks,unhappy,.,注意：,有的形容词一般只能作表语。,如表示健康状况的：,well,unwell,ill,faint,以,a,开头的：,afraid,alone,asleep,ashamed,3.,作宾语补足语,I think the book,interesting,.,He found the work,difficult,.,4.,作状语,形容词作状语，表示伴随或结果，并不表达动作的方式。,(2008,北京高考,)After a long journey,，,the three of them got back home,，,hungry and tired.,经过长时间旅行后，他们三人回到了家，又饿又累。,He lay in bed,，,wide awake.,He went to bed,cold and hungry.,Funny,he pretends to know what he doesnt know.,副词的种类,1),时间副词：,now,，,then,，,today,，,later,，,recently,等,;,2),地点副词：,here,，,there,，,everywhere,，,away,，,off,等,;,3),方式副词：,well,，,hard,happily,nervously,carefully,等,;,4),程度副词：,almost,，,much,，,(a)little,，,nearly,，,rather,，,too,等,;,5),频度副词：,always,，,often,，,usually,，,occasionally,，,sometimes,hardly,，,seldom,，,never,等,;,6),疑问副词：,when,，,where,，,why,，,how,等，引导特殊疑问句,;,7),连接副词：,where,，,when,，,why,，,how,等，引导主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句,;,8),关系副词：,when,，,where,，,why,等，引导定语从句,;,9),其他副词：,seriously,，,instead,，,besides,等。,二、副词的语法功能,1.,作定语,Almost,everyone has a car in America.,The building,there,looks grand.,2.,作表语,Time is,up,.,I thought I was,over,.,3.,作宾语补足语,I am very happy to see you,back,.,Keep the light,on,if you feel afraid.,4.,作状语,Its raining,heavily,.,Its a,rather,interesting job.,This is,just,what I said.,Eventually,he arrived in Beijing.,注意：,1.,有些副词有两种形式，一种与形容词同形，一种以,ly,结尾，但它们的含义不同。,The station is quite,near,.,He lives,near,.,Its,nearly,10 oclock.,The cake is,hard,.,We all work,hard,.,I can,hardly,understand you.,2.,具有两种形式的副词,high wide deep close,highly widely deeply closely,副词的位置,副词修饰形容词或其他副词时，一般位于被修饰词的前面，但,enough,要放在被修饰词的后面。,Although she did not know Boston well,，,she made her way easily enough to the post office.,虽然她对波士顿不熟，但她仍然很轻松地到了邮局。,can not/never,与,enough,或,too,连用，表示,“,无论怎样都不 过分；越,越好,”,。,I was riding alone in the street and all of a sudden,，,a car cut in and knocked me down.,我在街上正独自骑行，突然一辆轿车插进来把我撞倒了。,You can never be too careful in the street.,在大街上你再小心也不为过。,三、形容词和副词的比较等级,（一）原级,as+,形容词,/,副词原级,+as,Tom is as tall as Jack.,He speaks English as fluently as you.,My computer is not,so/as,expensive as yours.,注意：,1.almost,exactly,just,quite,nearly,half,等词可用来加强,asas,结构的语气。,This book is,just,as interesting as that one.,2.,几种变化形式：,as much+,不可数名词,+as,There is as much water in this bottle as in that one.,as many+,可数名词复数,+as,Bob has read as many books as Mary.,as+,形容词,+,不定冠词,+,可数名词单数,+as,German is as difficult a language as Chinese.,as+,形容词,+,不可数名词,+as,Bread is as important food as rice.,“as,形容词,(a/an),名词,as”,表示同级比较，注,意中间的形容词和名词并列时各自所在的位置。,It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.,一般认为教学如同科学一样是一门艺术。,（二）比较级,形容词,/,副词比较级,+than,John works harder than Mary.,This picture is more beautiful than that one.,This book is better than that one.,注意：,1.,形容词、副词比较级的规则和不规则变化。,2.much,still,even,far,by far,a lot,a bit,a great deal,等词可置于比较级前,加强语气。,Could you drive,a bit,more slowly?,3.,以,or,结尾的含有比较意义的形容词后接,to,不接,than,。如,superior,inferior,senior,junior,等。,He is 4 years senior,to,me.,4.,几种特殊结构,（,1,）,the+,比较级，,the+,比较级 “越,，越,”,The higher he climbs,the farther he will see.(climb,，,see),The more you use English,the more you will want to learn it.(use,，,want),（,2,）比较级,+and+,比较级 “越来越,”,Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.,My school is becoming more and more beautiful.,（,3,）主语,+,比较级,+than any(other),China is larger than any country in Africa.,China is larger than any other country in Asia.,（,4,）倍数的表达,倍数,+as+,形容词,/,副词原级,+as,This room is three times as large as that one.,倍数,+,形容词,/,副词比较级,+than,This room is twice larger than that one.,倍数,+the size/length/weight/height/width/+of,This room is three times the size of that one.,（三）最高级,the+,形容词,/,副词最高级,+,比较范围,He is the tallest boy in our class.,This is the most beautiful city Ive ever visited.,注意：,1.,形容词最高级前要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词。,She works hardest in our class.,2.,形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表示比较，表示“非常”。,He is a most clever policeman.,This film is most interesting.,3.,最高级可被序数词以及,much,by far,nearly,almost,by no means,not quite,等词语修饰。,He is by far the most popular singer in our pub.,4.not,never,之类的否定词与形容词或副词的比较级连用，表示最高含义。,How beautifully she sings!I have never heard a better voice.,5.,有些表示“最高程度”的形容词，如,excellent,extreme,perfect,favorite,等没有最高级，也不用比较级。,注意比较等级结构的修饰语：,修饰原级的词有,very,，,so,，,too,，,quite,，,rather,，,fairly,，,pretty,，,this,，,that,等。,修饰比较级的词有,a little,，,a bit,，,slightly,，,any,，,much,，,a lot,，,a great deal,，,far,，,by far,，,rather,，,even,，,still,，,yet,等，还有倍数词、基数词、分数、百分数等。,修饰最高级的词有,by far,，,much,，,almost,等。,After two years research,，,we now have a far better understanding of the disease.,研究两年之后，现在我们对这种疾病有了更好的理解。,比较等级和冠词：一般来说，比较级前不用冠词，形容,词的最高级前要加定冠词，但副词的最高级前通常不用冠词。但是若表示,“,两者中较,的,”,时或者是,“,越,就越,”,(the,比较级,，,the,比较级,),这一句型时，则用定冠词。,The more careful you are,，,the fewer mistakes youll make.,你越仔细，犯的错误就越少。,The taller of the two boys is my brother.,那两个男孩中高点儿的是我弟弟。,