经济学专业英语教程引文版上课件.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,“十二五”普通高等教育本科国家级规划教材,教育部推荐教材 大学专业英语系列教材,经济学专业英语教程（第,四,版,上）,20,19,年,7,月第,4,版,演示文稿,Introduction,1,.Framework,2,.Contents,1,.Framework,14 units,and each unit includes one text and one additional text,Units 1-6 concern microeconomics,and Units 7-14 concern macroeconomics,2,.Contents,Unit,1,Text:What Is Economics?,（什么是经济学？）,Additional Text:The Economic Problem,（经济学的问题）,Unit,2,Text:Demand and Supply（需求与供给）,Additional Text:Utility and Consumer Choice,（效用与消费者选择）,Unit,3,Text:Price Elasticities of Demand and Supply,（需求与供给的价格弹性）,Additional Text:The Factors Influencing the Price,Elasticities of Demand and Supply,（影响需求与供给价格弹性的因素）,Unit,4,Text:Cost of Production,（生产成本）,Additional Text:Economies and Diseconomies of Scale,（规模经济与规模不经济）,Unit,5,Text:Monopoly,（垄断）,Additional Text:Perfect Competition,（完全竞争）,Unit,6,Text:Oligopoly,（寡头垄断）,Additional Text:Monopolistic Competition,（垄断竞争）,Unit 7,Text:Gross Domestic Product（国内生产总值）,Additional Text:Two Alternative Approaches of Measuring GDP（衡量国内生产总值的两种可供选择的方法）,Unit 8,Text:Economic Growth（经济增长）,Additional Text:Sources of Economic Development（经济发展的源泉）,Unit 9,Text:Inflation（通货膨胀）,Additional Text:Unemployment（失业）,Unit 10,Text:Money and Banking（货币与银行）,Additional Text:The U.S.Central Bank:The Federal Reserve System（美国的中央银行：联邦储备制度）,Unit,11,Text:Foreign Exchange and Exchange Rate,（外汇与汇率）,Additional Text:The Effects of Exchange Rates on the Economy,（汇率对经济的影响）,Unit,12,Text:The Balance of Payments,（国际收支）,Additional Text:International Monetary Systems,（国际货币体系）,Unit,13,Text:Fiscal and Monetary Policy,（财政政策与货币政策）,Additional Text:Lags in the Economys Response to Monetary,and Fiscal Policy,（经济对财政与货币政策的反应滞后）,Unit,14,Text:Role of Government in the Economy,（政府在经济中的作用）,Additional Text:Governments Policies Toward Externalities,（政府针对外部性的政策）,Unit,One,Text:What Is Economics?（什么是经济学？）,1.Key words,2,.Definition of economics,3,.Economics is a science,4,.Importance of economics,5,.,E,conomic system,6.Translate the following into Chinese,7.Questions,1,.,Key word,s,decision-making,material well-being,incessant change,laboratory specimens,value judgment,availability of jobs,satisfy,ones,wants,economic institutions,framework of organization,welfare state,standard of living,stability of prices,2.Definition of economics,2.1 Economics is the study of mankind in the ordinary business of life;it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the material requisites of well-being.,2.2 Economics has also been defined as the study of decision-making;decisions which involve choosing between alternatives in the related activities of earning,spending,producing and consuming,all with the object of achieving material well-being.,3.Economics is a science,Economics is often thought of as a science.However,it is a very inexact science because it is a social science,and is affected by the many influences that lead to incessant change.,4.Importance of economics,A knowledge of economics will allow us to analyze and assess the values of policies and decisions made by politicians.And it will help us to become more aware of the current and future problems of our society and therefore better able to cope with them.,5.Economic system,5,.1 An economic system is made up of the collection of relationships,customs,institutions,laws and arrangements that are combined to satisfy the economic wants of the communityto determine what and how production takes place,and who receives the output.,5,.2 The economic system of a society does grow or,rather,develop,because the type of system a country has depended on its historical background and its political forces.,5,.3 The way it does this depends largely on the type of society.,In the USA there is still a belief in the value of free enterprise and the ability of individuals to succeed if they work hard enough.In some countries,such as England and possibly Sweden,there is a belief in the welfare state,that it is up to the government to look after the citizens from the cradle to the grave,although there have been criticisms of this approach because of cost.Countries like Australia seem to represent a mixture of both these attitudes.,5,.4 National characteristics and belief systems have led to many differences between economic systems.,6,.,Translate the following into Chinese,(1),Economics is the study of mankind in the ordinary business of life;it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the material requisites of well-being.,(2),Even our own personal decisions are often affected by the state of the economy,so we could make better choices if we understood the way the economy operates.,(3),The principles and motives from which people act are not necessarily economic in origin,and are often based on non-economic values.,(4),An economic system is made up of the collection of relationships,customs,institutions,laws and arrangements that are combined to satisfy the economic wants of the community,to determine what and how production takes place,and who receives the output.,7,.Questions,(1),What is the definition of economics?,(2),What are the main concerns of economists?,(3),Why should we learn the basic economic theory?,(4)What are economic goods and services?,(5),What influences the type of economic system in a country?,(6)What type of economic system operates in China?,Unit,Two,Text:Demand and Supply,（需求与供给）,1.Key words,2,.,How,are prices determined,?,3.,Demand,schedules,and,curves,4.,Supply,schedules,and,curves,5.,Changes in,demand,6.,Changes in,supply,7.,Translate the following into,Chinese,8.Questions,1,.,Key word,s,free enterprise,price mechanism,make a profit,effective demand,law of demand,law of supply,demand schedule,demand curve,vertical axis,horizontal axis,supply schedule,supply curve,market mechanism,equilibrium price,related goods,consumer tastes,Future expectations,changes in demand,changes in supply,2.How are prices determined?,2.1 Price mechanism,2.2 Demand and effective demand,2.3 Law of demand and law of supply,2.1 Price mechanism,If an economy runs on the lines of the purely competitive market of free enterprise,then what is produced and the prices at which the products are sold depend upon the choices and decisions made by consumers and producers.,The price mechanism is the process by which prices rise and fall as a result of changes in demand and supply,and thereby acts as a signal to producers to guide them on their production plans.,If our economy were entirely competitive and there were no restrictions at all,then the market forces,or price mechanism,would operate freely.The only things that would be produced would be those goods for which consumers were willing to pay sufficient to make it worthwhile for the producers to put them on the market.The demand for a product and the price at which it can be sold indicate to the producer the best way to allocate resources in order to make a profit.,2.2 Demand and effective demand,Demand,means the quantity which buyers are willing to purchase at a given price over a given period of time.,Effective demand,means a desire to obtain an article accompanied by the ability and willingness to pay for it at the price asked.,In economics,when we speak of demand,we are usually referring to effective demand.,2.3 Law of demand and law of supply,L,aw of demand,Buyers are likely to buy more of an item as the price falls.,Law of supply,As prices rise,sellers would like to sell more and will,if it is possible,offer a larger quantity for sale.,3.Demand schedules and curves,3.1,Demand schedules,3.2 Demand curves,3.1 Demand schedules,Price(cents/kg),Quantity,demanded(kg),Price(cents/kg),Quantity,demanded(kg),10,70,50,30,20,60,60,20,30,50,70,10,40,40,80,Nil,3.2 Demand curves,The price is shown on the vertical axis,while quantity is shown on the horizontal axis.This is the conventional way of drawing a demand and supply graph.,As prices fall,a larger quantity of a good is demanded.The typical demand curve slopes down from left to right.This indicates that consumers buy more of a good at lower prices and less at higher prices,but at very low prices demand does not necessarily increase.This is sometimes called an expansion or contraction,or a movement along the curve.,4.Supply schedules and curves,4.1 Supply schedules,4.2 Supply curves,4.3 Equilibrium price,4.1 Supply schedules,Price(cents/kg),Quantity,supplied(kg),Price(cents/kg),Quantity,supplied(kg),80,100,40,60,70,90,30,50,60,80,20,40,50,70,10,30,4.2 Supply curves,As prices rise,a larger quantity of a good is supplied or sold.The typical supply curve slopes down from right to left.This indicates that suppliers or sellers supply or sell more of a good at higher prices and less at lower prices.This is called a movement along the curve.,4.3 Equilibrium price,A compromise between how much and at what price the seller decides to sell and the consumers plans to buy must be arrived at.This is called the equilibrium price and is the price at which the buyer is prepared to buy the quantity which the seller is prepared to sell at that price,so that the market is cleared and there is no surplus and no shortage.,5.Changes in demand,5.1 Influences which can change demand for goods and services,5.2 Changes in demand,5.1 Influences which can change demand for goods and services,Price received for the item,Prices of related goods,Changes in consumer tastes,Prices of all other goods and services,The income of the consumer,Future expectations,5.2 Changes in demand,Demand changes simply because price is changing,but none of the other factors which affect the consumers buying have changed.A change in the price of a good results in a movement along an existing demand curve.,Price has remained unchanged but there has been a change in demand caused by factors other than price.The demand curve could shift to the left or right if there is a change in any of these conditions other than price,influencing people to buy less or more of a commodity even if the price remains unchanged.,6.Changes in supply,6.1 Influences which can change supply for goods and services,6.2 Changes in supply,6.1 Influences which can change supply for goods and services,The price received for the item,The cost of producing the item,Taxes imposed which raise the items market price to consumers,Subsidies awarded to producers,which reduce the costs of production,Prices of other goods,Future expectations,Changes in supply due to the nature of the good,6.2 Changes in supply,In the case of supply,any change of price results in a movement up or down the existing supply curve,if no other changes occur to affect supply.,Any change in the conditions other than market prices causes a shift in the supply curve.,7,.,Translate the following into Chinese,(1),The price mechanism is the process by which prices rise and fall as a result of changes in demand and supply,and thereby acts as a signal to producers to guide them on their production plans.,(2),The only things that would be produced would be those goods for which consumers were willing to pay sufficient to make it worthwhile for the producers to put them on the market.,(3),When speaking of demand for a commodity,economists mean the quantity which buyers are willing to purchase at a given price over a given period of time.,(4),Somehow these two conflicting desires of buyers and sellers must be brought into some kind of agreement,or there will be a surplus of highly priced goods which buyers are not willing to buy,or a shortage of goods because sellers will not produce them for sale at a low price.,(5),This is called the equilibrium price and is the price at which the buyer is prepared to buy the quantity which the seller is prepared to sell at that price,so that the market is cleared and there is no surplus and no shortage.,(6),If the other conditions which affect demand should change,and not the price,then our graph will look different because we have what is called a shift in the curve.,(7),The supply curve can move leftwards if,for example,costs of production rose,with consumers being unwilling to pay more for the item and suppliers unwilling to supply as much at the same price.,8,.Questions,(1),What factors need to be considered in fixing the price for a new product?,(2),What causes a shift in the market demand curve?,(3),What causes a shift in the market supply curve?,(4),How does the factor of future expectations influence demand and supply?,Unit,Three,Text:Price Elasticities of Demand and Supply,（需求与供给的价格弹性）,1.Key words,2,.,Price,elasticity,of,demand,3.Price,elasticity of supply,4.Law,of diminishing marginal utility,5.,Consumer,sovereignty,6.Translate,the following into,Chinese,7,.Questions,1,.,Key word,s,price elasticity of demand,price inelastic in demand,price elastic in demand,price elasticity of supply,sales taxes,necessities of life,total revenue,diminishing marginal utility or satisfaction,saturation point,allocation of resources,derived demand,consumer sovereignty,2.Price elasticity of demand,2.1 Price elasticity of demand,2.2 Price inelastic and elastic in demand,2.3 Importance of price elasticity of demand,2.1 Price elasticity of demand,Measures how greatly a price change affects a change in demand.,2.2 Price inelastic and elastic in demand,Price inelastic in demand,Some goods are so much in demand that however much prices rise,the demand for them remains the same or drops off only slightly.These,goods are called price inelastic in demand.,Price elastic in demand,Other goods,which are bought readily if their prices are low but are bought in much smaller quantities if the prices rise,are termed price elastic in demand.,2.3 Importance of price elasticity of demand,It is important to government taxation policy.If a good is relatively price inelastic in demand,then imposing a tax on it will not cause sales to drop substantially.If the government intends to use sales taxes to raise revenue,it would be pointless to put the tax on products which are elastic in demand because,as the tax causes prices to rise,consumers will buy an untaxed substitute if that is possible(and if it is cheaper),or just cut down the quantity they purchase.,It is also important to sellers as it indicates to them whether a drop in price will result in increased revenue from increase