八、英汉语对比.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,翻译教案,语言对比及翻译,1,词意对比：对应程度,1.,完全对应,:,英语中有些词所表达的意义在汉语中可以找到完全对应的词来表达。他们的意义在任何上下文中都完全对等。这些词主要是指有通用译名的专用名词、术语和日常生活中的一些事物名称。,helicopter,直升机,The Pacific Ocean,太平洋,Computational linguistics,计算语言学,2,词意对比：对应程度,2.,部分对应：,marry,娶、嫁,gun,枪、炮,sister,姐、妹,3,词意对比：对应程度,3.,一词多意：英语中有许多词一词多意，其所表达的各个含义分别汉语中的几个不同词、词组对应。这种多义词的具体意义只有联系上下文才能确定。,A,soft aboveground,launching site.,无坚固掩体的地面发射基地。,The record has been considered soft since it was set last week.,自去年五月创造记录以来，人们一直认为该记录很容易被打破。,Marijuana is usually regarded as a soft drug.,人们常认为大麻是一种毒性较轻的毒品,4,词意对比：对应程度,4.,完全不对等：英语中有些词所表示的意义在确定的对应的词来表达。即文化缺省。,Overkill:(,核弹超过军事目的,),过度杀伤力,Plumber:,管子工（美国调查政府雇员泄密的特工）,旗袍,qipao,衙门,yamen,5,词意对比：对应程度,5.,表达一样，意义不同,个人主义,Individualism,红色中国,Red China,白色（中国孝服，西方结婚礼服）,It is not funny.,这并不可笑。（表达不出西方人说此话时那种生气内涵）,East wind(,东风,),，,west wind,（西风）,6,搭配能力不同：,两种语言在词的搭配能力方面存有差异：,Cut wheat,割小麦,Cut cake,切蛋糕,Cut finger-nails,剪指甲,7,词序方面,两种语言的主语、谓语、宾语和表语基本一致。,We are in the classroom.,我们在教室里。,They study English.,他们学习英语,。,8,词序方面,定语位置,单个词作定语基本一致。,A red building,红色的建筑,如果单个词作定语的词太多，一般后置，因为汉语不习惯在名词前用过多的修饰语。,A little,yellow,ragged,lame,unshaven beggar,一个要饭的，身材短小，面黄肌瘦、衣衫褴褛，腿有残疾，满脸胡子。,9,词序方面,状语位置：单个词作状语修饰形容词或其他副词时，与汉语词序基本相同，都是位于被修饰词的前面。修饰动词时，英语放后面，汉语则放前面。但短语做状语时，英语前后都行，汉语则常和习惯有关。,He was very active in the class.,他在班上很活跃。,Modern science and technology are developing rapidly.,现代科技正迅猛发展。,Then with a bag of toys we walked across the garden in the gray light of the dawn.,我们提着一布袋玩具，在晨曦中穿过了花园。,10,语音差异,英语和汉语都很重视语言的音韵和节奏。英语重形合，相对于重意合的汉语而言，对音韵和节奏重视不够。因此，翻译时，要照顾各自的语言特点，在保留“形合”、“意合”的特点基础之上，重视语言的音韵和节奏。,A new kind of aircraft small,cheap,pilotless,-is attracting increasing attention.,一种新型飞机,-,体积小，,便宜,，无人驾驶,-,正在越来越引起人们的注意。,这是一种体积小、,造价底,的无人驾驶飞机。这种飞机越来越引人关注。,11,语音差异（头韵）,Pride and prejudice,傲慢与偏见,Spare the rod,spoil the child,省了棍子，毁了孩子,An inch of miss is as good as a mile,差之毫厘，失之千里,12,语音差异（尾韵）,He that will thrive must rise at five.,五更起床，百事兴旺,Man proposes,God disposes,谋事在人，成事在天,A fall in the pit,a gain in your wit.,吃一堑，长一智,13,句法区别,1:,形合、意合,句法手段（,syntactic devices,）,词汇手段,(lexical equivleance),和语义手段,(semantic connection),是句子连接的三种主要手段。前两种手段连接形成形合（,hypotaxis,），后者连接形成意合,(parataxis),。英语重形合，逻辑性强，外形完整，呈“树型结构”，干上有枝，枝上有节，节又生枝。,14,句法区别,1:,形合、意合,The confidence,that the west would remain a dominant force in the 21st century,as it has for the past four or five centuries,is giving way to a sense of foreboding,(,预测,)that forces like the emergency of fundamentalist Islam,the rise of East Asia,the collapse of Russia and Eastern Europe could pose real threats to the west,15,句法区别,1:,形合、意合,正如以前四五百年一样，西方世界会继续成为,21,世纪的主导力量。人们对此充满信心。但是以下预言却动摇了人们的信心：伊斯兰原教旨主义的出现、东亚的崛起、俄罗斯和东欧的衰落会对西方造成真正的威胁。,16,句法区别,1:,形合、意合,汉语重意合，句子较散呈“竹节结构”，像竹竿那样一节一节地展开。句中各成分的相互连接主要靠语义的贯通和语境的映衬，少用连接词。,鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。,枯藤、老树、昏鸭，小桥、流水、人家。,17,句法区别,2:,长句、短句,2,英语喜欢用长句，汉语习惯于用短句。“英国人写文章常化零为整，中国人写文章常化整为零。”,18,句法区别,2:,长句、短句,The miracle chip represents a new development in the technology of mankind that over the past few years has acquired the great force and significance that are associated with the development of hand tools or the invention of the steam engine.,神奇的芯片代表了人类科技进步的新发展。这几年来，这项技术发展势头迅猛，意义深远，足可与人类历史上生产工具的出现和蒸汽机的发明相提并论。,19,句法区别,3:,主动、被动,方法,1,：翻译成带有被、由、受、为,所、加以等的汉语句子。,The compass was invented by Chinese long ago.,指南针是由中国人很久以前发明的。,The region was visited by the worst drought in twenty years.,这个地区遭受到了,20,年来最严重的旱灾。,Only a small part of the suns energy reaching the earth is used by us.,传到地球上的太阳能只有一小部分为我们所利用。,20,句法区别,3:,主动、被动,方法,2,：翻译成不带有被动标记的汉语句子。,That city is well supplied with water.,那座城市供水充足。,After sever rounds of talks,an agreement was finally arrived at.,经过几轮谈判，协议终于达成了。,21,句法区别,3:,主动、被动,方法,3,：翻译成带有主语的汉语主动句。,You were wanted on the phone.,有人打电话找你。,The two astronauts were seen to land on the moon.,人们目睹了这两名宇航员在月球上着陆。,He was considered quite qualified for the job.,大家都认为他很适合做这项工作。,22,句法区别,3:,主动、被动,方法,4,：翻译成无主语的汉语主动句。,Visitors are requested to deposit their bags before entering the exhibition hall.,请参观者先把包寄存后再进入展厅。,Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.,仔细看看信的地址是否写对了。,Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.,应该尽最大努力告戒年轻人吸烟的可怕后果。,23,句法区别,3:,主动、被动,It is,被动语态,that,结构,:,It is assumed that:,人们希望,It is considered that:,据估计,It is rumored that:,有谣传说,It is noticed that:,有人注意到,It is expected that:,预计,It was noted above that:,前面已经指出,It can not be denied that:,无可否认的是,It must be admitted that:,必须承认,It is universally accepted that:,人们普遍认为,24,句法区别,4,：末端重、前端重,4.,英汉句子叙事推理的顺序大多情况下是相反的。英语强调“末端重原则”，句首封闭，句尾开放，大多头轻脚重。汉语修辞强调“前端重原则”，句首开放，句尾封闭。,25,句法区别,4,：末端重、前端重,I could not beat a boy who had not got a relation in the world and whose father had left him to me because he thought I would be kind to him.,他是一个举目无亲的孩子，而且当初他父亲认为我会好好待他，他才把孩子交给我的。我总不能打他吧。,I was all the more delighted when,as a result of the initiative of your government,it proved possible to reinstate,（恢复）,the visit so quickly.,由于贵国政府的提议，才很快地促成了这次愉快的访问,这使我感到特别高兴。,26,句法区别,5:,时态问题,5.,英语中有时态变化，汉语中没有。英语中不同时间发生的动作或者存在的状态，要用不同的动词形式表示，一个动词除了本身的词汇意义外，表示不同时间的不同形式还具有一定的语法意义。汉语中无时态之说。,27,句法区别,5:,时态问题,John is with his parents in New York City.It is already three years since he was a headmaster.,约翰现在同父母住在纽约市；他不担任校长已经三年了。,There has always been a close cultural link,or tie between Britain and English-speaking countries,not only in literature but also in the popular arts,especially music,.,28,句法区别,5:,时态问题,在英国和说英语的国家之间，不仅在文学方面，而且在流行艺术方面，特别是在音乐方面，存在着密切的接触和联系。,在英国和说英语的国家之间，不仅在文学方面，而且在流行艺术方面，特别是在音乐方面，一直有着密切的接触和联系。,29,句法区别,6:,动态与静态,6.,英语的名词，介词，形容词，副词表达能力强，由谓语动词统领，造成了英语的静态语势；汉语组句主要依靠动词，造成汉语的动态语势。因此翻译时常使用词类转换，把名词，介词、形容词、转换成动词，副词则常被译成句子。,30,句法区别,6:,动态与静态,Water works for weight loss.,经常饮水有利于减肥。,I never saw such a woman.I never saw such capacity,and taste,and application,and elegance,as you described,united.,我可从来没有见过这样的女性。我从来没有见过像你说的那样，不仅才智过人，情趣不俗，而且勤奋好学，仪态幽雅，种种优点聚于一身的女性。,31,句法区别,6:,动态与静态,In her habits,she was a living impersonation(,体现,)of order,method,and exactness.,她做事井井有条、讲究方法、精密细致。这些都活生生地体现在她的生活习惯当中。,With his tardiness,carelessness and appalling good humor,we were sorely perplexed.,他磨磨蹭蹭，马马虎虎，却又幽默滑稽，我们对他无可奈何。,32,句法区别,7:,重复,7.,英语用词力戒重复，常用代词省略等方法避免重复。汉语用词不回避重复。,Translation from English into Chinese is not as easy as that from English into France.,英译汉不如英译法容易。,She compares the new edition with the old ones.,她把新版本同几种旧版本作了比较。,Ours is a federal system.,我们的制度是联邦制。,33,句法区别,8:,大词与平淡,8.,汉语修辞有时热衷于色彩浓重一些。“大词”使用频率偏高。如“西部大开发”“和平统一大业”，“打造优良环境”等。英语的修辞较为平淡。,Chinese characters have played an invaluable role in our history.,汉字在历史上有过不可磨灭的功绩,.,Much more fruitful work has been done in our province this year in exports,今年我省在出口方面取得了重大进展。,34,句法区别,8:,大词与平淡,Turning from languor to ferocity,from sorrow to sarcasm,from command to confusion,Pryce is a Hamlet for our time of colliding antithesis.,普雷斯扮演的哈姆雷特性格不断变化。一会儿心灰意懒，一会儿狂暴凶躁，一会儿愁绪满怀，一会儿愤世嫉俗，一会儿镇定自若，一会儿无所适从，他是我们这个尖锐对立时代的哈姆雷特。,35,句法区别,9:,范围词,9.,汉语喜欢使用范围词，英语很少使用。如“腐败（现象）”、“纪律（问题）”、“植树（活动）”等。,At the same time,corruption occurs frequently in some departments.,与此同时，在有些部门腐败现象频频出现。,We must pay more attention to disciplines.,我们一定要高度关注纪律问题。,Our country advocates planting trees.,我们国家大力提倡植树活动。,36,句法区别,10:,无主句,10.,英语句子中主语的权威不可动摇（祈使句，对话等除外），而汉语在很多情况下可以省略，因此汉语中有大量的无主句。,It is superstition that you should not walk under ladders.,在梯子下面走不吉利是一种迷信说法。,Liberty is more important than life.,不自由，毋宁死。,37,句法区别,11:,主次分明与主次不分,12,.,英语句子主次分明，先把主要信息以“主谓宾”或者“主系表”的语法主干形式突出的表达出来。而后用非谓语动词、从句等手段表达次要信息。汉语句子表达的信息往往从语法外形上主次不分，常以“话题”式的流水句把主要信息和次要信息的区别暗含在句意和上下文的语境之中。,38,句法区别,11:,主次分明与主次不分,The storm having destroyed their hut,they had to live in a cave.,暴风雨把小屋毁了，他们只好住在窑洞里。,The county was organized in 1945,with herdsmen making up about 40 percent of its population.,这个县是,1945,年建立的，牧民约占人口的百分之四十。,I stood at his left,my finger on the button,waiting for the order.,我站在他左边，手按着按钮，等候命令。,39句法区别,12,：主语与主题,英语是注重主语的语言，造句离不开主语。（法制语言）。中国传统哲学主张天人合一，反映在语言上就是施动者蕴含在行为事件的主观表现中。汉语并没有吧主语看做是句子的主要成分。（人制语言）,A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.,有一种方言被这间房子里的每一位语言学家所懂得。（主语加谓语）,有一种方言这间房子里的每一个语言学家都懂得。（主题加评论）,40,句法区别,13,：时间顺序,英语复合句中，表示时间的从句可以在主句之前，也可以在主句之后，叙述顺序很灵活。汉语则通常先发生的事情先叙述，后发生的事情后叙述。,I went out for a walk after I had my dinner.,After I had my dinner,I went out for a walk.,我吃了晚饭后，出去散步。,41,句法区别,14,：逻辑顺序,在“原因结果”和“条件与结果”的关系中，英语中的结果可前可后。汉语则是结果在后，原因和条件在前。,As the weather was fine,we decided to clime the mountain.(We decided to clime the mountain as the weather was fine).,由于天气好，我们决定去爬山。,He would be a rash man if he should venture to forecast the results of this event.(If he should venture to forecast the results of this event,he would be a rash man),如果有人敢预言此事的结果，那他一定是个鲁莽之徒。,42,