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弹性力学简明教程-习题解答全面版资料
【2-9】【解答】图2-17:
上(y=0)
左(x=0)
右(x=b)
0
-1
1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
代入公式(2-15)得
①在主要边界上x=0,x=b上精确满足应力边界条件:
②在小边界上,能精确满足下列应力边界条件:
③在小边界上,能精确满足下列位移边界条件:
这两个位移边界条件可以应用圣维南原理,改用三个积分的应力边界条件来代替,当板厚时,可求得固定端约束反力分别为:
由于为正面,故应力分量与面力分量同号,则有:
⑵图2-18
①上下主要边界y=-h/2,y=h/2上,应精确满足公式(2-15)
(s)
(s)
0
-1
0
0
1
-
0
,,,
②在=0的小边界上,应用圣维南原理,列出三个积分的应力边界条件:负面上应力与面力符号相反,有
③在x=l的小边界上,可应用位移边界条件这两个位移边界条件也可改用三个积分的应力边界条件来代替。
首先,求固定端约束反力,按面力正方向假设画反力,如图所示,列平衡方程求反力:
由于x=l为正面,应力分量与面力分量同号,故
【2-10】【解答】由于,OA为小边界,故其上可用圣维南原理,写出三个积分的应力边界条件:
(a)上端面OA面上面力
由于OA面为负面,故应力主矢、主矩与面力主矢、主矩符号相反,有
(对OA中点取矩)
(b)应用圣维南原理,负面上的应力主矢和主矩与面力主矢和主矩符号相反,面力主矢y向为正,主矩为负,则
综上所述,在小边界OA上,两个问题的三个积分的应力边界条件相同,故这两个问题是静力等效的。
【2-14】【解答】在单连体中检验应力分量是否是图示问题的解答,必须满足:(1)平衡微分方程(2-2);(2)用应力表示的相容方程(2-21);(3)应力边界条件(2-15)。
(1)将应力分量代入平衡微分方程式,且
显然满足
(2)将应力分量代入用应力表示的相容方程式(2-21),有
等式左===右
应力分量不满足相容方程。
因此,该组应力分量不是图示问题的解答。
【解答】(1)推导公式
在分布荷载作用下,梁发生弯曲形变,梁横截面是宽度为1,高为h的矩形,其对中性轴(Z轴)的惯性矩,应用截面法可求出任意截面的弯矩方程和剪力方程。所以截面内任意点的正应力和切应力分别为:
。
根据平衡微分方程第二式(体力不计)。
得:
根据边界条件得 故
将应力分量代入平衡微分方程(2-2)
第一式:
满足
第二式 自然满足
将应力分量代入相容方程(2-23)
应力分量不满足相容方程。故,该分量组分量不是图示问题的解答。
【2-18】【解答】(1)矩形悬臂梁发生弯曲变形,任意横截面上的弯矩方程,横截面对中性轴的惯性矩为,根据材料力学公式
弯应力;该截面上的剪力为,剪应力为
取挤压应力(2)将应力分量代入平衡微分方程检验
第一式: 第二式:左=0+0=0=右
该应力分量满足平衡微分方程。
(3)将应力分量代入应力表示的相容方程
满足相容方程
(4)考察边界条件
①在主要边界上,应精确满足应力边界条件(2-15)
0
-1
0
0
0
1
0
0
代入公式(2-15),得
②在次要边界x=0上,列出三个积分的应力边界条件,代入应力分量主矢主矩
满足应力边界条件
③在次要边界上,首先求出固定边面力约束反力,按正方向假设,即面力的主矢、主矩,
其次,将应力分量代入应力主矢、主矩表达式,判断是否与面力主矢与主矩等效:
满足应力边界条件,因此,它们是该问题的正确解答。
【3-4】【解答】⑴相容条件:
不论系数a取何值,应力函数总能满足应力函数表示的相容方程,式(2-25).
⑵求应力分量
当体力不计时,将应力函数代入公式(2-24),得
⑶考察边界条件
上下边界上应力分量均为零,故上下边界上无面力.
左右边界上;
当a>0时,考察分布情况,注意到,故y向无面力
左端:
右端:
应力分布如图所示,当时应用圣维南原理可以将分布的面力,等效为主矢,主矩
A
主矢的中心在矩下边界位置。即本题情况下,可解决各种偏心拉伸问题。
偏心距e:
因为在A点的应力为零。设板宽为b,集中荷载p的偏心距e:
同理可知,当<0时,可以解决偏心压缩问题。
【3-5】【解答】(1)由应力函数,得应力分量表达式
考察边界条件,由公式(2-15)
①主要边界,上边界上,面力为
②主要边界,下边界,面力为
③次要边界,左边界x=0上,面力的主矢,主矩为
x向主矢:,y向主矢:
主矩:
次要边界,右边界x=l上,面力的主矢,主矩为x向主矢:
y向主矢:
主矩:弹性体边界上面力分布及次要边界面上面力的主矢,
⑵,将应力函数代入公式(2-24),得应力分量表达式
,,
考察应力边界条件,主要边界,由公式(2-15)得
在主要边界,上边界上,面力为
在,下边界上,面力为
在次要边界上,分布面力可按(2-15)计算,面里的主矢、主矩可通过三个积分边界条件求得:
在左边界x=0,面力分布为
面力的主矢、主矩为
x向主矢:y向主矢:
主矩;,在右边界x=l上,面力分布为,,,面力的主矢、主矩为
x向主矢:y向主矢:
主矩:
(3),将应力函数代入公式(2-24),得应力分量表达式
考察应力边界条件,在主要边界上应精确满足式(2-15)
①
②
次要边界上,分布面力可按(2-15)计算,面力的主矢、主矩可通过三个积分边界求得:
③左边界x=0上,面力分布为
④右边界上,面力分布为
面力的主矢、主矩为
x向主矢
y向主矢:
主矩:
弹性体边界上的面力分布及在次要边界上面力的主矢和主矩,如图所示
【3-6】【解答】(1)将应力函数代入相容方程(2-25)
,显然满足
(2)将代入式(2-24),得应力分量表达式
(3)由边界形状及应力分量反推边界上的面力:
①在主要边界上(上下边界)上,,应精确满足应力边界条件式(2-15),应力
因此,在主要边界上,无任何面力,即
②在x=0,x=l的次要边界上,面力分别为:
,
因此,各边界上的面力分布如图所示:
③在x=0,x=l的次要边界上,面力可写成主矢、主矩形式:
x=0上 x=l上
【3-7】【解答】(1)将应力函数代入式(2-25)
,,
代入(2-25),可知应力函数满足相容方程。
(2)将代入公式(2-24),求应力分量表达式:
,
(3)考察边界条件,由应力分量及边界形状反推面力:
①在主要边界(上面),应精确满足应力边界条件(2-15)
应用圣维南原理,可写成三个积分的应力边界条件:
④在次要边界上,分布面力为
,
应用圣维南原理,可写成三个积分的应力边界条件:
【3-8】【解答】采用半逆法求解。
由材料力学解答假设应力分量的函数形式。
(1)假定应力分量的函数形式。
根据材料力学,弯曲应力主要与截面的弯矩有关,剪应力主要与截面的剪力有关,而挤压应力主要与横向荷载有关,本题横向荷载为零,则
(2)推求应力函数的形式
将,体力,代入公式(2-24)有
对y积分,得 (a) (b)
其中都是x的待定函数。
(3)由相容方程求解应力函数。
将(b)式代入相容方程(2-25),得 (c)
在区域内应力函数必须满足相容方程,(c)式为y的一次方程,相容方程要求它有无数多个根(全竖柱内的y值都应满足它),可见其系数与自由项都必须为零,即
两个方程要求 (d)
中的常数项,中的常数项和一次项已被略去,因为这三项在的表达式中成为y的一次项及常数项,不影响应力分量。将(d)式代入(b)式,得应力函数
(e)
(4)由应力函数求应力分量
(f)
(g)
(h)
(5)考察边界条件
利用边界条件确定待定系数A、B、C、D、E。
主要边界上(左):
将(f),(h)代入
,自然满足
(i)
主要边界上,
,自然满足
,将(h)式代入,得
(j)
在次要边界上,应用圣维南原理,写出三个积分的应力边界条件:
(k)
(l)
(m)
由式(i),(j),(k),(l),(m)联立求得
代入公式(g),(h)得应力分量
【3-9】【解答】按半逆解法求解。
⑴将应力函数代入相容方程(2-25)显然满足。
⑵由公式(2-24)求应力分量表达式,体力为零,有
,,
⑶考察边界条件:
在主要边界上,精确满足公式(2-15)
第一式自然满足,第二式为
(a)
②在主要边界x=b/2上,精确满足式(2-15)
第一式自然满足,第二式为
(b)
③在次要边界y=0上,可用圣维南原理,写出三个积分的应力边界条件:
满足
满足
(c)
联立(a)(c)得系数
代入应力分量表达式,得
【3-10】【解答】采用半逆解法求解
(1)将应力函数代入相容方程(2-25),显然满足
(2)由应力函数求应力分量,代入公式(2-24)
(a)
(3)考察边界条件
①主要边界上,应精确满足应力边界条件
, 满足
得 (b)
②在次要边界x=0上,应用圣维南原理,写出三个积分的应力边界条件
(c)
联立方程(b)(c)得
最后一个次要边界上,在平衡微分方程和上述边界条件均已满足的条件下是必然满足的,故不必在校核。
将系数A、B、C、D代入公式(a),得应力分量
【3-11】【解答】采用半逆解法求解
(1) 检验应力函数是否满足相容方程(2-25)
设应力函数,不论上式中的系数如何取值,纯三次式的应力函数总能满足相容方程(2-25)
(2) 由式(2-24)求应力分量
由体力分量,将应力函数代入公式(2-24)得应力分量:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(3)考察边界条件:由应力边界条件确定待定系数。
①对于主要边界,其应力边界条件为:
, (d)
将式(d)代入式(b),(c),可得
(e)
②对于主要边界(斜面上),应力边界条件:
在斜面上没有面力作用,即,该斜面外法线方向余弦为,,.由公式(2-15),得应力边界条件
(f)
将式(a)、(b)、(c)、(e)代入式(f),可解得
(g)
将式(e)、(g)代入公式(a)、(b)、(c),得应力分量表达式:
【3-12】【解答】按半逆解法求解。
(1)由§3-4可知应力函数的函数形式为 ,由§3-4可知,必然满足相容方程(2-25)。
(2)应力分量的表达式:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(3)考虑对称性
因为面是梁和荷载的对称面,所以应力分布应当对称于面。这样是的偶函数,而是的奇函数,于是由式(a)和式(c)可见
(d)
(4)考察边界条件:
①在主要边界上,应精确满足应力边界条件(2-15),
将应力分量式(b)、(c)代入,并注意到,可得:
联立此四个方程,得:
(e)
将式(d)、(e)代入式(a)、(b)、(c)
(f)
(g)
(h)
②考察次要边界条件
由于问题的对称性,只需考虑其中的一边,如右边。右边界上,,不论取任何值,都有。由(f)式可见,这是不可能的,除非均为零。因此,只能用应力的主矢、主矩为零,即
(i)
(j)
将(f)式代入式(i)得
积分后得 K=0 (k)
将式(f)代入式(i),得
积分后得
(l)
将(k)、(l)代入式(f),得
(m)
考察右边界上切应力分量的边界条件:
右边界上,则的主矢为
可知满足应力边界条件。
将式(g),(h),(m)略加整理,得应力分量的最后解答:
(n)
(5)应力分量及应力分布图
梁截面的宽度取为1个单位,则惯性矩,静矩是。
根据材料力学截面法可求得截面的内力,可知梁横截面上的弯矩方程和剪力方程分别为
则式(n)可写成:
【3-13】【解答】用半逆解法求解。
(1)相容条件:
将应力函数代入相容方程式(2-25),得
要使满足相容方程,应使
(a)
(2)求应力分量,代入式(2-24)
(b)
(3)考察边界条件
①在主要边界上,应精确到满足应力边界条件
(c)
(d)
(e)
联立式(a)、(c)、(d)、(e),可得:
(f)
②在次要边界上,主矢和主矩都为零,应用圣维南原理,写出三个积分的应力边界条件:
满足条件
(g)
满足
将A的值带入(g),得
C= (h)
将各系数代入应力分量表达式(b),得
【3-14】【解答】采用半逆解法求解。
(1) 相容条件:
将应力函数代入相容方程(2-25),显然满足。
(2) 求应力分量:将代入(2-24)
(a)
(3) 考察边界条件。
①在主要边界上,应精确满足应力边界条件
满足
(b)
②在次要边界x=0上,可用圣维南原理,写出三个积分应力边界条件
(c)
(d)
(e)
联立(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)式得
,,, (f)
将各系数据(f)代入式(a),得应力分量解答
【3-15】【解答】(1)假设应力分量的函数形式。因为在边界上,;边界上,,所以可以假设在区域内为
(2)推求应力函数的形式。由推求的形式
(3)由相容方程求应力函数。将代入,得
要使上式在任意的x处都成立,必须
代入即得应力函数的解答,其中已经略去了与应力无关的一次项,得应力函数为:
(4)由应力函数求应力分量,将代入公式(2-24),注意体力,求得应力分量表达式
(5)考察边界条件
在主要边界上,应精确满足应力边界条件
由上式得到
,
求解各系数,得
(a)
在次要边界上,列出三个积分的应力边界条件
(b)
由式(a)、(b)解出
将各系数代入应力分量的表达式,得
+
戴版语言学
Chapter One----Introduction
Part one----What is linguistics?
1. Definition----linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
Scientific means it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.
No Article before language in this definition means that linguistics studies language in general.
Linguists’ task: basically study and understand the general principles upon which all languages are built.
Interest of linguists is “what is said”
2. The scopes of linguistics
General linguistics----the study of language as a whole-----the core of linguistics
Phonetics----the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.
Phonology----the study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meanings in communication.
Morphology----the study of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words.
Syntax-----the study of the rules for sentence formation
Semantics-----the study of meaning.
Pragmatics----the study of meaning in the context of language use.
Above are made up of the core of linguistics
Sociolinguistics-----the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society from the core of the branch.
Psycholinguistics-----the study of language processing, comprehending and production, as well as language acquisition.
Applied linguistics-----the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching , especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.
3. Some important distinctions in linguistics.
(1) prescriptive vs. descriptive
prescriptive----the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say.
Descriptive----the linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.
Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive.
(2) Synchronic vs. diachronic
Synchronic----the description of a language at some point of time in history.
Diachronic----the description of a language as it changes through time----the historical development of language over a period of time----another name: historical linguistics.
A synchronic approach enjoys priority over a diachronic one.
(3) Speech vs. writing
Two major media of linguistic communication
Speech is prior to writing:
(1)writing system is always “invented” by its users to record speech.
(2)speech plays a greater role than writing in information conveyance.
(3)speech is acquired as mother tongue while writing is learned and taught.
(4)speech reveals true features of human speech while writing language is only the “revised” record of speech.
(4) Langue vs. parole
Proposed by Swiss linguist----F. de Saussure----sociological view.
Purpose: discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.
Langue----the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of s speech community.----abstract & stable.
Parole-----the realization of language in actual use----concrete & varied
(5) Competence vs. performance
Proposed by American linguist Noam Chomsky----psychological view
Purpose: discover and specify the internalized sets of rules.
Competence----the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
Performance----the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
(6) Traditional grammar and modern linguistics
The beginning of modern linguistics-- the publication of Saussure’s “Course in General Linguistics” in early 20th
Modern linguistics differs traditional grammar:
(1) descriptive vs. prescriptive.
(2) spoken language vs. written language.
(3)ML doesn’t force languages into a Latin-based framework.
Part Two----What is language?
1. Definition----language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
System----elements of language are combined according to rules.
Arbitrary----there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what symbol stands for.
Vocal----the primary medium for all language is sound.
Human----language is human-specific.
2. Design features----proposed by American linguist Charles Hockett.(5/12)
Design features: the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication-----human-specific.
(1) Arbitrariness----there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
Exceptions: Onomatopoeic words and some compound words are not entire arbitrary.
(2) Productivity----language is creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users----users can produce and understand sentences that they have never heard before.
(3) Duality----(another name: double articulation.) Language is a system which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. The lower lever is the structure of meaningless sounds and the higher level is the structure of meaning.----sound & meaning
(4) Displacement----language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, in a faraway places------ It doesn’t matter how far away the topic is of conversation is in time or space-----free from the barriers caused by separation in time and place.
(5) Cultural transmission----the capacity for language is genetically based while the details of and language system should be taught and learned.-----language is passed down from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.
3. The functions of language.
(1) Informative: The main function of language that when people use language to communicate with each other, their experience in the real world, record or describe the “content” of the reality, they are actually taking advantage of this function.----the most important function.
(2) Interpersonal: people establish and maintain their identity in the society by this function.
(3) Performative: this is a function whereby the language influences directly on the reality, such as the sentence of imprisonment by the judge, the naming of a certain ship and the curses as believed by the ancient people.
(4) Emotive: this function is performed by those linguistic elements used to express strong feelings, such as exclamatory expressions.
(5) Phatic: this is function realized by those “Phatic language”, aiming to establishing a harmonious and intimate relationship among people. Examples in Chinese:吃了没?in English: Good norning. & A nice day, isn’t it?
(6) Recreational: This function means that sometimes people may enjoy language for language’s sake, i.e. no using language in any practical purposes, such as tongue-twisters and children’s babbles and chanter’s chanting.
(7) Metalingual: people may use language to talk about, explain or even change language itself. This is the metalingual function of language. For example, we may use “book” to refer to the existing object in the real world, and yet may also use “the word book” to stand by the concept “book” as embodied in language.
Chapter 2: Phonology
Part One: The phonic Medium of Language
Linguists concern only with the sounds that are produced by humans through their speech organs and have a role to play in linguistic communication.
phonic medium : The meaningful speech sound in human communication.
Speech sounds: the individual sounds within phonic medium are the speech sounds.
Part Two: Phonetics
1. What is phonetics?
phonetics : The study of phonic medium of language and it is concerned with all sounds in the world’s languages.
Classification:
articulatory phonetics : It studies sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e. how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sound
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