1、第08单元 比较级别 Ⅰ.3个比较级别 384 形容词大多可以比较,有3个比较级别(Degrees of Compari-son)。 形容词的原来形式称为原级(Positive Degree): This house is small. He is a wise man. I found this horse very fast. 表示一样东西或人比另一样东西或人“更……”的形容词,称为这个形容词的比较级(Comparative Degree),单音节形容词的比较级由该词加词尾-er构成: This house is smaller than you
2、rs. These houses are smallerthan those. He is a wiser man than his father. I found this horse faster than that. 表示在3个或更多的东西或人中“最……”的形容词,称为这个形容词的最高级(Superlative Degree),单音节词以加-est方式构成最高级: This house is the smallest of all. These five houses are thesmallest of all. He is the wisest man
3、in this city. I found this horse fastest of all. I found these horses fastest ofall. 385 双音节或多音节形容词,多以前面加more的方式构成比较级,以加most 的方式构成最高级: This house is beautiful.(原级) He is a cunning man. I found the horse very useful. This house is more beautiful(比较级)than yours. He is a more cunni
4、ng man than his brotner. I found the horse more useful than that one. This house is the most beautiful(最高级)of all. He is the most cunning man I ever saw. I found the horse the most useful of all. 386 还有一种比较方法,即往下比,表示“较不……”,“最不……”,这时可以分别在形容词前加less或least。由less构成的比较级称为较低级(Comparative of
5、Inferiority),以least构成的最高级称为最低级(Superlative of Inferiority): This house is less beautiful(不如……美) than yours. He is a less cunning man than his brother. This house is the least beautiful(最不美) of all. He is the least cunning man thatI ever saw. 387 副词也可以同样方式进行比较: John ran fast—faster
6、thanI—the fastest of all. He writes carefully—more carefully thanI—the most care-fully in class. Ⅱ.无法比较的形容词与副词 388 大多数品质形容词都可进行比较,但某些形容词是绝对的,无法比较的。我们可以说 nearly perfect,quite empty,almost dead,但不能说more perfect,emptier,most dead,也不能说This is rounder than that.下面是一些无法比较的形容词: Absolute,chief,m
7、ain,principal,complete,perfect,ideal,ex-cellent,supreme,unanimous,universal,whole,full,final,entire,ultimate,utter,uttermost,omnipotent,everlasting,eternal,fundamental,basic,primary,first,preliminary,u-nique,sole,all-seeing,all-knowing(还有其他由all-构成的合成词,以及形式上不是最高级而意义上都是最高级的形容词) Homeless,harmless,fa
8、therless,meaningless,illiterate,im-mortal,impossible,illegal,inevitable,invaluable,infinite,unendurable,unskilled,unripe(还有许多其他带有否定前缀或后缀的形容词,如由-less,ill-,in-,im-,un-等构成的形容词) Contemporary,simultaneous,chaste,true,false,sufficient,e-qual,major,minor,dead,mortal,wooden,round,empty,void,sea-blue,etc.
9、 Some,any,all,no,every(及其他指示形容词) Monkey(例如 monkey business),child( as in child care),home(as in home work)(和许多其他可用作形容词的名词) 不过,像monkeyish,homely和 childish这样的正规形容词可以比较。) 389 和某些形容词一样,某些副词也是不能比较的: Now,yesterday,presently,eternally(时间) Here,upward,down,away(地点) Negatively,absolutely
10、universally,infinitely(及许多由不可比较形容词构成的副词)(方式) 390 有些似不能比的形容词,偶尔也有比较的形式,如 fuller,pur-er,more correct,more perfect,most ideal,most complete,lessequal,less empty,甚至一些优秀作家也这样用。 Ⅲ.比较级和最高级的构成法 A.形容词 391 单音节形容词通常都以加-er和-est的方式构成其比较级和最高级: 但在加词尾时要注意: 1)一般加-er,est: tall taller tallest
11、bold bolder boldest kind kinder kindest great greater greatest 2)以-e结尾的词,只加-r和-st: large larger largest wise wiser wisest fine finer finest white whiter whitest 3)“辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字”(简称CVC)构成的词, 末尾字母要双写,再加-er和-est: hot hotter hottest thin thinner thinnest flat flatter
12、 flattest big bigger biggest 392 下面单音节形容词,用加more和most 构成比较级和最高级比加-er和-est的时候多: real just full like right French 393 下面形容词既可以加词尾的方式构成比较级和最高级,也可加more,most构成(如 truer,truest; more true,most true),但用加词尾方式构成时更多一些: drunk keen calm mild glad cross plain pale frank free huge vague
13、fond scarce prompt sound 394 下述双音节形容词以加词尾方式构成比较级及最高级: 1)以y结尾的词,先变y为i,再加词尾,如happy,happier,happiest: happy angry dingy naughty likely lucky misty stormy lively kingly timely beastly 这种形容词偶尔也可以加more,most的方式构成比较级和最高级,如more misty,most misty; more lucky,mostlucky。但有些只能以加词尾方式构成比较级及最高级,如cl
14、eanly,kindly,lowly. 2)以-er结尾的词,如 tenderer,tenderest: tender bitter clever (Eager,sober,slender也可加more,most方式构成) 3)以-ow 结尾的词,如 shallower,shallowest: yellow narrow hollow shallow 4)以-le结尾的词,如 simplef,simplest: idle feeble subtle gentle noble able supple (Ample,humble,brittle
15、nimble,stable,agile,motile,senile,等,也可加 more,most) 5)重音在第二音节的词,如 pol ter [p+l it+r],politest[p+l itist]。 pol te sevére inténse obscúre profóund remóte div ne prec se more or most ant que,grotésque,chinése;more or mosta fr id,a w re,a lóne,a l ke,a p rt,contént及其他专门用作补语的形容词。 6)下述形容词,如
16、 crueler,cruelest: dismal cruel common stupid distinct pleasant quiet profound civil exact (所有这些形容词也可以加 more和 most,只有 cruel除外。) 395 上面未提到的双音节词,通常多加more和 most: cautious more cautious most cautious foolish more foolish most foolish cheerful more cheerful most cheerful active mo
17、re active most active charming more charming most charming crooked more crooked most crooked docile more docile most docile constant more constant most constant 396 三音节或更多音节的词通常都加more和most: beautiful more beautiful most beautiful affable more affable most affable digestible m
18、ore digestible most digestible malignant more malignant most malignant 但加-er和-est的双音节形容词,在加上un-这样否定前缀 时,仍保持加-er,-est的方式: untidy untidier untidiest unlucky unluckier unluckiest unholy unholier unholiest unhappy unhappier unhappiest impolite impoliter impolitest ignoble igno
19、bler ignoblest 397 现在分词和过去分词(起形容词作用的动词),不管有多少音节,都加more和most: 现在分词 过去分词 interesting interested astonishing astonished discouraging discouraged tiring tired charming charmed shocking shocked 398 以-ful,-ed,-ing,-able及-id结尾的词,为了达到某种效果,可以加-er,-est,如 cheerfulest wretchedest,cunn
20、ingest,damnablest,candidest,但这是不规范的。 399 如果几个形容词修饰同一名词,它们可以采取一种方式,或全加-er,-est或全加more,most: That is a bolder,sordider and horrider way. He is the meanest,falsest,but cleverest fellow I ever haveknown. He may be the most proud,most free,most energetic andmost enterprising man in our city.
21、 在这种情况下,如果两种方式都用,可以前面加-er,-est,后面加more,most: He is the merriest,cleverest,most intelligent,most coura-geous of my friends. 有时只在第一个形容词前加more,most,后面形容词前都不再加什么: He may be the most proud,free,and energetic(=most proud ,most free and most energetic) man in the city. The road is more rugged
22、muddy and hilly than any others. 400 总之,上述规律一般是有效的,但并不是十分严格的。它们可能受音韵、个人喜好及其他因素的影响。 401 还有一些形容词有不规则的比较形式: good(well) better best bad(ill,evil) worse worst many(much) more most little less(lesser) least old older(elder) oldest(eldest) late later(latter) latest(last) far far
23、ther(further) farthest(furthest) near nearer nearest(next) 402 下面主要表示空间的词,只在后面加-er,及加-most,原级词除hind外都是副词。但这种比较级不能和than引起的从句一起用。比较级和最高级都只用在名词前作限制性形容词。 hind hinder hindmost fore former(过去 foremost(最前的,最早 的,或前者) 的,最重要的) in inner inmost(or innermost) out outer(更外 outmost(or outermos
24、t)(离 的,离中心 里面或中心最远的) 较远的) out utter(极为) utmost(or uttermost)(最 大的) up upper upmost(or uppermost) 下面的词也表示空间,但不加-est,而只在后面加most,如 middle,middlemost;top,topmost;end,endmost: top,bottom,front,back,head,left,right,centre,deep,north,northern 403 某些以-or结尾的词没有原级及最高级。其中五个已失去比较的意义(1
25、有九个和to引起的短语一起用,而不和than引起的从句一起用(2): 1)interior,exterior,ulterior,minor,major The interior part is of major importance. 2)senior,junior,superior,inferior,anterior,posterior,prior,previous,subsequent John is 5 years senior to Richard,but inferior to him in in-telligence. Prior(or Previ
26、ous)to(=before)their marriage,they did not know each other. 404 合成形容词大多在前面加more及most: foolhardy more foolhardy most foolhardy short-sighted more short-sighted most short-sighted home-sick more home-sick most home-sick red-hot more red-hot most red-hot plain-spoken more plain-spoken
27、 most plain-spoken far-fetched more far-fetched most far-fetched public-spirited more public-spirited most public-spirited out-of-fashion more out-of-fashion most out-of-fashion up-to-date more up-to-date most up-to-date 但若第一个词是大家熟悉的单音节词,则-er或-est都加在 这个词的前面。此外,最高级比比较级用得多得多: larg
28、e-sized larger-sized largest-sized kind-hearted kinder-hearted kindest-hearted dull-witted duller-witted dullest-witted fine-looking finer-looking finest-looking hard-working harder-working hardest-working long-lasting longer-lasting longest-lasting old-established older-establishe
29、d oldest-established long-cherished longer-cherished longest-cherished wide-read wider-read widest-read well-known better-known best-known well-behaved better-behaved best-behaved soft-spoken softer-spoken softest-spoken B.副词 405 单音节副词和单音节形容词一样,都以加-er,-est的方式构成比较级和最高级: soon s
30、ooner soonest long longer longest low lower lowest loud louder loudest hard harder hardest 406 双音节副词,特别是以-ly结尾的,大多加 more和most:wisely more wisely most wisely skilfully more skilfully most skilfully suddenly more suddenly most suddenly beautifully more beautifully most beautifu
31、lly (例外情况:seldom,seldomer,seldomest;early,earlier,earli-est;often,oftener,oftenest) 407 在口语中,形容词的比较级有时可用作副词,尽管原级不能这样用: He talks cleverer(=more cleverly)than I. We must look closer(=more closely)to see all the details. He explained it clearer(=more clearly) than I. He ran quicker(mo
32、re quickly). Please walk slower(=more slowly). He handles matters cleverer(=more cleverly)than you think. He can write easier(=more easily) than I. Easier said than done. He talks the cleverst(=most cleverly) of all. He explained it the clearest(=most clearly) of all. I lived ha
33、ppiest(=most happily) in 1965. 408 不规则副词有特殊的比较级及最高级: near nearer nearest(next) far farther(further) farthest(furthest) farthermore(fur- farthermost(fur- thermore) thermost) well better best ill(badly) worse worst much more most little less least late later(latterly) lat
34、est(last) C.Less(or Least)+ 形容词(或副词) 409 Less和least可加在各类音节的词前表示“较不……”或“最不……”,可称为较低级(Lower Degree)或最低级(Lowest De-gree): 原级 较低级 最低级 small less small(=larger) least small(=largest) short less short(=longer) least short(= longest) easy less easy least easy beautiful less beautiful l
35、east beautiful slowly less slowly least slowly energetically less energetically least energetically Ⅳ.某些比较级与最高级的用法 410 某些不规则形容词和副词的比较级及最高级可能有原级所没有的特殊意义: Elder及eldest只用在表示兄弟姐妹及子女的名词前。 Older及oldest可以和任何名词一起用,用于各种位置。Elder,eldest及older和oldest的反义词为younger和youngest: John is older than
36、 Richard. His oldest house lies on the opposite side. He is my elder brother(可说 older brother—美国用法). The eldest son died last year. She is the elder of the two. He is an elder(=old and respectable)statesman(特殊用法). 411 Nearest表示“最近的”,next表示“紧挨着的”或“下一个”: This is the nearest post-o
37、ffice to our school. Who of you lives nearest to Mr.Lee? He is my nearest(=dearest) relation. It is a subject nearest to his heart. He lives next to my house. The next chapter is on music. The next best thing to do is to wait and see. He sat next to me (=by my side). He lives
38、 next door.I don’t like people next door. His reply is next door to(=almost) a refusal. Come next Monday(下星期一). He came the next(= the following)Monday(之后的星期一). 412 More,Most 的用法: What is more(=more important),he is very ill. Do it once more(=once again). I shall not go any more
39、=go no more). Life is getting more and more(越来越) difficult. He has studied English ten years,more or less(大致). Most(= The majority of) students are not interested in math-ematics. These people are for the most part(=mostly,on the whole)ignorant and stubborn. We have to make the most
40、of(充分利用) what we have. It is a most(=very) easy job. 413 Better,Best的用法: He sold the better(=greater) part of his estate. He must speak with his better half(=wife).(口语用法) I know better than to(=am wise or experienced enough not to) hurt her feelings. He says he is honest,but I know
41、 better(=I don‘t think so). I have been waiting for the best part of a day(=almost all day). 414 Less表示“比较少的”,可用在不可数名词前面或另一位置; Lesser表示“次要的”,只可用在可数名词前面: He has less money and less confidence than his brother. He has less trouble(but fewer troubles) than last year. I have less chanc
42、e(but fewer chances) than he. We have less students(不规范用法) this year. He is less than sixty. Can I have a bit less noise? His salary is less than $300. We have to choose the lesser evil of the two. We have many lesser things to do. He got a lesser share. 415 Farther和 further都
43、表示距离(更远),但只有 further可表示“进一步”,“更多的”: It is dangerous to go farther(or further). There is a mirror at the farther(or further) end. He went to the farther side of the river(or the road,the sea). Wait till further(不用 farther)notice. Let us discuss it further(不用 farther). Further(=Furth
44、ermore),we must have a guide. We try to further(=promote)(作动词)research work. 416 Latter,Later,Latest,Last的用法: She learns shorthand and dancing,but the former(=short-hand) seems harder to her than the latter(=dancing). He died in the latter(=second)half(or part) of this year. Richar
45、d is waiting for his latter end(=death) and he has been unhappy in his latter days(= the days before his death). Don’t ask me.You‘ll learn it later(= afterwards). A month later they were divorced. The latest(= most recent)news is bad. The latest edition was published two years ago.
46、 His last(= final) work was published in 1700. The last three years of his career were remarkable. He came last(=previous) Monday(or on Monday last). I have received your last(=most recent)letter.(口语用法) He spent his last(=only remaining) dollar. Rebellion will be their last remedy.
47、 I am the last man(=not the man) to cheat. It is the last thing(=not the thing) I want to see. Marriage is of the last(=utmost)importance to me. Sure,this job is difficult in the last degree. Ⅴ.3个级别总论 417 形容词和副词的比较,由于结构几乎相同,在这里将一起讨论: John is as diligent(形容词)as Richard. John work
48、s as diligently(副词) as Richard. John is more diligent(形容词) than Richard. John works more diligently(副词)than Richard. John is the most diligent(形容词) of all. John works the most diligently(副词) of all. 418 原级可以单独使用1),也可和 as引出的从句一起用 2),从句中如果意思明显,有时一部分词可以省略3),或是全部省略4): 1)He is honest.He
49、 treats people honestly. 2)He is not so honest+as he is intelligent. 3)He treats people as honestly+as his brother(treats peo-ple). 4)I stand five foot,but he is not so tall(+as I am tall). 419 比较级(包括前面加 less的形容词或副词)通常都和than引起的从句一起用1),如果意思明显,从句中一部分词可以省略2),或是全部省略3): 1)His brother speak
50、s English better+than I speak Japanese. 2)His brother is less honest+than he(is honest). 3)Nobody is more honest(+than this man).You cannot find anyone better(+than this man). I have never been more hungry(+than this time). 420 最高级多和一个表示比较范围的词、短语或从句一起用,如果意思明显,这部分也可省略: His brother is t






