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第08单元比较级别.doc

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第08单元 比较级别   Ⅰ.3个比较级别   384 形容词大多可以比较,有3个比较级别(Degrees of Compari-son)。 形容词的原来形式称为原级(Positive Degree):   This house is small.   He is a wise man.   I found this horse very fast.   表示一样东西或人比另一样东西或人“更……”的形容词,称为这个形容词的比较级(Comparative Degree),单音节形容词的比较级由该词加词尾-er构成:   This house is smaller than yours. These houses are smallerthan those.   He is a wiser man than his father.   I found this horse faster than that.   表示在3个或更多的东西或人中“最……”的形容词,称为这个形容词的最高级(Superlative Degree),单音节词以加-est方式构成最高级:   This house is the smallest of all. These five houses are thesmallest of all.   He is the wisest man in this city.   I found this horse fastest of all. I found these horses fastest ofall.   385 双音节或多音节形容词,多以前面加more的方式构成比较级,以加most 的方式构成最高级:   This house is beautiful.(原级)   He is a cunning man.   I found the horse very useful.   This house is more beautiful(比较级)than yours.   He is a more cunning man than his brotner.   I found the horse more useful than that one.   This house is the most beautiful(最高级)of all.   He is the most cunning man I ever saw.   I found the horse the most useful of all.   386 还有一种比较方法,即往下比,表示“较不……”,“最不……”,这时可以分别在形容词前加less或least。由less构成的比较级称为较低级(Comparative of Inferiority),以least构成的最高级称为最低级(Superlative of Inferiority):   This house is less beautiful(不如……美) than yours.   He is a less cunning man than his brother.   This house is the least beautiful(最不美) of all.   He is the least cunning man thatI ever saw.   387 副词也可以同样方式进行比较:   John ran fast—faster thanI—the fastest of all.   He writes carefully—more carefully thanI—the most care-fully in class.   Ⅱ.无法比较的形容词与副词   388 大多数品质形容词都可进行比较,但某些形容词是绝对的,无法比较的。我们可以说 nearly perfect,quite empty,almost dead,但不能说more perfect,emptier,most dead,也不能说This is rounder than that.下面是一些无法比较的形容词:   Absolute,chief,main,principal,complete,perfect,ideal,ex-cellent,supreme,unanimous,universal,whole,full,final,entire,ultimate,utter,uttermost,omnipotent,everlasting,eternal,fundamental,basic,primary,first,preliminary,u-nique,sole,all-seeing,all-knowing(还有其他由all-构成的合成词,以及形式上不是最高级而意义上都是最高级的形容词)   Homeless,harmless,fatherless,meaningless,illiterate,im-mortal,impossible,illegal,inevitable,invaluable,infinite,unendurable,unskilled,unripe(还有许多其他带有否定前缀或后缀的形容词,如由-less,ill-,in-,im-,un-等构成的形容词)   Contemporary,simultaneous,chaste,true,false,sufficient,e-qual,major,minor,dead,mortal,wooden,round,empty,void,sea-blue,etc.   Some,any,all,no,every(及其他指示形容词)   Monkey(例如 monkey business),child( as in child care),home(as in home work)(和许多其他可用作形容词的名词)   不过,像monkeyish,homely和 childish这样的正规形容词可以比较。)   389 和某些形容词一样,某些副词也是不能比较的:   Now,yesterday,presently,eternally(时间)   Here,upward,down,away(地点)   Negatively,absolutely,universally,infinitely(及许多由不可比较形容词构成的副词)(方式)   390 有些似不能比的形容词,偶尔也有比较的形式,如 fuller,pur-er,more correct,more perfect,most ideal,most complete,lessequal,less empty,甚至一些优秀作家也这样用。   Ⅲ.比较级和最高级的构成法   A.形容词   391 单音节形容词通常都以加-er和-est的方式构成其比较级和最高级:   但在加词尾时要注意:   1)一般加-er,est:   tall taller tallest   bold bolder boldest   kind kinder kindest   great greater greatest   2)以-e结尾的词,只加-r和-st:   large larger largest   wise wiser wisest   fine finer finest   white whiter whitest   3)“辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字”(简称CVC)构成的词,   末尾字母要双写,再加-er和-est:   hot hotter hottest   thin thinner thinnest   flat flatter flattest   big bigger biggest   392 下面单音节形容词,用加more和most 构成比较级和最高级比加-er和-est的时候多:   real just full   like right French   393 下面形容词既可以加词尾的方式构成比较级和最高级,也可加more,most构成(如 truer,truest; more true,most true),但用加词尾方式构成时更多一些:   drunk keen calm mild   glad cross plain pale   frank free huge vague   fond scarce prompt sound   394 下述双音节形容词以加词尾方式构成比较级及最高级:   1)以y结尾的词,先变y为i,再加词尾,如happy,happier,happiest:   happy angry dingy naughty   likely lucky misty stormy   lively kingly timely beastly   这种形容词偶尔也可以加more,most的方式构成比较级和最高级,如more misty,most misty; more lucky,mostlucky。但有些只能以加词尾方式构成比较级及最高级,如cleanly,kindly,lowly.   2)以-er结尾的词,如 tenderer,tenderest:   tender bitter clever   (Eager,sober,slender也可加more,most方式构成)   3)以-ow 结尾的词,如 shallower,shallowest:   yellow narrow hollow shallow   4)以-le结尾的词,如 simplef,simplest:   idle feeble subtle gentle   noble able supple   (Ample,humble,brittle,nimble,stable,agile,motile,senile,等,也可加 more,most)   5)重音在第二音节的词,如 pol ter [p+l it+r],politest[p+l itist]。   pol te sevére inténse obscúre   profóund remóte div ne prec se   more or most ant que,grotésque,chinése;more or mosta fr id,a w re,a lóne,a l ke,a p rt,contént及其他专门用作补语的形容词。   6)下述形容词,如 crueler,cruelest:   dismal cruel common stupid distinct   pleasant quiet profound civil exact   (所有这些形容词也可以加 more和 most,只有 cruel除外。)   395 上面未提到的双音节词,通常多加more和 most:   cautious more cautious most cautious   foolish more foolish most foolish   cheerful more cheerful most cheerful   active more active most active   charming more charming most charming   crooked more crooked most crooked   docile more docile most docile   constant more constant most constant   396 三音节或更多音节的词通常都加more和most:   beautiful more beautiful most beautiful   affable more affable most affable   digestible more digestible most digestible   malignant more malignant most malignant   但加-er和-est的双音节形容词,在加上un-这样否定前缀   时,仍保持加-er,-est的方式:   untidy untidier untidiest   unlucky unluckier unluckiest   unholy unholier unholiest   unhappy unhappier unhappiest   impolite impoliter impolitest   ignoble ignobler ignoblest   397 现在分词和过去分词(起形容词作用的动词),不管有多少音节,都加more和most:   现在分词 过去分词   interesting interested   astonishing astonished   discouraging discouraged   tiring tired   charming charmed   shocking shocked   398 以-ful,-ed,-ing,-able及-id结尾的词,为了达到某种效果,可以加-er,-est,如 cheerfulest wretchedest,cunningest,damnablest,candidest,但这是不规范的。   399 如果几个形容词修饰同一名词,它们可以采取一种方式,或全加-er,-est或全加more,most:   That is a bolder,sordider and horrider way.   He is the meanest,falsest,but cleverest fellow I ever haveknown.   He may be the most proud,most free,most energetic andmost enterprising man in our city.   在这种情况下,如果两种方式都用,可以前面加-er,-est,后面加more,most:   He is the merriest,cleverest,most intelligent,most coura-geous of my friends.   有时只在第一个形容词前加more,most,后面形容词前都不再加什么:   He may be the most proud,free,and energetic(=most proud ,most free and most energetic) man in the city.   The road is more rugged,muddy and hilly than any others.   400 总之,上述规律一般是有效的,但并不是十分严格的。它们可能受音韵、个人喜好及其他因素的影响。   401 还有一些形容词有不规则的比较形式:   good(well) better best   bad(ill,evil) worse worst   many(much) more most   little less(lesser) least   old older(elder) oldest(eldest)   late later(latter) latest(last)   far farther(further) farthest(furthest)   near nearer nearest(next)   402 下面主要表示空间的词,只在后面加-er,及加-most,原级词除hind外都是副词。但这种比较级不能和than引起的从句一起用。比较级和最高级都只用在名词前作限制性形容词。   hind hinder hindmost   fore former(过去 foremost(最前的,最早   的,或前者) 的,最重要的)   in inner inmost(or innermost)   out outer(更外 outmost(or outermost)(离   的,离中心 里面或中心最远的)   较远的)   out utter(极为) utmost(or uttermost)(最   大的)   up upper upmost(or uppermost)   下面的词也表示空间,但不加-est,而只在后面加most,如   middle,middlemost;top,topmost;end,endmost:   top,bottom,front,back,head,left,right,centre,deep,north,northern   403 某些以-or结尾的词没有原级及最高级。其中五个已失去比较的意义(1);有九个和to引起的短语一起用,而不和than引起的从句一起用(2):   1)interior,exterior,ulterior,minor,major   The interior part is of major importance.   2)senior,junior,superior,inferior,anterior,posterior,prior,previous,subsequent   John is 5 years senior to Richard,but inferior to him in in-telligence.   Prior(or Previous)to(=before)their marriage,they did not know each other.   404 合成形容词大多在前面加more及most:   foolhardy more foolhardy most foolhardy   short-sighted more short-sighted most short-sighted   home-sick more home-sick most home-sick   red-hot more red-hot most red-hot   plain-spoken more plain-spoken most plain-spoken   far-fetched more far-fetched most far-fetched   public-spirited more public-spirited most public-spirited   out-of-fashion more out-of-fashion most out-of-fashion   up-to-date more up-to-date most up-to-date   但若第一个词是大家熟悉的单音节词,则-er或-est都加在   这个词的前面。此外,最高级比比较级用得多得多:   large-sized larger-sized largest-sized   kind-hearted kinder-hearted kindest-hearted   dull-witted duller-witted dullest-witted   fine-looking finer-looking finest-looking   hard-working harder-working hardest-working   long-lasting longer-lasting longest-lasting   old-established older-established oldest-established   long-cherished longer-cherished longest-cherished   wide-read wider-read widest-read   well-known better-known best-known   well-behaved better-behaved best-behaved   soft-spoken softer-spoken softest-spoken   B.副词   405 单音节副词和单音节形容词一样,都以加-er,-est的方式构成比较级和最高级:   soon sooner soonest   long longer longest   low lower lowest   loud louder loudest   hard harder hardest   406 双音节副词,特别是以-ly结尾的,大多加 more和most:wisely more wisely most wisely   skilfully more skilfully most skilfully   suddenly more suddenly most suddenly   beautifully more beautifully most beautifully   (例外情况:seldom,seldomer,seldomest;early,earlier,earli-est;often,oftener,oftenest)   407 在口语中,形容词的比较级有时可用作副词,尽管原级不能这样用:   He talks cleverer(=more cleverly)than I.   We must look closer(=more closely)to see all the details.   He explained it clearer(=more clearly) than I.   He ran quicker(more quickly).   Please walk slower(=more slowly).   He handles matters cleverer(=more cleverly)than you think.   He can write easier(=more easily) than I.   Easier said than done.   He talks the cleverst(=most cleverly) of all.   He explained it the clearest(=most clearly) of all.   I lived happiest(=most happily) in 1965.   408 不规则副词有特殊的比较级及最高级:   near nearer nearest(next)   far farther(further) farthest(furthest)   farthermore(fur- farthermost(fur-   thermore) thermost)   well better best   ill(badly) worse worst   much more most   little less least   late later(latterly) latest(last)   C.Less(or Least)+ 形容词(或副词)   409 Less和least可加在各类音节的词前表示“较不……”或“最不……”,可称为较低级(Lower Degree)或最低级(Lowest De-gree):   原级 较低级 最低级   small less small(=larger) least small(=largest)   short less short(=longer) least short(= longest)   easy less easy least easy   beautiful less beautiful least beautiful   slowly less slowly least slowly   energetically less energetically least energetically   Ⅳ.某些比较级与最高级的用法   410 某些不规则形容词和副词的比较级及最高级可能有原级所没有的特殊意义:   Elder及eldest只用在表示兄弟姐妹及子女的名词前。   Older及oldest可以和任何名词一起用,用于各种位置。Elder,eldest及older和oldest的反义词为younger和youngest:   John is older than Richard.   His oldest house lies on the opposite side.   He is my elder brother(可说 older brother—美国用法).   The eldest son died last year.   She is the elder of the two.   He is an elder(=old and respectable)statesman(特殊用法).   411 Nearest表示“最近的”,next表示“紧挨着的”或“下一个”:   This is the nearest post-office to our school.   Who of you lives nearest to Mr.Lee?   He is my nearest(=dearest) relation.   It is a subject nearest to his heart.   He lives next to my house.   The next chapter is on music.   The next best thing to do is to wait and see.   He sat next to me (=by my side).   He lives next door.I don’t like people next door.   His reply is next door to(=almost) a refusal.   Come next Monday(下星期一).   He came the next(= the following)Monday(之后的星期一).   412 More,Most 的用法:   What is more(=more important),he is very ill.   Do it once more(=once again).   I shall not go any more(=go no more).   Life is getting more and more(越来越) difficult.   He has studied English ten years,more or less(大致).   Most(= The majority of) students are not interested in math-ematics.   These people are for the most part(=mostly,on the whole)ignorant and stubborn.   We have to make the most of(充分利用) what we have.   It is a most(=very) easy job.   413 Better,Best的用法:   He sold the better(=greater) part of his estate.   He must speak with his better half(=wife).(口语用法)   I know better than to(=am wise or experienced enough not to) hurt her feelings.   He says he is honest,but I know better(=I don‘t think so).   I have been waiting for the best part of a day(=almost all day).   414 Less表示“比较少的”,可用在不可数名词前面或另一位置;   Lesser表示“次要的”,只可用在可数名词前面:   He has less money and less confidence than his brother.   He has less trouble(but fewer troubles) than last year.   I have less chance(but fewer chances) than he.   We have less students(不规范用法) this year.   He is less than sixty.   Can I have a bit less noise?   His salary is less than $300.   We have to choose the lesser evil of the two.   We have many lesser things to do.   He got a lesser share.   415 Farther和 further都表示距离(更远),但只有 further可表示“进一步”,“更多的”:   It is dangerous to go farther(or further).   There is a mirror at the farther(or further) end.   He went to the farther side of the river(or the road,the sea).   Wait till further(不用 farther)notice.   Let us discuss it further(不用 farther).   Further(=Furthermore),we must have a guide.   We try to further(=promote)(作动词)research work.   416 Latter,Later,Latest,Last的用法:   She learns shorthand and dancing,but the former(=short-hand)   seems harder to her than the latter(=dancing).   He died in the latter(=second)half(or part) of this year.   Richard is waiting for his latter end(=death)   and he has been unhappy in his latter days(= the days before his death).   Don’t ask me.You‘ll learn it later(= afterwards).   A month later they were divorced.   The latest(= most recent)news is bad.   The latest edition was published two years ago.   His last(= final) work was published in 1700.   The last three years of his career were remarkable.   He came last(=previous) Monday(or on Monday last).   I have received your last(=most recent)letter.(口语用法)   He spent his last(=only remaining) dollar.   Rebellion will be their last remedy.   I am the last man(=not the man) to cheat.   It is the last thing(=not the thing) I want to see.   Marriage is of the last(=utmost)importance to me.   Sure,this job is difficult in the last degree.   Ⅴ.3个级别总论   417 形容词和副词的比较,由于结构几乎相同,在这里将一起讨论:   John is as diligent(形容词)as Richard.   John works as diligently(副词) as Richard.   John is more diligent(形容词) than Richard.   John works more diligently(副词)than Richard.   John is the most diligent(形容词) of all.   John works the most diligently(副词) of all.   418 原级可以单独使用1),也可和 as引出的从句一起用 2),从句中如果意思明显,有时一部分词可以省略3),或是全部省略4):   1)He is honest.He treats people honestly.   2)He is not so honest+as he is intelligent.   3)He treats people as honestly+as his brother(treats peo-ple).   4)I stand five foot,but he is not so tall(+as I am tall).   419 比较级(包括前面加 less的形容词或副词)通常都和than引起的从句一起用1),如果意思明显,从句中一部分词可以省略2),或是全部省略3):   1)His brother speaks English better+than I speak Japanese.   2)His brother is less honest+than he(is honest).   3)Nobody is more honest(+than this man).You cannot find anyone better(+than this man).   I have never been more hungry(+than this time).   420 最高级多和一个表示比较范围的词、短语或从句一起用,如果意思明显,这部分也可省略:   His brother is t
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