短文改错常考知识点.doc

短文改错常考知识点
一、 主谓一致
1. 三单情况
2. 定语从句的主谓一致
3. and连接两个名词的情况
4. 非谓语动词作主语情况
5. 插入语情况
6. there be情况

二、 非谓语误用
1. 使役动词，感官动词的用法，后面跟doing, do,done等
2. to do作目的状语，经常漏掉to
i went abroad study
3. to do作定语，经常漏掉to（有时以there be结构呈现）
I have something tell you
4. doing作伴随状语，经常用过去式，使人误以为是并列句
5. doing, done的主被动关系混淆
6. doing作定语与done作定语混淆
7. to do或doing作主语，经常误用为do（it的形式宾，形式主里也是如此）
8. 疑问词+不定式结构，经常漏掉to
9. doing或done被误用为句子谓语

三、 时态语态
1. 现在完成时与一般过去时的混用
2. 过去完成时与过去时的混用
3. 主动与被动的错误使用
4. 前后时态的一致问题
5. 主将从现问题
6. 不及物动词无被动情况
7. 延续性动词与瞬间动词的使用

四、 特殊句式
1. 倒装句（部分倒装、完全倒装、形式倒装）
例如：Only when you leave home you feel its importance. home后加do
Child although he is, he knows a lot about the world. although改为as或though
I don't enjoy singing, nor I like computers. nor后加do
2. 强调句（强调句型、对谓语动词的强调：do/does/did +动词原形）
例如：It was not until 9 o'clock when mother came back. when改成that
I did went there, but he didn't see me yesterday. went改成go
This was in the street that you came across me yesterday. This改成It
3. 祈使句（普通祈使句、含主语的祈使句、祈使句+and/or +陈述句）
例如：Use your head, you will find a way. you前加and
Putting on your overcoat, or you'll catch a cold. putting改为put
Please to bring along your dictionary with you here next time. 去掉to
4. 感叹句（What (+a/an) +形容词+名词+主语+谓语！）
（How+ 形容词/副词+主语+谓语！）
（How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！）
例如：How fun it is to play with children! How改为What
What fast he ran! What改为How

五、 几类词误用
介词
1. 固定搭配的错误使用
2. 介词后跟名词或动名词，故意设置为动词或形容词
例如：without permission故意设置为without permit
3. 介词放在及物动词后
4. 介词放在副词前
形副
1. 比较等级的混淆等
例如：She is much beautiful than Jenny.(much可以改为more,或者在much后增加more)
2. 形副两种词性
名词
1.名词单复数
2. 名词所有格
代词
1. 主宾格混用。
例如：I like he.(这里的he改为him)
2. 名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词混用
3. 指示代词单复数问题及使用错误问题
4.不定代词的误用
5. it做形式主，形式宾的固定用法
6. 人称代词与物主代词混用
7. 代词单数复数的混用，如it/them误用。
8. all/ both的误用
9. 人称不一致，如Tom always helps myself. 中的myself改成himself
情态动词
（1）结构（情态动词后接动词原形）
例如：You had better to change your working plan as soon as possible. 去掉had better后的to
We can't existing without water. existing 改为exist
She thought the owner must very worried. must 后加be
（2）含义
例如：I don't know her well, she must be a student. 这里的must改为may
（3）表原本
例如：Mr. White should arrive at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn't show up. should arrive改为should have arrived
（4）表推测（可能性）
例如： We can go to the cinema tonight, but we are not sure yet. can改为may
He mustn't be in the classroom. I saw him on the playground just now. mustn't改为can't

六、 成分残缺
1. 主系表结构中，由于表语看似过去分词，故意漏掉be动词
例如：we tired after came back from work.
2. 状语从句的省略情况
例如：It begins to make noise when it turned on.
解析：这道题when it后要么加is，要么去掉it，
3. 定语从句与并列句混用
例如：She had a dog that she called it Bobby.（这里的it是多余成分）
4. 表示“许多”的词组如a lot of ,plenty of, a great number of等后面接名词时故意漏掉of

七、 从句误用
1. 引导词的误用，尤其是定语从句与宾语从句的引导词that与what的误用和混淆。主语从句引导词that与what的误用，定语从句与并列句的混用。
例如：All what I need are apples. (what应该改为that)
2. 状语从句与主句之间不加并列连词
3. because，so不能并用，althoug/though, but不能并用等情况
4. 引导词的缺余
例如：That was because that I was ill. （ that应该去掉）