英语构词法讲解及相关练习.doc

构词法 Word Formation在英语中，词的构成方式主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。一、 合成 Compounding 两个或更多的词合成一个词。方式：1. 直接写在一起。 2. 用连字符(-)连接。 3. 由两个分开的词构成。(1) 合成形容词方式例词1形容词形容词red-hot2形容词名词first-class, full-time, part-time3形容词现在分词good-looking, free-thinking, 4形容词过去分词ready-made5形容词名词-edgood-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded6名词名词-ediron-willed7名词形容词world-famous, day-long 8名词现在分词beauty-loving, freedom-loving, job-hunting, 9名词过去分词man-made, water-covered, 10副词形容词ever-green11副词现在分词hard-working, far-seeing12副词过去分词well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known13数词名词five-year14数词名词+形容词five-year-old15数词名词-edfour-legged, six-storied (2)合成动词构成方式例词1名词动词day-dream2副词动词overcome, upturn翻起3形容词动词white-wash(3)合成名词构成方式例词1名词名词horseback , bank-note, newspaper, cellphone, 2形容词名词back-yard, forehead, 3动名词名词hiding place, reading-room4动词副词get-off, break in, 5副词动词output, overflow(4)合成副词however, maybe, wherever, whenever, forever (5)合成代词whoever, whatever, everyone, nobody, myself, something, anything, 二、派生 Derivation前缀前缀含义例词a-处在arise, aside, aloneen-使可能enrich, enable, enslavedis-不，否定dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder, disagreeun-不做相反动作unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair, unclose, undress, uncover, untiein-im-ir-il-不，非inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impracticalirregular, irresponsibleillogical, non-不，非non existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stopde-向相反方向发展Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解冻）anti-反（对）anti-freeze, anti-fascistmis-错误的，坏的misdoings, misunderstand, misfortunere重复，再rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle, co-共同co-exist, co-operate, co-educationex以前的Ex-husband, ex-presidenttele远程telephone, telegraph, telescopesuper-在上面，超级supermarket, superpower, under-在之下underline, underestimate, underground, inter-相互，之间international, interact, inter-changesub-下，次subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent, trans-过，穿过，变transformation(变形), translatevice-副vice-premier, vice-presidentsemi-半semifinal, semicircle, semi-automaticbi两个bicycle, biennial两年一次的tri三个triangle三角形, tricycle三轮脚踏车, triplets三胞胎mul-多，多种multiply, multi-national, multi-colouredkilo-千kilometre, kilogram 后缀 后 缀例 词名词-erfarmer, weaver, pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater-essactress, waitress, princess, hostess-orconductor, sailor, transistor, operator, -arbeggar-eseChinese, Portuguese, Japanese-ianmusician, Egyptian, physician-istscientist, dentist, communist, socialist, -ent/-antassistant -mentargument, judgment, government-nesshappiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness-tiondictation, preparation, repetition, action, information, invention-ingbuilding, wedding, painting-shipleadership, friendship, hardship-ageshortage, marriage, leakage-tyloyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty-thtruth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth-anceacceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance-encedependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence-fulmouthful, handful, plateful, -alrefusal, denial, arrival-ydifficulty, possibility, -domfreedom, wisdom, kingdom-ismsocialism, materialism注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。-er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。后 缀例 词形容词-alcentral, industrial, national, natural-anEuropean, American, Australian-erneastern, northern, southern-ablereasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable, forgettable, sensible-fulcareful, cheerful, grateful, faithful, -ishchildish, Swedish, selfish-ivedestructive, collective, active, creative, effective-ythirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny-lesscareless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless-engolden, wooden, woolen-ouscourageous, famous, continuous, serious, various-aryimaginary, revolutionary, secondary-icrealistic, historic, poetic-sometroublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome-likechildlike, womanlike, manlike-antignorant, significant, observant, important-entdiligent, silent, excellent, frequent -lylively, friendly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly-ishchildish, foolish后 缀例 词动词-izerealize, modernize, mechanize, criticize, -enwiden, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen, widen, shorten, quicken, deepen-fySimplify, beautify, terrify, 后 缀例 词副词-ward(s)forward, northward, backward, downward-lyslowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, happily, friendly三、转化 Conversion: 指一个词不变化词形，而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。1. 名词和动词之间的转化telephone电话打电话, mirror镜子像镜子一样反映, drink喝饮料, record录音记录, name, date, hand, study, 2. 形容词转化为动词 perfect完美的使完善3.名词转化为形容词(副词) front前面前面的4.形容词转化为名词 chief 主要的首领.Match the right words from the right column with the words on the left. ( ) 1. enrichA. trying to find jobs( ) 2. semicircleB. remove, get rid of ice, frost( ) 3. troublesomeC. of, having, using imagination( ) 4. sharpenD. make or become sharp( ) 5. job-huntingE. half a circle( ) 6. limitlessF. causing trouble( ) 7. imaginativeG. make rich, improve in quality, flavour, etc.( ) 8. defrostH. without limit.Use the appropriate form of the words to fill in the blanks. 1. The mother didnt know why her daughter was crying _. (noise)2. He was one of the best _ in yesterdays football match. (play)3. Look! How _ Kate is laughing! (happy)4. It snowed _ last night and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy)5. Edison was a great _. During his life he had many _. (invent)6. More and more _ have come to visit China over these years. （foreign）7. We want _ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy)8. Please give me some reference work. It will _ my task. (simple)9. The boy had the _ of being half starved. (appear)10. The police have _ a plot against the President. (cover)11. The doctor said that Marys mother needed an _.(operate)12. She hoped that her son would become a _. (music)13. Few _ words made us excited. (speak)14. The days on the moon get hotter than _ water. (boil)15. Thank you for your _. (kind)16. Many college students work while they are studying because they want to make some money for their college _. (expensive)17. Most international _ letters are written in English, too. (busy)18. The boy noticed an _ mistake on his paper, but he decided not to say anything about it. (correct) 19. When in Rome, do as the _ do. (Rome)20. The teacher was pleased with her _. (honest).根据上下文语境和提示的首字母，在划线处写出一个合适的词。A. RaftingRafting is an exciting adventure. A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams. Rafting is a good way to experience n_. If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few f_ trees or rocks. If you are looking for more e_, you may want to try whitewater rafting. Whitewater rafting is more a_ and difficult than normal rafting. It is done on rivers and streams where the water moves q_. You have to be c_ not to hit rocks, trees and other dangers. The name “W_” comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly. B. Are we endangered?Steve Jones is an environmental expert who tries to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered. If we know more about what causes e_, we may be able to take m_ before it is too late. A species can become e_ for different reasons. Animals and plants must have a habitat or home, which is c_ and clean, and where there is enough food and other resources. They are all used to their environment; that is, they have learnt how to live s_ in their habitat. Keys: .1. G 2. E 3. F 4. D 5. A 6. H 7. C 8. B.1. noisily 2. players 3. happily 4. heavily 5. inventor; inventions 6. foreigners 7. satisfactory 8. simplify 9. appearance 10. uncovered 11. operation12. musician 13. spoken 14. boiling 15. kindness16. expenses 17. business 18. uncorrected 19. Romans 20. honesty. A篇nature, fallen, excitement, adventurous, quickly, careful, WhitewaterB. 篇endangerment, measures, endangered, comfortable, successfully5