英语构词法讲解及相关练习.doc

构词法 Word Formation
在英语中，词的构成方式主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。
一、 合成 Compounding 两个或更多的词合成一个词。
方式：1. 直接写在一起。 2. 用连字符(-)连接。 3. 由两个分开的词构成。

(1) 合成形容词
方式
例词
1形容词＋形容词
red-hot
2形容词＋名词
first-class, full-time, part-time
3形容词＋现在分词
good-looking, free-thinking,
4形容词＋过去分词
ready-made
5形容词＋名词-ed
good-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded
6名词＋名词-ed
iron-willed
7名词＋形容词
world-famous, day-long
8名词＋现在分词
beauty-loving, freedom-loving, job-hunting,
9名词＋过去分词
man-made, water-covered,
10副词＋形容词
ever-green
11副词＋现在分词
hard-working, far-seeing
12副词＋过去分词
well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known
13数词＋名词
five-year
14数词＋名词+形容词
five-year-old
15数词＋名词-ed
four-legged, six-storied
(2)合成动词
构成方式
例词
1名词＋动词
day-dream
2副词＋动词
overcome, upturn翻起
3形容词＋动词
white-wash
(3)合成名词
构成方式
例词
1名词＋名词
horseback , bank-note, newspaper, cellphone,
2形容词＋名词
back-yard, forehead,
3动名词＋名词
hiding place, reading-room
4动词＋副词
get-off, break in,
5副词＋动词
output, overflow
(4)合成副词however, maybe, wherever, whenever, forever
(5)合成代词whoever,, whatever, everyone, nobody, myself, something, anything,
二、派生 Derivation
前缀
前缀
含义
例词
a-
处在……
arise, aside, alone
en-
使可能
enrich, enable, enslave
dis-
不，否定
dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder, disagree
un-
不
做相反动作
unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair,
unclose, undress, uncover, untie
in-
im-
ir-
il-
不，非
inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect
impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impractical
irregular, irresponsible
illogical,
non-
不，非
non existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stop
de-
向相反方向发展
Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解冻）
anti-
反（对）
anti-freeze, anti-fascist
mis-
错误的，坏的
misdoings, misunderstand, misfortune
re
重复，再
rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle,
co-
共同
co-exist, co-operate, co-education
ex
以前的
Ex-husband, ex-president
tele
远程
telephone, telegraph, telescope
super-
在上面，超级
supermarket, superpower,
under-
在……之下
underline, underestimate, underground,
inter-
相互，之间
international, interact, inter-change
sub-
下，次
subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent,
trans-
过，穿过，变
transformation(变形), translate
vice-
副
vice-premier, vice-president
semi-
半
semifinal, semicircle, semi-automatic
bi
两个
bicycle, biennial两年一次的
tri
三个
triangle三角形, tricycle三轮脚踏车, triplets三胞胎
mul-
多，多种
multiply, multi-national, multi-coloured
kilo-
千
kilometre, kilogram

后缀

后 缀
例 词
名
词
-er
farmer, weaver, pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater
-ess
actress, waitress, princess, hostess
-or
conductor, sailor, transistor, operator,
-ar
beggar
-ese
Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese
-ian
musician, Egyptian, physician
-ist
scientist, dentist, communist, socialist,
-ent/-ant
assistant
-ment
argument, judgment, government
-ness
happiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness
-tion
dictation, preparation, repetition, action, information, invention
-ing
building, wedding, painting
-ship
leadership, friendship, hardship
-age
shortage, marriage, leakage
-ty
loyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty
-th
truth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth
-ance
acceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance
-ence
dependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence
-ful
mouthful, handful, plateful,
-al
refusal, denial, arrival

-y
difficulty, possibility,

-dom
freedom, wisdom, kingdom

-ism
socialism, materialism
注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。
-er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。

后 缀
例 词

形
容
词
-al
central, industrial, national, natural
-an
European, American, Australian
-ern
eastern, northern, southern
-able
reasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable, forgettable, sensible
-ful
careful, cheerful, grateful, faithful,
-ish
childish, Swedish, selfish
-ive
destructive, collective, active, creative, effective
-y
thirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny
-less
careless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless
-en
golden, wooden, woolen
-ous
courageous, famous, continuous, serious, various
-ary
imaginary, revolutionary, secondary
-ic
realistic, historic, poetic
-some
troublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome
-like
childlike, womanlike, manlike
-ant
ignorant, significant, observant, important
-ent
diligent, silent, excellent, frequent
-ly
lively, friendly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly
-ish
childish, foolish

后 缀
例 词
动
词
-ize
realize, modernize, mechanize, criticize,
-en
widen, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen, widen, shorten, quicken, deepen
-fy
Simplify, beautify, terrify,

后 缀
例 词
副
词
-ward(s)
forward, northward, backward, downward
-ly
slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, happily, friendly
三、转化 Conversion: 指一个词不变化词形，而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。
1. 名词和动词之间的转化
telephone电话——打电话, mirror镜子——像镜子一样反映, drink喝——饮料, record录音——记录, name, date, hand, study,
2. 形容词转化为动词 perfect完美的——使完善
3.名词转化为形容词(副词) front前面——前面的
4.形容词转化为名词 chief 主要的——首领

Ⅰ.Match the right words from the right column with the words on the left.
( ) 1. enrich

A. trying to find jobs
( ) 2. semicircle

B. remove, get rid of ice, frost
( ) 3. troublesome

C. of, having, using imagination
( ) 4. sharpen

D. make or become sharp
( ) 5. job-hunting

E. half a circle
( ) 6. limitless

F. causing trouble
( ) 7. imaginative

G. make rich, improve in quality, flavour, etc.
( ) 8. defrost

H. without limit
Ⅱ.Use the appropriate form of the words to fill in the blanks.
1. The mother didn’t know why her daughter was crying _______. (noise)
2. He was one of the best _______ in yesterday’s football match. (play)
3. Look! How ______ Kate is laughing! (happy)
4. It snowed _____ last night and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy)
5. Edison was a great ______. During his life he had many ______. (invent)
6. More and more _____ have come to visit China over these years. （foreign）
7. We want _________ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy)
8. Please give me some reference work. It will ______ my task. (simple)
9. The boy had the _______ of being half starved. (appear)
10. The police have _______ a plot against the President. (cover)
11. The doctor said that Mary’s mother needed an _______.(operate)
12. She hoped that her son would become a _______. (music)
13. Few ______ words made us excited. (speak)
14. The days on the moon get hotter than ______ water. (boil)
15. Thank you for your _________. (kind)
16. Many college students work while they are studying because they want to make some money for their college _____. (expensive)
17. Most international ______ letters are written in English, too. (busy)
18. The boy noticed an ______ mistake on his paper, but he decided not to say anything about it. (correct) 19. When in Rome, do as the _____ do. (Rome)
20. The teacher was pleased with her _______. (honest)
Ⅲ.根据上下文语境和提示的首字母，在划线处写出一个合适的词。
A. Rafting
Rafting is an exciting adventure. A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams. Rafting is a good way to experience n________. If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few f______ trees or rocks. If you are looking for more e_______, you may want to try whitewater rafting. Whitewater rafting is more a_________ and difficult than normal rafting. It is done on rivers and streams where the water moves q_______. You have to be c________ not to hit rocks, trees and other dangers. The name “W________” comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.
B. Are we endangered?
Steve Jones is an environmental expert who tries to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered. If we know more about what causes e________, we may be able to take m_______ before it is too late. A species can become e_______ for different reasons. Animals and plants must have a habitat or home, which is c_______ and clean, and where there is enough food and other resources. They are all used to their environment; that is, they have learnt how to live s_______ in their habitat.
Keys:
Ⅰ.1. G 2. E 3. F 4. D 5. A 6. H 7. C 8. B
Ⅱ.1. noisily 2. players 3. happily 4. heavily
5. inventor; inventions 6. foreigners 7. satisfactory
8. simplify 9. appearance 10. uncovered 11. operation
12. musician 13. spoken 14. boiling 15. kindness
16. expenses 17. business 18. uncorrected 19. Romans 20. honesty
Ⅲ. A篇nature, fallen, excitement, adventurous, quickly, careful, Whitewater
B. 篇endangerment, measures, endangered, comfortable, successfully
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