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Chapter 1 I YES,Please refer to the 1st paragraph of the text。 II 流动性过剩 自给自足 经济资源 直接投资 国际收支 易货交易 出口退税 倾销 出口型经济增长 东道国 贸易差额 贸易顺差／贸易逆差 欧盟 国际收支顺差／国际收支逆差 有形贸易 无形贸易 货物贸易 服务贸易 excess liquidity self—sufficient economic resources direct investment balance of payments barter exp
2、ort tax rebate dumping export—driven economic growth host country balance of trade favorable/unfavorable balance of trade European Union favorable/unfavorable balance of payments visible trade invisible trade trade in goods trade in services III The chart above shows the U。S。 im
3、ports from China， U.S. exports to China and the trade balance。 The U.S. has a negative trade balance with China， and it has been growing。 During the period from 1997 to 2003， imports from China have grown 244％ while exports to China have grown 221％， indicating that the trade deficit is increasing。 T
4、here had already been a sizeable trade balance deficit with China in 1996, totaling $ 39。5 billion at the end of the year. IV 1. Export goods are tangible goods sent out of countries. 2. Trade in services are international earnings other than those derived from the exporting and imp
5、orting of tangible goods。 3。 Import goods are tangible goods brought in。 4。 International trade is all business transactions that involve two or more countries。 5。 FDI is one that gives the investor a controlling interest in a foreign company. 6. Investment is used primarily as financial means f
6、or a company to earn more money on its money with relative safety. V 1。 International trade is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and/or services across national boundaries。 It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale
7、of both visible and invisible goods. 2. In today's complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations participate in the international trade for many reasons. As to the economic reasons， no nation has all of the economic resources (land, labor and
8、capital） that it needs to develop its economy and culture, and no country enjoys a particular item sufficient enough to meet its needs. As for the preference reasons， international trade takes place because of innovation of style. Besides， every nation can specialize in a certain field and enj
9、oy a comparative advantage in some particular area in terms of trade so that they need to do business with each other to make use of resources more efficiently and effectively。 3. In measuring the effectiveness of global trade, nations carefully follow two key indicators, namely, balan
10、ce of trade and balance of payments. 4。 FDI， the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment, means buying of permanent property and business in foreign nations。 It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in a foreign company is trade. The great significance of FD
11、I for China might be that: FDI solve the problem of capital shortage for China so that China may spend the money on importing advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure, national supporting industry， key projects， etc。 Chapter 2 I 关税壁垒 非关税壁垒 从量税 配额 保护性关税 市场失灵 幼稚产业 许可证制度 财政
12、关税 政府采购 贸易保护主义 从价税 最低限价 本地采购规则 增加内需 Domestic content Red—tape barriers Export subsidies Binding quota Absolute quotas VER Tariff-rate quotas Zero quota ”Buy local" rules Tariff barriers non—tariff barriers specific duties quota protective tariff market failure infant indus
13、try licensing system Revenue tariff government procurement trade protectionism Ad Valorem Duties floor price ”buy local" rules raise domestic demand 国内含量 进口环节壁垒 出口补贴 绑定配额 绝对配额 自愿出口限制 关税配额 零配额 本地采购原则 II 1. Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions
14、 on imports to enable relatively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers。 保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争.. 2. If the Russians release their stocks of fin into the world market， the price of the metal will sink through the floor. 一旦俄罗斯人将其持有的锡矿股票投放于
15、国际市场之中,那么该市场中金属的价格会跌破最低限价. 3. Protective tariff means a duty or tax imposed on imported products for the purpose of making them more expensive in comparison to domestic producers, thereby giving the domestic products a price advantage。 保护性关税表示对进口产品征收的关税,旨在让它们相比起本国商品更贵，从向使
16、得本国商品具有价格优势。 4. Types of tariffs include ad valorem, specific, variable， or compound. In the United States， the imposition of tariffs is made on imported goods only。 Tariffs raise the prices of imported goods, thus making them less competitive within the market of the importing country.
17、After seven ”Rounds" of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade trade negotiations that focused heavily on tariff reductions, tariffs are less important measures of protection than they used to be。 关税的种类包括从价税，从量税,可变税与复合税。在美国，只对进口商品征税。关税抬高了进口货物的价格,从而使得它们在进口国商品市场竞争优势下降。继关税及贸易总协定七个回合主要关于降低税价的贸易协定
18、之后，税收所起的保护作用日趋下降。 III 1. Tariff is a duty collected by customs of a government on imports and/or exports。 2. A revenue tariff can be some of the incomes of a government， but it must be taken under control. 3. To export goods at an unreasonably low price is taken as dumping which might be
19、fought against by government of the importing country。 4. A tariff may be assessed on a per unit basis， in which case it is known as a specific duty. It also may be assessed as a percentage of the value of the item, in which case it is known as an ad valorem duty。 5。 Import tariffs pr
20、imarily serve as a means of raising the price of the import goods so that competitively produced domestic goods will gain a relative price advantage。 Chapter 3 I APEC Asia—pacific Economic Co-operation FTAAP Free Trade Agreement of Asia and the Pacific EU&n
21、bsp; European Union NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement MERCOSUR Mercado Comun del Cono Sur / Southern Common Market ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations EFTA European Free Trade Area
22、 AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area PTAs Preferential Trade agreements II Trade bloc 贸易集团 Trade block 贸易禁运/ 封锁 Open regionalism 开放式区域主义 Free trade area 自由贸易区 Customs union 关税联盟 Common market
23、共同市场 Economic union 经济联盟 Trade embargoes 贸易禁运 Boycotts 抵制 歧视性关税 discriminatory tariffs 经济制裁 economic sanction 贸易弹性 trade elasticity 双边贸易协定 bilateral trade agreement 最惠国 most
24、 favored nation Chapter 4 I GATT General Agreement on Tariffs And Trade HOD Heads of Delegations
25、 TRIPs Trade—related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights GATS General Agreement on Trade in Servi
26、ces TRIMs Trade Related Investment Measures MFN Most Favored Nations II 施惠国
27、nbsp; Patronage nations 受惠国 Favored nations 缔约国 &nb
28、sp; Contracting Parties 市场准入 market access 透明度
29、nbsp; transparency 紧急进口措施 Urgent Importing Measures 争端解决机制 dispute settlement mechanism 可持续发展
30、nbsp; sustainable development 特许经营 franchise III 1. Until now WTO has already had 150 members and its trade volume covers 90% of the total trade
31、volume in the whole world。 2. Topmost of WTO is the Ministerial Conference which has to meet at least once every two years。 Under the Ministerial Conference is the General Council that has to meet at Geneva regularly. 3。 The WTO Secretariat， which offices only in Geneva， Swizerland, has around 550
32、 regular stuff and is headed by a Director—General. Since decisions are made by Members only, the Secretariat has no decision-making powers as the other international institutions。 4. The Secretariat provides some form of legal assistance in the dispute settlement process and advises governments wi
33、shing to become Members of the WTO。 Chapter 5 I FOB班轮条件 清关 FOB吊钩下交货 平舱 多式联运 船舷 内陆水运 理舱 卸货费 投保 CFR卸至岸上（含着陆费） 班轮 单据买卖 CFR舱底交货 CFR班轮条件 象征性交货 FOB liner term customs clearance FOB Under Tackle trim multimodal transport shipboard marine navigation on inland waterway stow discha
34、rge expense cover insurance CFR Landed liner documentary sales CFR Ex—ship’s Hold CFR liner terms symbolic delivery II 1. Under CFR, buyers should effect insurance。 2。 Under CIF Ex-Ship's Hold， seller should pay the discharge charges. 3。 Under CIF， the insured amount should be US ＄ 22
35、 000 if the contracted price is US $20000。 4. Under CIP, seller has to procure insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. 5. The FAS term requires the seller to clear the goods for export 6。 The DEQ term requires the buyer to proceed with the custom
36、s clearance for imports and payment of all customs duty。 7。 Under DDP, the seller must pay the costs of customs duties as well as all duties， taxes and other official charges payable upon exportation and importation of the goods。 8。 Under DDU the seller must give the buyer instant notice of
37、the shipping of the goods as well as any other notice required in order to allow she buyer to take measure。 III 1. 该报价为FOB的价格并含5％的佣金. 2. 在CPT、CIP项下,“承运人”指在货物运输合同中承诺通过铁路、公路、航空、海运、内河水运或多式运输等方式完成货物运输的人。 3。 在FCA项下，交货地的选择对货物的装船与卸载责任有影响.如果交货地基于卖方,卖方有装载责任.如果交货地在其它地方,卖方对卸载没有责任. 4. 在FOB项下，卖方必须在约定的日期或期限内
38、在指定的装运港，按照该港习惯方式，将货物交至买方指定的船只上。买方必须自货物在指定的装运港越过船舷之刻起承当货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。 Questions &nb
39、sp; │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │ │N │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y &
40、nbsp; │Y │Y │ │N │N │N │N │N │Y │N │Y │N │N │N │ │N │N │N │N │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │ │N │Y │Y │Y │Y &n
41、bsp; │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │ │N │N │N │N │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │ V A。1。 c; 2. d； 3. a; 4. c; 5。 c； 6。 c; 7。 d； 8。 b； 9. d; l0.c
42、B。 1。 a； 2。 ab; 3. abcdf； 4。 abc; 5. aef Chapter 6 I 1。 Sales by Seller’s/Buyer's Sample 2. Reference/Duplicate Sample 3。 Quality Tolerance 4. Counter Sample 5。 More or Less Clauses 6. Neutral Packing 7, Customs Formality 8. Inspection Certificate of Quality 9。
43、 FDA 10. Marking of Goods 凭卖方样品买卖／凭买方样品买卖 基准样品／副样 品质公差 对等样品 溢短装条款 中性包装 报关手续 质量检验证书 食品及药物管理局 标记货物 II 毛重 理论重量 净重 约定皮重 公量 单位重量 含水量 习惯皮重 法定重量 实际皮重 从价税 平均皮重 货样不符 副产品 国家质量监督校验检疫总局 gross weight theoretical we
44、ight net weight computed tare conditioned weight unit weight water capacity customary tare legal weight actual tare ad valorem duty average tare goods not equal to the sample by—products General Administration of Quality Supervision， Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Repub
45、lic of China III (B) mineral ore A。 sample (C) ordi
46、nary garments B。 manual (D) fish C.F.A.Q （E） Hair washing machines &
47、nbsp; D。G。 NLQ (G） medical apparatus E。 famous brand （A） wheat F. specification （H) calligraphic
48、works G. inspection (F） power plant generator H. drawing or diagram IV I. The quality and price of commodities should be taken into consideration in choosing the &n
49、bsp; packing material and package designing。 2．A topper, matched with the superior-grade packing, speaks itself for its high quality and preciousness。 3。 It will extremely increase the cost of the goods to pack the medium-low quality with the high quality material,
50、and therefore, influence its sale. 4. It will effect its marketing of the goods to doggedly strive for thrift in a wa5 to pack the superior quality with the low quality material。 5．We should take not only the quality and appearance of the goods into consideration, but als
51、o the customers' taste and preference。 6. We must improve the quality of the export goods so as to strengthen its competitiveness in the international market. Chapter 7 I. 油轮 定程租船 滚装船 定期租船 载驳轮 光船租船 船期表 租船合同 滞期费 班轮运价表 速遣费 选卸附加费 直航附加费 转船附加费 港口拥挤附加费 运输代理 包裹 拼箱货 结汇
52、 整箱货 空运单 集装箱货运站 装运通知 处置权 Partial shipment/transshipment Bill of lading Clean B/L Order B/L Combined transport B/L Blank B/L Straight B/L Through B/L Liner B/L Ante—dated B/L Advanced B/L Consignment note Blank endorsement IATA Combined transport documents FCL/LCL Oil tanker Vo
53、yage Charter Ro/Ro vessel Time Charter LASH ( Light Aboard Ship ） Bare Boat Charter（BBC) sailing schedule charter contract demurrage charge liner freight rate schedule dispatch money optional additional direct additional transshipment surcharge Port Congestion Surcharge transportation
54、agent package LCL（ Less than container load） settlement FCL（ Full container load ) Air waybill container yard shipping notice right of disposal 分批装船／转运 提单 清洁提单 指示提单 联合运输提单 空白提单 记名提单 联运提单 班轮提单 倒签提单 预借提单 陆运或铁路运输通知 空白背书 国际航空运输协会 多式联运单据 整箱货／拼箱货 II 1。 √ 2. √ 3. x delay→advance
55、 4. x accepted→unaccepted 5。 √ 6．X把“or without"去掉 III 1．海运提单上列出了承运人和托运人之间的权利和义务。 2．班轮公司通常把航海时间表登载在报纸上或者分发给托运人。 3。 在多式联运提单上,卸货港应该是提单许可的中转码头。 4。 集装箱收费是多种多样的。例如附加费，总费率的确定是基本费率加上附加费率. 5．集装箱的好处在于：方便处理货物，减少盗窃，减少暴露，节约装船成本. IV 1。 Transport documents which appear on their face to indicate tha
56、t shipment has been made on the same means of conveyance and for the same journey， provided they indicate the same destination， will not be regarded as covering partial shipment， even if the transport documents indicate different dates of shipment and/or different ports of loading, places of taking
57、in charge， or dispatch. 2。 Clean transport document is one which hears no clause or notation which expressly declares a defective condition of the goods and/or the packaging。 3. Neither the carder nor the shipper shall be responsible in any event for loss or damage to， or in connectio
58、n with， goods if the nature or value thereof has been knowingly misstated by the shipper in the Bill of lading. 4。 Where the performance of the carriage or part thereof has been entrusted to an actual carrier， whether or not in pursuance of a liberty under the contract of carriage by sea to do so，
59、the carrier nevertheless remains responsible for the entire carriage。 The carrier is responsible， in relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, for the acts and omissions of the actual carrier and of his servants and agents acting within the scope of their employment. Chapter 8
60、 I 投保人 共同海损 投保金额 外来风险 保险单 推定全损 海上风险 施救费用 救助费用 意外事故 承保人 单独海损 保险费 航空运输货物战争险 陆运险 陆运一切险 估损费用 航空运输一切险 Ocean marine insurance War risks Basic risks coverage Insured amount T。P。N。 D Taint of odor Overland transportation insurance Parcel post insurance Free from particular average Additional risks coverage Fresh water and/or rain damage With particular
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