1、中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量Chinese Dietary reference intakes (DRIs)(中国营养学会2000年4月制定)DRIs是在RDAs基础上发展起来的一组每日平均膳食营养素摄入量的参考值,包括四项内容:平均需要量(EAR)、推荐摄入量(RNI)、适宜摄入量(AI)和可耐受最高摄入量(UL)。一、平均需要量(EAR,Estimated Average Requirement)EAR是某一特定性别,年龄及生理状况群体中对某营养素需要量的平均值。摄入量达到EAR水平是可以满足群体中半数个体对该营养素的需要。而不能满足另外半数个体的需要。EAR是RNI的基础。如果个体摄入量
2、呈常态分布,一个人群的RNI=EAR+2SD。针对个体,可以检查其摄入不足的可能性。二、推荐摄入量(RNI,Recommended Nutrient Intake) RNI相当于传统使用的RDA, 它可以满足某一特定群体中绝大多数(9798)个体需要量的摄入水平,可以维持组织中有适当的储备。RNI是健康个体的膳食营养素摄入标准,个体摄入量低于RNI时,并不一定表明该个体未达到适宜营养状态。如果个体的平均摄入量达到或超过了RNI,可以认为该个体没有摄入不足的危险。三、适宜摄入量 (AI,Adequate Intakes) AI是通过观察或实验获得的健康人群某种营养素的摄入量。AI能满足目标人群中
3、几乎所有个体的需要。AI的准确性远不如RNI,可能显著高于RNI。AI的主要作个体的营养素摄入目标,同时用作过多摄入的标准。当健康个体摄入量达到AI时,出现营养缺乏的危险性很小。如长期摄入超过AI,则有可能产生毒副作用。四、可耐受最高摄入量(UL,Tolerable Upper Intake Level)UL是平均每日可以摄入某营养素的最高量。这个量对一般人群中的几乎所有个体都不至于损害健康。UL的主要用途是检查个体摄入量过高的可能,避免发生中毒。当摄入量超过UL时,发生毒副作用的危险性会增加,在大多数情况下,UL包括膳食、强化食物或添加剂等各种来源的添加剂之和。表1. 能量和蛋白质的RNIs
4、及脂肪供能比Table 1 RNIs of energy and protein and percentage of energy from fat年龄能量Energy#蛋白质Protein脂肪FatRNI /MJRNI /kcalRNI /g占能量百分比 energy/%男M女F男M女F男M女F00.4MJ/kg95kcal/kg*1.53g/(kgd)45500.5354014.604.4011001050353525.024.81120011504040303535.645.4313501300454546.065.8314501400505056.706.271600150055556
5、7.106.6717001600555577.537.10180017006060253087.947.5319001800656598.367.94200019006565108.808.362100200070651110.049.202400220075751412.009.622900240085802530182030体力活动 PAL轻10.038.80240021007565中11.299.62270023008070重13.3811.30320027009080孕妇 + 0.84+ 200+ 5, + 15, +20乳母+ 2.09+ 500+ 20502030体力活动 PAL轻
6、9.628.0023001900中10.878.3626002000重13.009.20310022006075652030体力活动 PAL轻7.947.5319001800中9.208.36220020007075652030体力活动 PAL轻7.947.1019001700中8.808.0021001900807.747.101900170075652030注:#各年龄组的能量的RNI值与其EAR值相同。#The RNIs of energy are the same as the EARs.*为AI值,非母乳喂养应增加20%。* AI value, add 20% to nonbreas
7、tfeeding infants. PAL,体力活动水平。physical activity level(凡表中数字缺如之处表示未制定该参考值)表二 常量和微量元素的RNIs或AIsTable 2 RNIs or AIs of some elements年龄钙Ca磷P钾K钠Na镁Mg铁Fe碘I锌Zn硒Se铜Cu氟F铬Cr锰Mn钼MoAIAIAIAIAIAIRNIRNIRNIAIAIAIAIAI/mg/mg/mg/mg/mg/mg/mg/mg/mg/mgmg/mg/mg/mg0300150500200300.3501.515(AI)0.40.1100.5400300700500701050820
8、(AI)0.60.4151600450100065010012509200.80.62015480050015009001501290122510.83020780070015001000250129013.5351.213030男M女F男M女F11100010001500120035016181201815451.81.2405014100010002000180035020251501915.55021.44050188007002000220035015201501511.55021.5503.560孕妇早期800700250022004001520011.550中期1000700250
9、022004002520016.550晚期1200700250022004003520016.550乳母1200700250022004002520021.565501000700200022003501515011.55021.5503.560(凡表中数字缺如之处表示未制定该参考值)表三 脂溶性和水溶性维生素的RNIs(推荐摄入量)或AIs(适宜摄入量)Table 3 RNIs or AIs of some vitamins年龄维生素A维生素D维生素E维生素B1维生素B2维生素B6维生素B12维生素C泛酸叶酸烟酸胆碱生物素RNIRNIAIRNIRNIAIAIRNIAIRNIRNIAIAImg
10、REmgmg TE*mgmgmgmgmgmgmg DFEMg NEmgmg0400(AI)1030.2(AI)0.4(AI)0.10.4401.765(AI)2(AI)10050.5400(AI)1030.3(AI)0.5(AI)0.30.5501.880(AI)3(AI)150615001040.60.60.50.9602.01506200846001050.70.70.61.2703.020072501277001070.91.00.71.2804.0200930016117005101.21.20.91.8905.03001235020男M 女F男 M女 F男 M女 F男M女F14800
11、 7005141.51.21.51.21.12.41005.040015124502518800 7005141.41.31.41.21.22.41005.0400141345030孕妇早期8005141.51.71.92.61006.06001550030中期90010141.51.71.92.61306.06001550030晚期90010141.51.71.92.61306.06001550030乳母120010141.81.71.92.81307.0500185003550800 70010141.31.41.52.41005.04001345030注:#RE 卫视黄醇当量。 RE i
12、s retinol equivalent.*TE为生育酚当量。TE is tocopherol equivalent.DFE为膳食叶酸当量。DEF is dietary polate equivalent.NE为叶酸当量。NE is niacin equivalent.(凡表中数字缺如之处表示未制定该参考值)某些微量营养素的ULsULs of some micronutrients年龄age (岁year)钙磷镁铁碘锌硒铜氟铬锰钼维生素A维生素 D维生素B1维生素C叶酸烟酸胆碱CaPMgFeIZnSeCuFCrMnMoVAVDVB1VCFolic acidNiacinCholine/mg/mg
13、/mg/mg/mg/mg/mg/mg/mg/mg/mg/mg/mgRE/mg/mg/mg/mgDFE/mgNE*/mg010550.44006000.53013800.850080012000300020030231201.51.2200805060030010100042000300030030231802.01.63001102000205070040015150072000300050030800282403.52.030016020002050800400202000男M女F11200035007005080037343005.02.44002802000205090060030250
14、014200035007005080042353607.02.8400280200020501000800303000182000350070050100045374008.03.0500103503000205010001000353500孕妇2000300070060100035400240020100010003500乳母200035007005010003540020100010003500502000350070050100037374008.03.0500103503000205010001000353500注:* NE=烟酸当量。NE is niacin equivalent.#
15、DFE 为膳食叶酸当量。DFE is dietary foalte equivalent.*60岁以上磷的UL为3000mg。UL of phosphorus is 300mg for people 60 years over.NE为叶酸当量。NE is niacin equivalent.(凡表中数字缺如之处表示未制定该参值)表 5 蛋白质及某些微量营养素的EARsTable 2 EARs of protein and some micronutrients年龄/岁Year蛋白质Protein/( g/kg)锌硒维生素A维生素 D维生素B1维生素B2维生素C叶酸ZnSeVAVDVB1VB2V
16、CFolic acid/mg/mg/mgRE*/mg/mg/mg/mg/mgDFE02.251.251.53758.88*0.51.251.156.740013.8*17.4173000.40.51332048.7200.50.62232079.7267000.50.839320男 M女F男 M女F男 M女F1113.110.8367000.713201413.911.24010.91.3113320180.9213.28.3411.41.31.2175320孕妇 Pregnant women1.31.4566520早期 1st trimester8.350中期 2nd trimester550晚期 3rd trimester550乳母lactating mothers0.1810651.31.496450500.9275320注:# RE为视黄醇当量。RE is retinol equivalent#DFE 为膳食叶酸当量。DFE is dietary foalte equivalent.*02.9岁南方8.88g,北方地区为13.8g。02.9years,8.88g for north,13.8g for south china.(凡表中数字缺如之处表示未制定该参考值
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