从弗洛伊德的三重人格结构理论分析《茶花女》的爱情悲剧.doc

北 京 中 医 药 大 学
学 士 毕 业 论 文
题 目A Study on the Love Tragedy in The Lady of the Camellias from Freud’s Tripartite Structure of Personality
从弗洛伊德的三重人格结构理论分析《茶花女》的爱情悲剧
系 别 人文学院 英语（医学）专业
姓 名 ___________________________________
导 师____________________________________
定稿日期 2016 年 5 月 3日
13 / 20
北京中医药大学人文学院
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日 期： 年 月 日
A Study on the Love Tragedy in The Lady of the Camellias from Freud’s Tripartite Structure of Personality
A Thesis Submitted
By
Song Xiaohui
To
The School of Humanities
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
Supervised by
Associate Professor Kong Xiangguo
Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
Beijing, China
May 2016
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Associate Professor Kong Xiangguo for his constructive suggestions and supervision during the development of the thesis and this paper. And I would show my gratitude to my classmate for her advice on grammar.
I am also grateful to other respectable teachers at Beijing University of Chinese Medicine.
Abstract
In 1898, Chinese translator Lin Shu translated the novel The Lady of the Camellias into Chinese. The distinctive love tragedy shocked the Chinese society. Since then, Chinese people have been reading and studying this novel from several perspectives. Sigmund Freud put forward several theories: sub-consciousness, psychoanalysis, theory of Instinct, theory of structure of personality. This thesis studies the cause of this love tragedy from the perspective of Freudian Theory of Tripartite Structure of Personality: id, ego and superego. It will discuss main characters’ id, ego and superego and demonstrate the relation between individuals and the society. The id of Marguerite is love, Prudence’s id is money. At the beginning Armand’s id is the sexual interest to Marguerite then his id became love. The superego of Marguerite is sacrifice which was stimulated by the society’s superego (reputation). Armand’s superego was distrust and it changed to lament to Marguerite after she died.
The society is the collection of all or most of people. Therefore the id of the society is the collection most individuals. The id of society is and money and will attack Marguerite’s id because she gave up money for love. After analyzing the novel, a conclusion is made that there were external and internal causes. The external activated her superego and repressed her id. And the inhibition of desire led to sorrow but she would feel guilty if she did not obey the superego. The struggle between id and superego tormented her and to stop the suffering the instinct of death produced destructive behaviors (ignoring illness, unhealthy lifestyle and so on) and caused her death.
Key words: The Lady of the Camellias tragedy, the id, the superego, society
中文摘要
自1898中国文学家林纾将法国小说《茶花女》翻译称中文（《巴黎茶花女遗事》）以来，中国学者、学生便开始阅读、研究这篇小说，并且从各种角度进行解读。奥地利心理学家精神分析学派创始人弗洛伊德在其一生中发表了许多著作，也提出许多理论，如潜意识理论、精神分析、本能理论、人格结构理论。这篇文章将从弗洛伊德人格结构理论的角度分析《茶花女》的爱情悲剧，讨论主要人物的本我与超我，寻找个人与社会之间的关系。玛格丽特的本我是爱情，普律当丝的本我是金钱。阿尔芒的本我一开始表现为对玛格丽特的兴趣，就像普通两性之间的吸引，而后转变成爱情，此外还有金钱。而玛格丽特的超我是牺牲，阿尔芒的主要超我则是对社会道德的屈服——怀疑妓女的真情。团体的意志体现的是团体中大多数人共同的意志。所以可以推论，“社会的意志”是社会中大多数人意志的集合。因此，社会的本我是大多数个人本我的集合，小说中社会的本我是金钱，它将会攻击与之相反的玛格丽特的本我。玛格丽特的超我被社会的超我所激发，压制本我欲望的表达，为解决这种冲突所带来的痛苦，玛格丽特死的本能派生出了内向性毁灭行为，她无视疾病，寻欢作乐。这是她死亡以及这个爱情悲剧形成的原因。
关键词：《茶花女》，悲剧，本我，超我，社会
Contents
Introduction………………………………………………………………………1
ⅠBook Synopsis and Tripartite Structure of Personality…………………….2
1.1 Book synopsis…………………………………………………………………2
1.2The id, the ego and the superego……………………………………………….2
Ⅱ Analysis of Main Characters’ Id and superego…………………………….4
2.1 Id of main characters…………………………………………………………..4
2.1.1 Marguerite’s id: love……………………………………………………...4
2.1.2 Armand’s id: from sexual interest to true love……………………………6
2.2 Superego of main characters…………………………………………………..7
2.2.1 Marguerite’s superego: sacrifice………………………………………….7
2.2.2 Armand’s superego: from distrust to mourning…………………………..7
ⅢSocial Personalities and Individual Personalities……………………………8
3.1 The realistic significance of id and superego………………………………….9
3.2 The relations and interaction…………………………………………………10
3.3 The causes of the tragedy…………………………………………………….11
ⅣConclusion…………………………………………………………………….12
References
Introduction
Alexander Dumas published his first masterpiece La Dame aux Camélias in 1848 and the novel caused a great sensation. Since 1898, when the novel was translated into Chinese by Lin Shu, countless Chinese scholars and students have been always studying it. They studied the love tragedy from several perspectives, such as religion, character analysis, sexology and many other methods. Su Yifeng’s study showed that the cause of the tragedy is the oppression to female in the male-dominated society (Su, 2006). Zhang Shuqin’s study made a conclusion that the misshapen society shaped Marguerite’s fate and gave rise to her death (Zhang，2004). Zhou Rong’s study thought that the capitalist society morals led to Marguerite’s tragedy (Zhou, 2011). And Zhao Ying analyzed the tragedy from the perspective of Jung’s Prototype Theory and found that prostitute was Marguerite’s persona and her animus caused her death to some extent (Zhao, 2010). These studies have read the novel and the tragedy well and help people understand the story better. However, as is indicated by the database CNKI, no thesis studies the tragedy from the Freudian Theory of Tripartite Structure of Personality: id, ego and superego. Theory of Tripartite Structure of Personality is concept of the psychology and it can describe mental changes and reveal the relations between individuals and society. Therefore, in this thesis, the love tragedy will be analyzed from the perspective of id, ego and superego.
In chapter one, the story will be briefly reviewed and Sigmund Freud and his theory of Structure of Personality will be introduced. In chapter two, the main characters’ id and superego and the interaction between them will be analyzed. Chapter three will demonstrate the realistic meaning in the Orleanist Monarchy and show the relation between society and individuals and society’s influence on individuals. Chapter four will conclude the cause of the tragedy from individual and social perspectives. The significance will be described in this chapter, too.
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ⅠBook Synopsis and Tripartite Structure of Personality
1.1 Book synopsis
Marguerite Gautier is a kept woman in Paris. She is beautiful, charming, hot and pure. A lot of playboys became her lovers and then went bankrupt. She was popular in one day in the theater, Marguerite got to know a young man son of a District Collector of Taxes, Armand Duval. Having fallen in love with her, Armand expressed his love to Marguerite and asked her to be his lover. She accepted his love and agreed. In order to be together with Armand, Marguerite moved to countryside with him. What’s more, Marguerite sold her horses, jewelry and Indian shawls and pawned her carriage. Anything was nice and peaceful, until Armand’s father Mr. Duval came. Mr. Duval visited Marguerite and persuaded her to leave Armand in the name of love. Marguerite returned to Paris and continued her life of being kept. Armand went back to his home with father, misunderstanding that Marguerite betrayed their love and was not worthy to be loved.
However, he couldn’t help loving and missing Marguerite so he returned to Paris but found that she had become earl N’s lover. Armand was extremely wrathful and he found another lover to revenge upon Marguerite. He insulted her in words and behaviors ignoring her serious disease. At last, Marguerite died with the desire to see her true love again, but Armand was hundreds of miles away because of misunderstanding. After her death, Armand knew the reason she left but it had been too late to regret.
The Lady of the Camellias was the first masterpiece of Alexandre Dumas. Though the love between two protagonists was disapproved by the rank and fashion, the love tragedy moved and shocked French and later spread to the world.
1.2 The id, the ego and the superego
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was a psychiatrist and psychologist of Austria and the founder of psychoanalysis. In 1895, he came up with the concept of psychoanalysis. The Ego and the Id was published in 1923(English version in 1927) and in this book he presented the conceptions of the id, the ego and the superego which constitute the three parts of his Tripartite Structure of Personality.
His personality theory includes two parts: tripartite structure of personality and personality development. In this thesis, tripartite structure of personality: the id (das Es), the ego (das Ich) and the superego (das Uber-Ich). (Berg 2003，p. 69) will be applied in the analysis of the love tragedy in The Lady of the Camellias.
The id refers to the original human, contains the basic desire, impulse and vitality which is necessary to survive like desire of eating, drinking and sex. It is original and the only integration of personality when a baby is born. The id is also the foundation of personality establishment. (Hall, 1954, p.19) The id obeys the pleasure principle and ignores the social morality and external behavior rules. The only requirement of id is to obtain happiness and avoid pain and its aim is to gain individual comfort, survival and reproduction. (Freud, 1961, p.92) Besides, it is unconscious and not be perceived by the individual. However, when somebody behaves impetuously, he/she is under the control of the id. The id is immorally and the embodiment of instinct and desire. In other words, the id is more likely the part of animal in human. If a person is totally controlled by the id, he is more an animal than a human.
The ego is conscious and is the junctional complex between the id and external world. The role of ego is to make individual be aware of his ability and restrain and depress the id in order to adapt to the real world. In the book The Ego and the Id, Freud described the relation between the id and the ego as the relation between the knight and horse（Freud，2004，126）. Horse provides energy to the knight and the knight controls the direction. Similarly, the id is the foundation and provides energy, and the ego regulates and controls the id and behavior to respond to the external world.
Freud thought that the main goals of superego are to comply with the social morality and to restrain the id. Superego not only contains principles, morality but also ideal. But it was not equal to intuitive knowledge. (Berg, 2003, p.70) It could good and could be bad, too. Morality is the requirement of deferring to the society. And ideal is to be better. The superego constantly uses guilt to punish the person when he could not reach the requirement of ideal behavior. Superego tends to pursue moral perfection by any kind of means, which is similar with the id pursuing sexual pleasure (Berg, 2003, p.70). Like the id, the superego has the effect of criticizing and braking on the ego. In addition, the superego is also irrational. They both distort and tamper with the reality. The superego knows things according to subjective. A conclusion can be made that the superego is the product of socialization and the carrier of traditional culture. What’s more, the superego is essentially the compulsion from the external world and pays more attention on obeying morality and depressing desires. Actually, superego always gives rise to destructive consequences.
ⅡAnalysis of Main Characters’ Id and Superego
Marguerite and Armand were the protagonists and analysis on them can reveal the tragedy better so their personalities will be analyzed. Besides, due to the id and the superego have greater influence on human’s mental state, the main characters’ id and superego will be analyzed in this chapter.
2.1 Id of main characters
2.1.1 Marguerite’s id: love
The first chapter of the novel The Lady of the Camellias reveals that Marguerite was a kept woman. In the novel, Marguerite’s sister came from a village and had never been away from her hometown. This indicates that Marguerite’s family was poor and this view was proved in Chapter 25:“My mother died of consumption, and the way I have always lived could but increase the only heritage she ever left me.” (Dumas，2011, p. 179).
But in chapter one of the book, the description of her room and the jewelry, furniture and china indicates that her life was supported by a lot of money, and also shows that she had no lack of money, regardless of the source. Then the desire for money can be eliminated which is the base of basic survival during the period of being kept.
She had a lot of lovers so she did not have the desire for sex. This can be proved in the chapter two of the book (Dumas，2011，p. 8):
I knew that Marguerite had lived with some of the most fashionable young men in society, that she spoke of it openly, and that they themselves boasted of it, so that all seemed equally pleased with one another.
Her desire of sex had been fulfilled. Thus the desire for sex can be eliminated. This sentence also proved that Marguerite cared about nothing. She didn’t mind her identity as a prostitute and her action living with many men. Therefore she can “spoke of it openly and boast of it”. She also said that “if I took care of myself I should die” (Dumas，2011，p. 64). It means that she had to forget her conditions and diseases and was indulged in the distorted life to escape from sorrows in the real world as if reflected in chapter ten (Dumas，2011，p. 64):
Then as for taking care of oneself, that is all very well for women with families and friends; as for us, from moment we can no longer serve the vanity or pleasure of our lovers, they leave us, and long nights follow long days. I was in bed for two months, and after three weeks no one came to see me.
When she spoke of the experience, she was sad because no one truly cared about her. Though she behaved as caring about nothing, she indeed long for concern from others. Her basic life standard had been insured but her heart was lonely. Fortunately, human have the instinct of love. To Marguerite, she desired love and desired to be a common or normal woman. On one hand, she must rely on her life of being kept. however，on the other hand, she admired a normal women’s right to love. Therefore, when Armand showed his concern and love, Marguerite accepted his love. The behavior of love made her satisfied in mortal and pleased in body. Hence, love was most obviously expressed in Marguerite’s id and when she decided to love Armand, she was under the control of love, ignoring the hypocritical social morality.
2.1.2Armand