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1、电路 electric circuit 电气工程electrical engineering 电机electric machine 自然科学physical science 电气设备 electrical device 电器元件 electrical element 正电荷positive charge 负电荷negative charge 直流direct current 交流alternating current 电压voltage 导体conductor 功work 电动势electromotiveforce 电势差potential difference
2、 功率power 极性polarity 能量守恒定律the law of conservation energy 变量variable 电阻 resistance 电阻率resistivity 绝缘体insulator 电阻器resistor 无源元件passive element 常数constant 电导conductance 短路short circuit 开路open circuit 线性linear 串联series 并联parallel 电压降voltage drop 等效电阻equivalent resistance 电容器cap
3、acitor 电感器inductor 储能元件storage element 电场electric field 充电 charge 放电discharge 动态dynamic 电介质dielectric 电容capacitance 磁场magnetic field 电源power supplu 变压器transformer 电机electric motor 线圈coil 电感inductance 导线conducting wire 绕组wingding 漏电阻leakage resistance 电子系统electronic system 构造图blo
4、ck diagram 功能模块functional block 放大器amplifier 滤波器filter 整形电路wave-shaping circuit 振荡器oscillator 增益gain 输入阻抗input impedance 带宽bandwidth 晶体管transistor 集成电路integrated circuit 电力电子power electronics 数字信号解决digital signal-processing 输出装置output device 模仿信号analog signal 数字信号digital signal 传感器t
5、ransducer 采样值sample value 模数转换器analog-to-digital converter 频谱frequency content 采样频率sampling rate or frequendy 扰动disturbance 分立电路discrete circuit 数字化信号digitized signal 运算放大器operational amplifier 有源电路active circuit 电子部件electronic unit 封装package 管脚pin 同相端noninverting terminal 反相输入inve
6、rting input 电路图circuit diagram 压控电压源voltage-controlled voltage source 开环增益open-loop gain 闭环增益closed-loop gain 负反馈negative feedback 正饱和positive saturation 线性区linear region 电压跟随器voltage follower 等效阻抗equivalent impedance 逻辑变量logic variable 位bit 数字字digital word 字节byte 半字节nibble 与运算AND o
7、peration 真值表truth table 与门AND gate 非门NOT gate 或门OR gate 加号addition sign 与非门NANA gate 异或运算XOR operation 逻辑表达式logic expression 二进制binary system 正逻辑positive logic 负逻辑negative logic 参照方向reference direction 抱负变压器ideal transformer 电气绝缘electrical isolation 阻抗匹配impedance matching 电力electr
8、ical pewer 绝缘变压器isolating transformer 电压互感器voltage transformer 电流互感器current transformer 原边绕组primary winding 工作频率operating frequency 配电变压器distribution transformer 电力变压器power transformer 磁通密度flux density 磁场magnetic field 铁芯变压器iron-core transformer 大功率high-power 空芯air-core 磁耦合magnetic coup
9、ling 小功率lower-power 励磁损耗magnetizing loss 磁滞损耗hysteresis loss 涡流eddy current 励磁电流exciting current 漏磁通leakage flux 互磁通 mutual flux 线圈coil 芯式core form 壳式shell form 高压绕组high-voltage winding 磁链flux linkage 电动势electromotive force 有效值root mean square value 匝数比turns ratio 视在功率apparent power
10、 匝数the number of turns 升压变压器step-up transformer 降压变压器step-down transformer 电动机motor 发电机generator 机械能mechanical energy 电能electrical energy 电磁electromagnetic 直线式电动机linear motor 同步电机synchronous machine 感应电机induction machine 定子stator 转子rotor 气隙air gap 轴shaft 电枢armature 励磁绕组field wind
11、ing 无功功率reactive power 制动状态braking mode 稳态steady-state 相序phase sequence 反响制动plugging 滞后电流lagging current 励磁电抗magnetizing reactance 启动电流starting current 变频器frequency changer 感应电势induced voltage 逆变器inverter 周波变换器cycloconverter 换向器commutator 自动控制automatic control 控制器controller 扰动dist
12、urbance 盼望值desired value 压力pressure 液位liquid level 被控变量controlled variable 方框图block diagram 传递函数transfer function 工程控制process control 伺服系统servomechanism 流率flow rate 加速度acceleration 前向通路forward path 补偿correction 反馈通路feedback path 闭环closed-loop 开环open-loop 输出output 增益gain 手动调节manual
13、adjustment 变送器transducer 误差error 控制方式control mode 比例控制proportional control 积分控制integral control 微分控制derivative control 执行元件manipulating element 调节时间setting time 残差residual error 不拟定度uncertainty 观测数据observations 采样sample 算术平均arithmetic average 盼望值expected value 原则偏差standard deviation
14、 下限lower range limit 上限upper range limit 跨度span 辨别率resolution 死区dead band 敏捷度sensitivity 阈值threshold 可靠性reliability 过量程overrange 恢复时间recovery time 过载overload 过量程极限overrange limit 漂移drift 精确性accuracy 误差error 重复性repeatability 系统误差systemic error 再现性reproducibility 校准calibration 线速度l
15、inear velocity 角速度angular velocity 弧度radian 测速仪tachometer 增量式编码器incremental encoder 定期计数器timed counter 稳定性stability 接口interface 调节器conditioner 开关switch 执行器actuator 电磁阀solenoid valve 持续控制系统sequential control system 触点contact 常开normally open 常闭normally closed 限位开关limit switch 继电器rel
16、ay 延时继电器time-delay relay 接通电流pull-in current 开断电流drop-out current 电机启动器motor starter 接触器contactor 自锁触点holding contact 整流器rectifier 变流器converter 逆变器inverter 二极管diode 阳极anode 阴极cathode 正向偏置forward biased 反向偏置reverse biased 阻断block 稳压二极管zener diode 晶体管transistor 集电极collector 基极base
17、 发射极emitter 共发射极common-emitter 双向晶闸管triac 正半周positive half-cycle 触发电流trigger circuit 功率容量power capability 功率器件power device 晶闸管thyristor 导通conduction 正向阻断 forward-blocking 通态on-state 关断状态off-state 反向击穿电压reverse breakdown voltage 漏电流leakage current 电流额定值current rating 漏极drain 门极gate
18、 缓冲电路snubber circuit 均流current sharing 额定电压rated voltage 可控开关controllable switch 相控phase-controlled 充电器charger 工频line-frequency 变换器converter 整流rectification 逆变inversion 可逆调速revesible-speed 再生制动regenerative barking 关断时间turn-off time 纯电阻负载pure resistive load 脉动ripple 感性负载inductance loa
19、d 周期time period 带内部直流电动势负载load witn an internal DC voltage 波形waveform 换相commutation 稳态steady state 交流侧AC-side 延时角delay angle 交点intersection 电力系统power system 发电厂generating plant 发电机generator 负荷load 输电网transmission nerwork 配电网distribution network 电electricity 天然气natural gas 原理图schemat
20、ic diagram 锅炉boiler 热效率thermal efficiency 风力wind power 断路器circuit breaker 变电所substation 故障fault 过电压overvoltage 击穿值breakdown value 过电流over current 可靠性reliability 继电器relay 触点contact 电流互感器current transformer 合闸线圈operating coil 分闸线圈trip coil Circuit theory is also valuable to students sp
21、ecializing in other branches of the physical science because circuit are a good model for the study of energy system in general,and because of the applied mathematics,physics,and topology involved. 电路理论对于专门研究自然科学其她分支学生来说也十分有价值，由于电路普通可以较好地作为能量系统研究模型，并且电路理论涉及应用数学、物理学和拓扑学有关知识。 Charge is an electrica
22、l property of the particles of which matter consists,measured in coulombs. 电荷是构成物质原子微粒所具备电气属性，其单位为库仑。 The common term signal is used for an electric quantity such as a current or a voltage when it is used for conveying information. 当像电流或电压这样电量用于传递信息时，常称这个电量为信号。 These laws,known as Ohm's Law an
23、d Kirchhoff's Laws，form the foundation upon which electric circuit analysis is built. 欧姆定律和基尔霍夫定律是电路理论基本，电路分析就建立在这些定律基本之上。 Georg Simon Ohm(1787-1854)，a German physicist，is credited with formulating the current-voltage relationship for a resistor. 德国物理学家乔治西蒙欧姆，因提出了电阻电流电压关系而享誉世界。 Such an equivalen
24、t resistance is the resistance between the designated terminals of the network and must exhibit the same i-u characteristics as the original network at the terminals. 这样一种电阻是在网络指定两端等效，并且在这两端等效电阻具备与原网络相似伏安特性。 The unit of capacitance is the farad(F),in honor of the English physicist Michael Faraday
25、1791-1867). 电容单位是法拉（F），是为纪念英国物理学家迈克尔·法拉第（1797-1878）而命名。 It takes power from the circuit when storing energy in its field and returns previously stored energy when delivering power to the circuit. 当电容器在电场中储能时，它从电路中吸取功率；当电容器向电路提供功率时，它就释放先前存储能量。 But in order to enhance the inductive effect,a pract
26、ical inductor is usually formed into a cylindrical coil with many turns of conducting wire. 为了增长电感感应作用，实际电感器普通是由许多匝导线绕制成圆柱形线圈构成。 The unit of inductance is the henry(H)，named in honor of the American inventor Joseph Henry(1979-1878). 电感单位是亨利，是为纪念美国创造家约瑟夫·亨利而命名。 Inductance is the property whereb
27、y an inductor exhibits opposition to the change of current flowing through it ,measured in henrys.（H） 电感器具备与流经它电流变化相反特性，用电感来描述这一特性，其单位为亨【利】（H）. Electronic systems control fuel mixture and ignition timing to maximize performance and minimize undesirable emissions from automobile engines 电子系统控制燃料混合
28、和点火定期，以使汽车发动机性能最佳、尾气排放量至少。 By comparing the time of arrival of the signals and by using certain information contained in the received signals concerning the orbits of the satellites ,the position of the vehicle can be determined. 通过比较信号到达时间，采用包括在接受信号中与卫星轨迹有关信息来对交通工具进行定位。 The amplitude of a typica
29、l analog signal is plotted against time in Fig.4.2(a) 典型模仿信号幅值随时间变化曲线如图4.2（a）所示 Digital signals are binary ;however,more levels are sometimes useful. 数字信号是二进制；但是，有时也采用其她多进制。 Each sample value is represented by a 3-bit code word corresponding to the amplitude zone into which the sample falls. 每
30、个采样值都可以用一种与采样所规定幅值区域相相应3位编码字来表达。 Thus,when a DAC converts the code words to form the original analog waveform ,it is possible to reconstruct only an approximation to the original signal- the reconstructed voltage is in the middle of each zone . 因而，当数模转换器将编码字转换为原模仿波形时，复现一种与原始信号相近信号是也许--复现电压位于各自区域中
31、心。 Op-amps are commercially available in integrated circuit packages in several forms. 用集成电路封装几种形式运算放大器在实际中应用广泛。 An input applied to the noninverting terminal will appear with the same polarity at the output,while an input applied to the inverting terminal will appear inverted at the output.
32、输出与加到同相端输入极性相似，而与加到反相端输入极性相反。 Although the power supplies are often ignored in op-amp circuit diagrams for the sake of simplicity ,the power supply currents must not be overlooked. 为了简朴起见，尽管在运算放大器电路图中常省略了电源，但来自电源电流一定不能忽视。 Although we use the addition sign(+) to represent the OR operation ,manipu
33、lation of logic variables by the AND,OR,and NOT operations is different from ordinary algebra. 尽管咱们用加号来表达或运算，但是逻辑变量与或非运算与普通代数运算是不同。 If the inputs to a NAND are tied together ,an inverter results. 如果将与非门两个输入端连到一起，与非门就变成了反相器。 The OR operation can be realized by inverting the input variable and c
34、ombining the results in a NAND gate . 将输入变量取反后再用与非门组合在一起就能实现或运算。 In either case ,the magnetic cores are made up of stacks of laminations cut from silicon-steel sheets. 无论哪种铁芯都是从硅钢片上剪下铁芯叠片叠装而成。 Most laminated materials are cold rolled and often specially annealed to orient the grain or iron cry
35、stals. 大多数叠片材料需要通过冷轧加工，并且通过特殊退火解决后可使晶体获得各向异性。 A large reduction in leakage flux can be obtained by further subdividing and sandwiching the primary and secondary turns,however,at considerable cost. 进一步细分绕组 并增长原边和副边匝数可以大大减少漏磁通，但成本却提高诸多 。 The coils employed in shell-form transformers are usually of
36、 a pancake form unlike the cylindrical forms used in the core-form transformer,where the coils are placed one on top of the other and the low-voltage winding is placed closer to the core with the high-voltage winding on top. 芯式变压器线圈采用圆柱构造，与之不同是，壳式变压器线圈普通采用饼形构造。芯式变压器中一种线圈位于另一种之上，并且高压线圈在上，低压线圈更接近铁芯。
37、 Such conversion is facilitated through the action of a magnetic field. 在磁场作用下这样转换变得更为以便。 In the braking mode of operation,a three-phase induction motor running at a steady-state speed can be brought to a quick stop by interchanging two of its stator leads. 运营在稳态转速三相感应电机通过互换两根定子接线就可以运营在制动状态并迅速停下
38、来 。 With a cylindrical rotor the reluctance of the magnetic circuit of the field is independent of its actual direction and relative to the direct axis. 圆柱形转子磁场 磁路磁阻与直轴关于，而与磁场实际方向无关。 It is highest when the field is directly halfway between the poles ,that is .along the quadrature axis. 当磁场正好处在
39、磁极中间时，也就是沿着交轴方向时，磁阻 最大。 Examples of small DC motors include those used for small control devices ,wind-shield -wiper motors,fan motors ,starter motors,and various servomotors. 小型直流电机例子涉及小型控制装置中所用电机、风档刮水电机、电扇电机、启动器电机及各种伺服电机。 Application example for larger DC motors include industrial drive motor
40、s in conveyors,pumps,hoists,overhead cranes.forklifts.fans,steel and aluminum rolling mills，paper mills，textile mills，various other rolling mills，golf carts,electrical cars,street cars or trolleys,electric trains，electric elevators，and large earth-moving equipment. 传送带、泵、起重机、高架起重机、铲车、风机、钢和铝轧机、造纸
41、机、纺织机、其她各种轧钢机等工业拖动中所使用电机，高尔夫球手推车、电动车、电车、电气火车、电梯以及大型运土设备中所用电机都是大型电流电机应用实例。 Obviously，DC machine application are very significant ,but the advantages of the DC machine must be weighed against its greater initial investment cost and the maintenance problems associated with its brush-commutator sy
42、stem. 显然，直流电机应用非常故意义，但是也存在初期成本投入较高、由电刷-换向器而带来维修困难，应用时一定要权衡其利弊。 Many complex control systems are included among the functions of the human body. 在人体各种功能中包括许多复杂控制系统。 A block diagram consists of a block representing each component in a control system connected by lines that represent the signal
43、paths. 方框图由表达控制系统每个元件模块构成，这些元件由代表信号通路信号线连接。 The process block represents everything performed in and by the equipment in which a variable is controlled. 过程模块代表被控变量所在装置完毕每件任务和通过装置执行每件任务。 Finally ,the change in the manipulated variable drives the controlled variable back toward the set point . 最后
44、控制变量变化带动被控变量向设定值方向变化 。 The mean gives us an estimate of the expected value of an observation ,but it gives no idea of the dispersion or variability of the observation. 平均值给出了对观测数据盼望值预计，但不能指出观测数据偏移和变化。 Operating characteristics include details about the measurement by ,and operation of effects on
45、 the measuring instrument. 运营特性详述了测量仪器测量及测量仪器 所受影响作用。 Resolution ，dead band，and sensitivity are different characteristics that relate in different ways to an increment of measurement. 辨别率、死区 和敏捷度以不同办法描述了测量增量不同特性。 Repeatability and reproducibility deal in slightly different ways with the degree o
46、f closeness among repeated measurements of the same value of the measured variable . 重复性和再现性以大同小异方式阐述被测变量在同一种值重复测量中接近限度 。 A normally open switch will close the circuit path between the two terminals when the switch is actuated and will open the circuit path when the switch is deactuated. 当驱动开关
47、时，常开开关闭合两端子之间电路通道；当撤除驱动后，开关断开电路通道。 When an operator actuates a maintained-action switch,the contacts remain in the new position after the operator releases the actuator. 操作值驱动一种持续动作开关，当撤除驱动后，触点依然维持在新位置。 The relay is actuated by completing the circuit branch that contains the relay coil. 通过接通继
48、电器线圈所在分支电路勉励继电器。 The small contact is called a "holding contact "because it holds coil 1M in the energized condition after the operator the operator releases the START button. 称小触点为自锁触点，由于在操作者释放开始按钮后，这个触点能将线圈M自锁在通电状态。 The triac was developed as a means of providing improved controls for AC power
49、 双向可控硅已作为对交流电网进行改进控制工具。 Latched on by a control signal but must be turned off by the power circuit. 由控制信号控制器件导通，但必要通过电力电路作用才干使其关断。 Once the device begins to conduct ,it is latched on and the gate current can be removed. 一旦器件开始导通，它就自锁（门极失去作用），可以移去门极电流 。 latched on by a control signal must be
50、 turned off by the power circuit. 由控制信号控制器件导通，但必要通过电力电路作用才干使其关断。 once the device begins to conduct ,it is latched on and the gate current can be removed. 一旦器件开始导通，它就自锁（门极失去作用），可以移去门极电流。 Because of the large ripple in ud and id ,this circuit is of little practical significance . 由于ud和id有很大脉动，因此这
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