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1、Background1.Inthelate19thcentury,withthedevelopmentofcapitalism,allEuropeancountriesincreasinglycommunicatedwitheachother.Itcreatedademandfororalproficiencyinforeignlanguages.2.Therapiddevelopmentoflinguistics,psychologyandeducation.3.AndtheGrammarTranslationMethodcouldnotmeettheneed.TheReformMoveme
2、nthasbegan.TheInternationalPhoneticAssociationwasfoundedanditsInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)wasdesigned.4.Thebestknownreformerinthemid-19thcenturywasaFrenchmannamedE.Gouin.Hedevelopedanapproachtoteachingaforeignlanguagebasedonhisobservationsofchildrensuseoflanguage.5.WilhelmVitor,aGermanyscholar
3、 Language Teaching Must Start Afresh Speech patterns InHenrySweetsbookThe Practical Study of Languages(1899),hesetforthprinciplesforthedevelopmentofteachingmethod,whichsystematicallydiscussedaboutTheDirectMethod.ItwasestablishedinGermanyandFranceitthelate1800sandcontrastswiththeGrammarTranslationMet
4、hodandothertraditionalapproaches.ItbecamewidelyknowninAmericathroughitsusebySauveurandBerlitzinsuccessfulcommerciallanguageschool.Itfadedintheearly1900s.Principles1.Classroominstructionwasconductedexclusivelyinthetargetlanguage.2.Onlyeverydayvocabularyandsentencesweretaught.3.Oralcommunicationskills
5、werebuiltupinacarefullygradedprogressionorganizedaroundquestion-and-answerexchangesbetweenteachersandstudentsinsmall,intensiveclasses.4.Grammarwastaughtinductively.5.Newteachingpointswereintroducedorally.6.Concretevocabularywastaughtthroughdemonstration,objects,andpictures;abstractvocabularywastaugh
6、tbyassociationofideas.7.Bothspeechandlisteningcomprehensionweretaught.8.Correctpronunciationandgrammarwereemphasized.Main activities1.Directassociation(newlanguageitems)2.Questionandanswerexercise.(askingquestionsintargetlanguageandhavingstudentsanswerinfullsentences)3.Errorcorrection(studentsareall
7、owedtocorrecttheirmistakesbytheteacherorthemselves.)4.Inductiveteachingofgrammar5.Conversationpractice(studentsareencouragedtoaskeachotherquestionsusingthesamegrammaticalstructuretheyhavepracticed.)6.Dictation(Itisusedasameanstoreinforceandtestwhatthestudentshavelearned.)CommentAdvantages1.TheDirect
8、methodofferedinnovationsatthelevelofteachingprocedures.2.TheDirectmethodwasquitesuccessfulinprivatelanguageschools,suchasthoseoftheBerlitzchain,wherepayingclientshadhighmotivationandtheuseofnative-speakingteacherswasthenorm.3.Formingthehabitofspeakingandthinkingintargetlanguageandimprovingstudentsau
9、tomaticityinusingthetargetlanguage.Solanguagesenseisbuiltup.4.Thismethodisbasedonfullofactivities,soitisveryinteresting,excitingforstudents.5.Payingmoreattentiontospeakingandlistening,whichisveryusefulineverydaylife.Anditmakesforeignlanguagelearningmorenaturalandefficient.Disadvantages1.The Direct M
10、ethod was difficult to implement in public secondary school education.restricted time;the limited skills of teachers;and the perceived irrelevance of conversation skills in a foreign language for the average American college student.2.It overemphasized and distorted the similarities between naturali
11、stic first language learning and classroom foreign language learning.3.It lacked a rigorous basis in applied linguistic theory and a thorough methodological basis.4.Itunderestimatedtheroleofnativelanguage.Anditmaybeverytime-consumingsinceteacherswererequiredtoavoidusingnativelanguage.5.Itwasoverlydependentontheteachersskill.6.Thegoaloftryingtoteachconversionskillswasconsideredimpractical.
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