英语教学法-直接法-direct-method...ppt

Background1.Inthelate19thcentury,withthedevelopmentofcapitalism,allEuropeancountriesincreasinglycommunicatedwitheachother.Itcreatedademandfororalproficiencyinforeignlanguages.2.Therapiddevelopmentoflinguistics,psychologyandeducation.3.AndtheGrammarTranslationMethodcouldnotmeettheneed.TheReformMovementhasbegan.TheInternationalPhoneticAssociationwasfoundedanditsInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)wasdesigned.4.Thebestknownreformerinthemid-19thcenturywasaFrenchmannamedE.Gouin.Hedevelopedanapproachtoteachingaforeignlanguagebasedonhisobservationsofchildrensuseoflanguage.5.WilhelmVitor,aGermanyscholar Language Teaching Must Start Afresh Speech patterns InHenrySweetsbookThe Practical Study of Languages(1899),hesetforthprinciplesforthedevelopmentofteachingmethod,whichsystematicallydiscussedaboutTheDirectMethod.ItwasestablishedinGermanyandFranceitthelate1800sandcontrastswiththeGrammarTranslationMethodandothertraditionalapproaches.ItbecamewidelyknowninAmericathroughitsusebySauveurandBerlitzinsuccessfulcommerciallanguageschool.Itfadedintheearly1900s.Principles1.Classroominstructionwasconductedexclusivelyinthetargetlanguage.2.Onlyeverydayvocabularyandsentencesweretaught.3.Oralcommunicationskillswerebuiltupinacarefullygradedprogressionorganizedaroundquestion-and-answerexchangesbetweenteachersandstudentsinsmall,intensiveclasses.4.Grammarwastaughtinductively.5.Newteachingpointswereintroducedorally.6.Concretevocabularywastaughtthroughdemonstration,objects,andpictures;abstractvocabularywastaughtbyassociationofideas.7.Bothspeechandlisteningcomprehensionweretaught.8.Correctpronunciationandgrammarwereemphasized.Main activities1.Directassociation(newlanguageitems)2.Questionandanswerexercise.(askingquestionsintargetlanguageandhavingstudentsanswerinfullsentences)3.Errorcorrection(studentsareallowedtocorrecttheirmistakesbytheteacherorthemselves.)4.Inductiveteachingofgrammar5.Conversationpractice(studentsareencouragedtoaskeachotherquestionsusingthesamegrammaticalstructuretheyhavepracticed.)6.Dictation(Itisusedasameanstoreinforceandtestwhatthestudentshavelearned.)CommentAdvantages1.TheDirectmethodofferedinnovationsatthelevelofteachingprocedures.2.TheDirectmethodwasquitesuccessfulinprivatelanguageschools,suchasthoseoftheBerlitzchain,wherepayingclientshadhighmotivationandtheuseofnative-speakingteacherswasthenorm.3.Formingthehabitofspeakingandthinkingintargetlanguageandimprovingstudentsautomaticityinusingthetargetlanguage.Solanguagesenseisbuiltup.4.Thismethodisbasedonfullofactivities,soitisveryinteresting,excitingforstudents.5.Payingmoreattentiontospeakingandlistening,whichisveryusefulineverydaylife.Anditmakesforeignlanguagelearningmorenaturalandefficient.Disadvantages1.The Direct Method was difficult to implement in public secondary school education.restricted time;the limited skills of teachers;and the perceived irrelevance of conversation skills in a foreign language for the average American college student.2.It overemphasized and distorted the similarities between naturalistic first language learning and classroom foreign language learning.3.It lacked a rigorous basis in applied linguistic theory and a thorough methodological basis.4.Itunderestimatedtheroleofnativelanguage.Anditmaybeverytime-consumingsinceteacherswererequiredtoavoidusingnativelanguage.5.Itwasoverlydependentontheteachersskill.6.Thegoaloftryingtoteachconversionskillswasconsideredimpractical.