高英第十课修辞.doc

RHETORIC
Metaphor:
It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. 隐喻（metaphor）
　　No one,... that may case would snowball into... 谁也不曾料到，我本人更没有料到我的这件案子竟会越闹越大，以至成为美国历史上最著名的庭审案例之一-
　 ...our town ...had taken on a circus atmosphere. 我们这个拥有一千五百人口的小镇上呈现出一派看马戏似的热闹气氛
　　The street ...sprouted with ... 街道上突然冒出了许多摇摇晃晃的摊贩货架
　　He thundered in his sonorous organ tones. 他用洪亮的嗓音大喊大叫道
　　...champion had not scorched the infidels... 听众们似乎觉得他们的这位英雄没能充分发挥出应有的辩才将那些异端分子打个落花流水。
…after the preliminary sparring over legalities…　履行完规定的法律诉讼程序之后

Simile:
　　...swept the political arenaa  like a pr irie fire如燎原的烈火般席卷政界时
　　...a palm fan like a sword... 

Metonymy:
It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 转喻（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，直接联系，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
...tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers... 今天受攻击的是教师，”他接着说道，“明天就会轮到杂志、书籍和报纸
(Today the teachers are put on trial because they teach scientific theory; soon the newspapers and magazines will not be allowed to express new ideas, to spread knowledge of science. )
　　The Christian believes that man came from above. below. 基督徒相信人来自天上God，进化论者则认为人一定是来自地下nature。
Hyperbole:
　　The trial that rocked the world
Transferred epithet
Darrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder. 达罗关切地搂住我的肩膀低声安慰道

Antithesis对比
The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below. 基督徒相信人来自天上，进化论者则认为人一定是来自地下。

Assonance: 类韵
Resemblance of sound, especially of the vowel sounds in words. The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, especially in stressed syllables, 重(读)音节
when bigots lighted faggots to burn... 愚昧的偏执狂们点燃柴堆活活烧死

Pun:
　　Darwin is right --- inside. 有家商店的招牌上写道：达尔文：没错——就在里面。(这是小达尔文的服装店)
A pun is a play on words玩弄字眼, 说双关语, 说俏皮话, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. 双关语是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。It is not strictly a figure of speech, but because it relied heavily on metaphorical or figurative meanings of words for its effect, it if often included in lists of such figures
a. Words or phrases having two or more distinct meanings. 
Homonyms. 同音异义字
An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
b. words having the same or almost same sound but differing in form and meaning. 
Homophones.同音字
Seven days without water makes one weak.
Then there was the man in the restaurant. "You're not eating your fish," the waitress said to him. "Anything wrong with it?" "Long time no see (sea)," the man replied.

Oxymoron:
formed by conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous不调和的, 不适宜的 terms.  矛盾修辞法
　　Malone called my conviction a "victorious defeat".
　　bitter sweet memories 
　　proud humility自豪的谦卑
　　orderly chaos有秩序的混乱
　　a damned saint这该死的圣人
　　an honourable villain.令人尊敬的恶棍

Irony: a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. 
Hiroshima---the liveliest city in the world.
marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th century
　 My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes knows what he is here for," Darrow drawled.

Ridicule:
　　Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted ...
Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. 布莱恩闷声不响地擦拭着自己的秃顶
"He didn't say a cat was the same as a man?" Darrow asked. "The poor brute cowered in a corner with his hands over his eyes, ” a reporter noted, "afraid it might be true. " Ridicule
“这只可怜的畜牲双手捂住眼睛，蜷缩在一个角落里，”一位记者这样写道，“生怕人猿同源是真的。”
Sarcasm:
is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting嘲弄, 奚落 and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage蔑视, 贬损, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps黄蜂 break through.
"There is some doubt about that," Darrow snorted.
Dudley Field Malone popped up to reply. "Mr. Bryan is not the only one who has the right to speak for the Bible, he observed. "There are other people in this country who have given up their whole lives to God and religion. Mr. Bryan, with passionate spirit and enthusiasm, has given most of his life to politics." 达德雷•费尔德•马隆跳起来反驳布莱恩。“布莱恩可不是唯一有资格为《圣经》辩护的人，”他说。“在我们这一国度，还有些人将自己的全部生命都奉献给了上帝和宗教。而布莱恩先生却满腔热情地将自己的大半生命献给了政治。”
区别：ridicule 作为修辞, 可译为"奚落" 它和Sarcasm(目的是hurt one’s feeling)不同的是, ridicule的目的是unkindly make fun of sb. Sarcasm是转弯抹角的讽刺，而ridicule就是直截了当的表示出轻蔑之意.
irony反语 用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法

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