叉车稳定性及其他安全问题中英双语版.docx

Forkliftstabilityandothertechnicalsafetyissues
叉车稳定性及其他安全问题
Thestabilityofforkliftshasimpactsonsafetyinrespectof:
叉车稳定性会以下的安全问题
1.     Thelikelihoodofforwardtipover–thatis,theforklifttiltingforward;
前向翻车的可能性-是指叉车前倾的情形
2.     Thelikelihoodofsidetipover–thatis,theforklifttiltingtoeitherside;and

侧向翻车的可能性-是指叉车向一侧翻车
3.      Themaximumlevelsofbrakingthatcanbeappliedforanyloadingsituation,andhencethestoppingdistance–toohighalevelofbrakingwillinitiateforwardtipover;and
在任何条件下的最大的刹车力度，比如载货条件或者高位提升等都可能前向翻车
4.      Themaximumlevelsofrearwardacceleration-toohighalevelwillalsoinitiateforwardtipover.
在任何条件下后向极大的加速度或者高位操作可能导致前向侧翻。

1.  Counterbalanceforklifts
平衡重叉车

ThisreportandtheassociatedMonashUniversityAccidentResearchCentreproduced guidebook(AGuidebookofIndustrialTrafficManagement&ForkliftSafety)focusoncounterbalanceforkliftsofthestyleshownbelow,astheyarethemostcommonstyleusedinVictoria
本报告机Monsah大学事故研究中心制作了一个关于平衡重叉车的指导手册。（工业车辆管理及叉车安全手册）

Theseforkliftsgenerallyhave:
这些叉车具有以下要素
·      Thebodywithitscounterbalanceandcagerigidlyattachedtothefrontordriveaxle;
车身具有配重块和一个结实的货叉架在叉车前轮轴上
·      Themastpivotedatornearthefrontaxle;
门架可以在前轮轴上或接近轮轴的位置摆动
·       Thesteeraxlepivotedaboutitscentresothatthesteertyresremainincontactwiththegroundwheretherearesmallvariationsintheleveloftheoperatingsurface;and
转向轴在中心位置转动，这样转向轮就可以保持和地面的接触，即使地面有些小的不平整
·       Brakesfittedtothefrontdriveaxleonly.
      只有前轮有制动
·       Fortheonebody,forkliftscanbefittedwith:
     同一类的车身可以配置

·       Differentmaststosuitvariousliftheights.Theserangefrom1500to7500mm.Thenumberofmaststagescanvarydependingonavailableheadroom.
不同高度的门架。这些范围从1500-7500mm。门架梯级依据屋顶高度。
·      Differentwheelsandtyres–solid,pneumaticshapedcushionorpneumatictyres;
不同轮毂及轮胎-实心胎、充气胎及充气弹性胎等
·      Arangeofforktynessuitedtotheforkliftoperation,withorwithoutsideshift;and
不同货叉类型来适配不同工况，是否具有侧移器及
·      Otherspecialistattachments.
其他特别专用属具

2.  “Stabilitytriangle
稳定三角形

Therearethreewaysacounterbalanceforkliftcantipoverforwardsorsideways:
有三种可能性导致平衡重叉车侧翻或前翻
1.      Itcantipforwardwiththecontactpointsofthedriveaxletyresandthegroundactingasthepivot;
它前翻的原因可能是接触点的轮胎和地面原地打转
2.      Itcantipsidewaystotheleftwithtipoverinitiallypivotingalongalinethroughthelefthandfronttyrecontactpointandthepivotpointoftherearsteeraxle;or
它左侧翻的原因可能一个左前轮打转和后转向大幅摆动
3.      Itcantipsidewaystotherightwithtipoverinitiallypivotingalongalinethroughtherighthandfronttyrecontactpointandthepivotpointoftherearsteeraxle.
它右侧翻的原因可能一个右前轮子打转和后转向大幅摆动
Thesethreelinescombineddefinethestabilitytriangleasshowninthediagram.
有三条线来定义了稳定三角形

Notethattherearsteeraxlehasalimittoitstravelarounditspivotpoint,sothatatsomepointsidetipoverchangestopivotaboutthetwolefthandortworighthandtyres.Atthisstagetheforkliftsometimesstopstippingoverandfallsbackonitswheels.Mostlyhowevertipovercontinues.
请注意转向轮轴需要到极限，这样的话侧翻可能会改变。在这个条件下侧翻可能会停止和回到承载轮平衡。大部分情况下还是会继续侧翻。

3.  Centreof mass
重心

Anyphysicalobjecthasapointlocatedinthreedimensionswhereitactsasthoughallitsmassislocated.Thisisknownasitscentreofmass.
许多物体在三维上都有重心
Itisapointaboutwhichtheforkliftwouldbalanceifplacedontopofapointedsupport.
许多情况下叉车获得平衡，只要这个点上给与支持。
Whentheforkliftisstationary,theonlyforceactingonthispointistheforceofgravityverticallydown.Forastationaryforklift,providedthiscentreofmassiswithinthestabilitytriangle,theforkliftwillneithertipforwardsorsideways.
当平稳行驶的时候，只有一个作用力就是重力，那就可以保证重心在稳定三角形内。
Whenweplaceanincreasingloadontheforktynes,thecentreofmassoftheforkliftandloadcombinedmovesforwardtowardsthefrontaxle
当我们增加重量在货叉上，载荷中心就会前移
Ifsufficientloadisaddedtheforkliftwillreachapointwhereittipsforward.Thisgenerallyoccursifanoperatortriestoliftaloadthatismuchtooheavyfortheforklift,andthesteeraxleliftsofftheground.

当货物足够重时，中心点临界后，就会前翻。基本上会出现在司机想要超载或者转向轮离地。

4.  Dynamicforces,centreofmassandstability
活动受力，重心及稳定性

Whenaforklifttravelsonaslope,orwhenaforkliftistravellingaroundacorneratsomespeed,orwhenaforkliftbrakesoraccelerates,forcesaredevelopedthatactontheforkliftsidewaysortothefrontorrear.
当叉车行驶在斜坡或在拐弯的时候，当叉车刹车和加速的时候，受力会作用在叉车侧面或前后。
Ifthesumofalltheforcesactingonthecentreofmassactsuchthattheypassoutsidethestabilitytriangle,thentheforklifteithertipsforwardsofsideways.
当所有受力作用在重心，导致它们偏出稳定三角形，就会导致侧翻或前翻。

5.  Tipoversidewaysversustipoverforwards
侧翻与前翻

Asnotedabove,addingloadtothetynesmakesthecentreofmassoftheforkliftandtynescombinedmoveforwardclosertotheforwardtipoveraxisofthestabilitytriangle.Theforkliftbecomesprogressivelylessstableinrespectofforwardtipover.
如上面所述，增加载荷至叉车重心，以及货叉接近前向轴心，会导致重心前移至侧翻的稳定三角形轴线。叉车会渐渐变得不稳定，从而导致前向侧翻。
Howeverthecentreofmassatthesametimeismovingawayfromthetwoothertippingaxis.SotheForkliftbecomesmorestableinrespectoftippingsideways.
无论如何叉车的重心会远离稳定轴线，这样叉车就能保持更稳定。

Henceforkliftsaremuchmorelikelytotipsidewayswhenempty–75%oftheseincidentsoccurwhentheforkliftisempty.
所以叉车在空载的时候更容易侧翻-75%的事故发生在空车的时候。
Andtheyaremorelikelytotipforwardwhenloaded.
而载货后更容易发生前翻。

6.  Stabilityandraisedloads
稳定性与举升的载荷

Raisingtheloadreducesstabilityinalltipoverdirectionsasthesizeofside,frontorrearforcesrequiredtocauseforwardorsideortipoverarereduced.
举升载荷后会降低稳定性，导致不同方向的侧翻。

7.  Australianandinternationalstandardsforforkliftstabilityorsafety
澳大利亚和国际关于叉车稳定性和安全的标准

Alistofthesestandardsisshownbelow.NotethatinadditionJapan,amajorsupplierofforklifts,hasitsownstandards.
一些列的标准显示如下。请注意在日本主要的叉车供应商有其自身的标准。
Andthereareotherstandardsthatalsoimpactonforkliftsafetyincludingstandardsforpalletsandcontainers.
还有其他的标准同样会影响叉车额安全，包括托盘和集装箱

STANDARD标准
COMMENT说明
AS/NZS 1425:1999 LP Gas fuel systems for vehicle engines
车辆液化燃油系统
For LPG  powered forklifts
液化天然气叉车
AS/NZS 1596:2002The storage and handling of LP Gas
存储液化天然气

For LPG  powered forklifts液化气叉车
AS 2402-1994 Traction batteries-  Lead-acid铅酸动力电池
For  battery powered forklifts电动叉车
AS 2548.1-1998 Batterychargers  forlead-acid traction batteries
- Battery  chargers for vented cells动力电池充电器
For  battery powered forklifts电动叉车
AS 1763-1985 Industrialtrucks-Glossaryofterms工业车辆名词术语

AS 2359-1995  Powered industrial trucks –动力工业车辆
Part 1: General Requirements. Part 2: Operation.  Part 3:Counterbalanced forklift trucks - Stability tests. Part 4: Reach andstraddle  forklift trucks- Stability tests. Part 5: Control symbols. Part  6:Safety Code. Part 7: Terminology. Part 8: Pallet stackers and high-   lift platform trucks – Stability tests. Part 9: High-lift rider  trucks –Overhead guards. Part 10:Forklift trucks – Hook on type fork arms -Vocabulary. Part 11: Forklift trucks – Hook on typefork arms –Dimensions.Part12: Hazardous areas
Principal  Australianstandard forforklifts. Being progressivelychanged  by the adoption ofequivalent  ISOstandards澳大利亚叉车标准
AS 3713-1989 Acoustics-Industrial trucks -Noisemeasurement叉车遭遇

AS 4972(Int)-2001Counterbalanced trucks handling freightcontainers for 6m (20 ft) length and above - Additional stabilitytests平衡重叉车处理的集装箱
Australian version of ISO 10525 –additional  notes on risks added
AS 4973-2001 Industrialtrucks- Inspection and repair of forkarmsin service on fork-lift trucks检查和维修叉车叉齿
Based on ISO5057:1993
ISO 1074:1991 Counterbalancedfork-lift  trucks; stabilitytests平衡重叉车稳定性测试
Equivalent to AS 2359  Pt 3: 1995
ISO 2328:1993 Fork-lift trucks; hook-on type fork arms and forkarm carriages; mounting dimensions叉车连接型货叉
Equivalent to AS 2359  Pt 11:
1995
ISO 2330:2002 Fork-lift trucks - Forkarms- Technicalcharacteristics and  testing货叉技术特征和测试

ISO 2331:1974 Fork-lift trucks –Hookon type fork arms –Vocabulary连接型货叉词汇
Equivalent to AS 2359  Pt 10:
1995
ISO 3184:1998 Reach and straddle fork-lifttrucks-Stabilitytests前移式和跨腿式叉车稳定性测试
Equivalent to AS 2359  Pt 4: 1995
ISO  5057:1993 Industrial trucks;  inspection and repair of forkarmsin service on fork-lift trucks叉车检查和维修
Equivalent to AS 4973:  2001
ISO 5766:1990 Pallet stackers and highlift platform trucks.Stabilitytests托盘堆高机和升降台稳定性测试
Equivalent to AS 2359  Pt 8: 1995
ISO 5767:1992 Industrial  trucks operating in special  conditionofstackingwith  mast tiltedforward;  additional stability test叉车高位前倾

ISO  6292:1996Poweredindustrial trucks andtractors  -Brakeperformanceand component strength动力叉车和拖车的刹车
To be an Australian Standard -additional notes relating torisk
ISO 10525:1997 Counterbalanced trucks handling freightcontainers  of 6m (20 ft) length and above - Additional stabilitytests平衡重叉车处理的集装箱
Equivalent  to AS 4972 (Int) 2001less AppendixZZ
ISO 10658:1996 Industrial trucksoperating in special conditionsof  stackingwith load laterallydisplacedbypowered devices -Additional stability test叉车堆垛和直接摆放

ISO 13284:2003 Fork-lifttrucks  - Fork-arm extensions andtelescopic  fork arms - Technicalcharacteristics andstrengthrequirements货叉延长套

ISO 13562: 2000 Industrial variable-reach  trucks - Part 1: Stabilitytests.  Part 2: Additional stability testsfortrucks handling freightcontainers of 6m  length and above.

ISO 13563-1:2001 Singleside  loading fork-lift trucks
 Part 1: Stability tests. Part 2: Additional stability testsfortruckshandling freight containers of 6m  length and above单面载货
Covered  in AS 2359 Pt 1: 1985:Appendix  A5
ISO15794:2001 Bi-directional and multi-directional fork-lifttrucks  -  Stability tests双向和多向叉车

ISO 15870:2000 Poweredindustrial trucks - Safetysigns  andhazard pictorials - General principles动力叉车的安全标识

ISO 15871:2000 Industrial trucks-  Specificationsforindicatorlights for container  handling and grappler arm operations叉车灯光

8.  Australianandinternationalstandards-forkliftstabilitytests
关于叉车稳定性测试的澳大利亚和国际标准

TherequiredteststodeterminethemaximumratedcapacityofforkliftsareincludedinAS2359anditsparts,andinAS4972(Int).ForotherstylesofforklifttrucksISO13563orISO15794  mayapply
要标识额度载荷能力测试的标准是AS2359和AS 4972。其他类型的叉车标准有ISO13563和ISO15794
Ingeneral,foreveryforkliftstyle,therearefourstabilitytests,plusothersasappropriateforthestyleofforklift.
总的来说，每种型号的叉车都有自己的稳定性测试，还有其他相关需要的关于该型号叉车的测试
Australianandinternationalstandards-counterbalanceforkliftstabilitytests
澳大利亚和国际标准-平衡重叉车
Forcounterbalanceforkliftstherearefourtests:
关于平衡重叉车有四个测试项目

1.      Stacking–withthemastverticalandforksatmaximumheight,themaximumloadisdeterminedwhentheforkliftistiltedforwardonaplatformto:
堆高-门架垂直提升至最大高度，最高处的载荷能力由前倾至最大时的能力来决定
·      Aslopeof4%forforkliftsofratedcapacityupto4999kg;and
在4度的斜坡测试最大至4999kg的载荷能力
·      Aslopeof3.5%forforkliftswithcapacitiesof5000kgto50000kg
在3.5度的斜坡测试至5000-50000kg载荷能力

2.      Travelling–withthemastatfullrearwardtiltandforkslowered,themaximumloadisdeterminedwhentheforkliftistiltedforwardonaplatformtoaslopeof18%
行驶-门架前倾到底和货叉降落，最大载荷能力由18度的坡道
行驶的载荷能力来决定

3.      Stacking–withthemastatfullrearwardtiltandforksatmaximumheight,themaximumloadisdeterminedwhentheforkliftistiltedsidewardsonaplatformtoaslopeof 6%
堆高-门架后仰到底和货叉在最高处，最大的载荷能力由
       6度的斜坡上载荷能力来决定

4.      Travelling–withthemastatfullrearwardtiltandforkslowered,theforkliftistiltedsidewaysonaplatformto
·       aslopeofupto40%forforkliftsofratedcapacityupto4999kg;and
·       Aslopeof50%forforkliftswithcapacitiesof5000kgto50000kg
dependingontheforkliftcapacityandmaximumspeed
        行驶- 门架完全后仰和货叉降落，叉车在侧面倾斜的平台上
        剩余40%的额定载荷能力-4999kg以下的叉车
        剩余50%的额定载荷能力-5000-5000kg的叉车

Tests1and2primarilydetermineforwardtipoverstability,test3determinessidetipoverstabilitywhenloaded,andtest4determinessidetipoverstabilitywhenempty.

测试1和测试2初步确定前向稳定性，测试3决定侧面稳定性和测试4决定空载的侧向稳定性。