初中英语虚拟语气.doc

初中英语虚拟语气
英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。 
虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。

如果假设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句，这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。如： If time permits, we'll go fishing together.

如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如： If you had come yesterday, you would have met that famous professor.（隐含的事实是：你昨天没来，也没见到那位著名教授）。
虚拟语气的基本形式和用法在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。
1. 含有条件状语从句的复合句
　 wish（would rather）+宾语从句
　suggest（…）+宾语从句

2. 主 语从句 It is + adj./p.p/n.+ that+ S+ (should) +do
表 语 从句S+is that +s + (should) +do
同位语从句 S+that +s +(should) +do

3. 定语从句 It is (high) time that + S + did

I. 含有条件状语从句的复合句(以do为例;S=主语)
时间条件状语从句     主      句
与现在事实相反的假设    If +S+did…     S+would/should/could/might+do…
与过去事实相反的假设    If +S+had done…     S+would/should/could/might+have done…
与将来事实相反的假设    did…
If+S   should do  S+would/should/could/might+do…
         were to do    

注意事项：
1．倒装句。如果条件句中含有功能词had，should，were时，可以省去If，把功能词提前，构成倒装句。
2．错综条件句。若条件句和主句动作不存在同一个时间，则谓语形式应根据具体情况而定。
3．If there weren't/had not been +…=without…
4．If it were not for…/ If it hadn't been for…= but for…
5．otherwise+虚拟语气的句子
6．虚拟语气的句子，but+ 陈述事实的句子

虚拟语气表示一种假设的情况，或一种主观的愿望，即动词所表示的动作或状态并非事实，或不可能实现。
一．一般情况下，英语虚拟语气的形式有下列3种：

语境
条件从句
主句
例子
1.与现在事实相反
一般过去式：were/did

would/should/could/might + do(动词原形)

If John had the time, he would make a trip to China to see the Great Wall.
If I were you, I would give up drinking immediately.

2.与将来事实相反

(1).     should+动词原形
(2).    一般过去式：were/did
(3)、were to+动词原形
would/should/could/might + do（动词原形）

If you should lose, what would you do?
If I were to see her tomorrow, I would tell her the truth.
If you went there next time, you would see what I mean.
3.与过去事实相反
过去完成时：had+过去分词
would/should/could/might+ have done

If I had arrived earlier, I would have seen David

二.、虚拟语气的几种特殊用法
1.虚拟语气的倒装： 将if去掉，谓语动词提前。
如：If I were you, I would give up drinking. =Were I you, I would give up drinking.
If I had arrived earlier, I would have seen David. = Had I arrived earlier, I would have seen David.
2.  有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致，如：
If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be quite all right now.
（if从句是对过去的虚拟，主句是对现在的虚拟。）
If I were you, I would have gone home.
（if从句是对现在的虚拟，主句是对过去的虚拟。） 

三．虚拟语气的其他用法
1、Suggest, advise 等表示“要求”“建议”的动词之后宾语从句须用虚拟语气，其句子结构如下：
suggest, advise, recommend, demand,
require, insist, urge, request, order, +that…(should )+动词原形
ask, move, propose等
注意：在此结构中that不可省略；should省不省均可。
He suggested that they (should ) stop smoking.
上述动词的名词形式出现时，that 引导的从句仍用虚拟语气。
He made a request that they (should ) stop smoking.
注意：
* insist有两个意思，当表示“坚持让某人做某事”含命令口吻）时，that从句用虚拟，如：He insists that we (should) go home now.
当表示“坚持某种说法”时，that从句用陈述语气。
He insists that he is right.
*suggest也有两个意思，当表示“建议”时，that从句用虚拟语气，如：I suggest that we should go home now.
当表示“暗示”时，that从句用陈述语气。
如：All the evidence suggests that he stole the money. 所有证据偶读暗示是他偷了钱。

2、It is was )+necessary, a pity 等+that引导的从句须用虚拟语气，其句子结构如下：
imperative, advisable, 动词完成式
It is (was) + important, natural, necessary, +that…(should) +
essential, strange,等 动词原形
It is important that you (should) follow the doctor’s orders.

It is right that you should have done your homework.

3、wish的用法
主句谓语动词
that 从句谓语动词
例子
现在的愿望：wish/wishes
一般过去式:did或were

I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。
过去的愿望：wished
过去完成式:had done

I wished I had never stopped teaching. (=I am sorry I stopped teaching.)
对将来的愿望：wish/wishes

would/could +动词原形
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
注意：wish与hope接宾语从句的区别在于：hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。wish表示很难或不大可能实现的希望,宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较：
（1） We hope they will come,(We don’t know if they can come.)
（2） We wish they could come,(We know they are not coming.)
 4、as if, as though, would(had) rather(that)引导的从句须用虚拟语气，如：
He acts as if nothing had happened.
I would rather you didn’t tell him.
 5、It’s (high) time that…+动词过去式或should+动词原形，如：
It’s time (that) you had a hair cut.
It’s high time (that) we took some action.

虚拟语气练习题
( )1. If you were old enough, I ________ you to go there yesterday. 
   A. will allow     B. should allow      C. would have allowed      D. had allowed
( )2. The secretary suggested that they ________ the men in at once. 
   A. had brought          B. should have brought          C. brought          D. bring
( )3. __________I you, I would go with him to the party. 
    A. Was              B. Had been          C. Will be              D. Were
( )4. It is strange that such a thing _________ in your class.
    A. will happen    B. happens       C. should happen       D. happened
( )5. How I wish I ____ to repair the watch! I only made it worse. 
   A. had tried          B. hadn't tried          C. have tried          D. didn't try
( )6. If he _______ to the teacher attentively, he _______ the answer to the problem now.  
A. had listened, would have known     B. listened, would know 
   C. listened, would have known        D. had listened, would know
( )7. I was busy yesterday, otherwise I _______ your birthday party. 
   A. attended          B. had attended       C. would attend      D. would have attended
( )8. If only I _________ how to operate an electronic computer as you do. 
   A. had known         B. would know          C. should know         D. knew 
( )9. The two strangers talks as if they _______ friends for years. 
   A. were          B. would be          C. have been          D. had been
( )10. It is high time we _______ up our results. 
    A. sum          B. summed          C. will sum          D. would sum
( )11 The librarian insists that John _______ no more books from the library before he returns all the books he had borrowed.   
   A. will take           B. took           C. take           D. takes
( )12. But for the guidance of our instructor(导师) , we _______ in the experiment. 
    A.  shouldn’t succeed               B.  could not have succeeded
    C.  will not succeed             D.  should not have succeeded
( )13. It’s about time people______ notice of what women did during the war. 
    A. take   B. took   C. have taken   D. will take
( )14. She couldn't have answered the question if she ________ a few books on world 
history.
    A. hadn’t read      B. hasn’t read        C. wouldn’t read       D. didn’t read
( )15. Isn’t it about time that you ________ to pick up the visitors from New York?
    A. had gone         B. should go      C. go             D. will go
( )16. The young man insisted that he ________ nothing wrong and ______ free immediately.
   A. did; set    B. had done; should be set    C. do; be set   D. had done; must be set
( )17. Your advice that______ till next week is reasonable. 
   A. she waits          B. she wait          C. wait she          D. she waited
( )18. It was essential that we_________ lease（条约、合同） before the end 
 of the month. 
  A. sign              B. signed          C. had signed      D. were signing
( )19. I wish that I ______ with you last night. 
   A. went          B. have gone          C. could go          D. could have gone
( )20. He speaks Chinese so fluently as if he ______a Chinese. 
    A. were          B. had been         C. is           D. has been
( )21. Looking round the town, he felt as though he       away for ages.
    A.    has been         B. was          C. is          D. had been
( )22. It is important that the TOEFL ___________office your registration. 

   A. will confirm          B. confirm          C. confirms          D. must confirm
( )23. If I had seen the movie, I ___________you all about it now. 
   A. would tell          B. will tell          C. have told          D. would have told
( )24. I had hoped that John ______a year in Africa, but he stayed there only for three months. 
    A. spends          B. spent          C. would spend          D. will spend

( )25. I’d rather you       anything about it for the time being. 
    A. do           B. didn’t do          C. don’t          D. didn’t
( )26. Everybody has arrived. It’s time we         the class. 
    A. shall start      B. would start          C. had started      D. should start
( )27.  the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday 
    A. In spite of          B. But for          C. Because of          D. As for
( )28.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water，it looks as if it ________.
   A. breaks             B. has broken       C. were broken       D. had been broken
( )29. She couldn’t have answered the question if she ______ a few books on 
world history.
  A hadn’t read             B. hasn’t read         C. wouldn’t read         D. didn’t read
( )30. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun ________round the earth. 
A. were circling         B. circles           C. is circling           D. be circling
II. Translation
我不知道他的电话号码，否则我就打电话给他了。

他本可以给你更多的帮助，即使他很忙。

3.---如果可能的话你会不会打电话给他？
---会的，不过我当时在忙着做家庭作业呢。

4．如果你昨晚没有看电影到那么晚的话，你现在就不会这

5. 没有电，今天人类的生活就完全不同了。 

I. 1-5 CDDCB      6-10 ADDDB      11-15 CBBAA        16-20 BBADA
21-25 DBACB    26-30 BBCAA     31-35 DBDCB   36-40 DCCCA   41-45 CDBCC  
II. 
1．I didn't know his telephone number, otherwise I would have telephoned him.
2．He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy.
3．---- Would you have called her up had it been possible? 
---- Yes, but I were busy doing my homework.
4．If you hadn’t seen that film late last night, you wouldn't be so sleepy.
5．Without electricity, human life would be quite different today.