雅思托福基础测试题.doc

Model Test (Basic)
vocabulary
part I （20分）
1. The government is determined to protect its tobacco ________.
A) monopoly B) monotony C) monologue D) monograph
2. Apparently in interviews he refuses to talk about his ________life.
A) privacy B) private C) universe D) unify
3. He decided to postpone their holiday ______ next year.
A) on B) for C) until D) in
4.  Within two weeks of arrival, all foreigners had to _______ with the local police.
  A) inquire        B) consult        C) register        D) profession 
5. As he has _______ our patience, we’ll not wait for him any longer. 
A) torn          B) wasted         C) exhausted      D) consumed  
6.  These teachers try to be objective when they _______ the integrated ability of 
their students. 
A) justify        B) evaluate        C) indicate        D) reckon  
7.  Mrs. Morris's daughter is pretty and _______, and many girls envy her. 
A) slender       B) light           C) faint           D) minor  
8.  Tomorrow the mayor is to _____ a group of Canadian businessmen on a tour of the city. 
A) coordinate    B) cooperate       C) accompany      D) associate  
9.  Norman Davis will be remembered by many _____ with not only as a great 
scholar but also as a most delightful and faithful friend. 
A) kindness      B) friendliness     C) warmth          D) affection
10. Technological ______ has been so rapid over the last few years.
A）retrograde B)retrogress C) progress D) project
11. Salaries for ______ positions seem to be higher than for permanent ones. 
A) legal         B) optional        C) voluntary         D) temporary
12. He never arrives on time and my ______ is that he feels the meetings are useless. 
A) preference    B) conference      C) inference          D) reference 
13. It is obvious that this new rule is applicable to everyone without _______. 
A) exception    B) exclusion        C) modification       D) substitution 
14.Critics believe that the control of television by mass advertising has ______ the quality of the programs. 
A) lessened         B) declined          C) affected             D) effected
15. The ______ at the military academy is so rigid that students can hardly bear it. 
A) convention       B) confinement      C) principle              D) discipline
16. There's not much ______ that this war will be over soon.
A) prospect B) process C) foreground  D) profess
17.  It was the first time that such a ______had to be taken at a British nuclear power 
station. 
A) presentation       B) precaution      C) preparation              D) prediction
18.She felt _____ when her closest friend moved away.
A) desolate B) solace C) insulate D)repugnant
19.You should try to ______ your ambition and be more realistic. 
A) reserve          B) restrain          C) retain                    D) replace 
20.The ship's generator broke down, and the pumps had to be operated _____ instead of mechanically. 
A) artificially    B) automatically    C) manually          D) synthetically 
Part II （10分）

1. She also photographs away from her studio at various architectural sites, bringing camera, lights, mirrors, and a crew of assistants to transform the site into her own abstract image.
The word "transform" is closest in meaning to which of following?
A) move B) extend C) change D) interpret
2. The upper end of the sea anemone has a mouth surrounded by tentacles that the 
animals to capture its food.
The word "capture" is closest in meaning to which of following?
A) catch B) control C) cover D) clean
3. When disturbed, a sea anemone retracts its tentacles and shortens its body so that 
it resembles a lump on a rock.
The word "retracts" is closest in meaning to which of following?
A) pulls back B) relaxes C) reproduces D) lifts up
4. Nevertheless, many local residents want to retain the existing the character of the 
area. The word "retain" is closest in meaning to which of following?
A) preserve B) possess C) enjoy D) improve
5. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a 
few generations. The word "shattered" is closest in meaning to which of following?
A) arranged B) dissolved C) broken apart D) gathered together

Grammar （30分）
1. According to the law, _____ have an equal right to an education.
A. every of children B. every child C. all of children D. all children
2. The workers in that factory are paid _____.
A. by the hour B. by an hour C. by hour D. by hours
3. They talked about the problem among _____.
A. them B. each other C. themselves D. one another
4. A good writer is _____ who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.
A. that B. he C. one D. this
5. Which do you think _____ , wealth or health?
A. best B. better C. the better D. the best
6.The size of that island is about _____ that of this one.
A. three times as much as B. as three times much as
C. as three times greater than D. three times as big as
7. That last novel of his is _____ the best he has written.
A. by far B. so far C. by then D. so much
8. A good sleep can _____ a tiring day.
A. make out for B. make up C. make up for D. make up to
9. He hasn’t any money so I _____ him some.
A. will be lending B. am to lend C. would lend D. am going to lend
10. He promised to let me have the book as soon as he _____ it.
A. had read B. has read C. read D, would have read
11. We can go only when the ground _ .
A. is drying B. will dry C. dried D. has dried
12. He went away and he _____ back yet.
A. is not B. has not been C. was not D. will not be
13. The world’s supplies of petroleum _____ .
A. have been gradually exhausted
B. have gradually exhausted
C. are being gradually exhausted
D. are gradually exhausted
14. We _____ your terms carefully but _____ to say that we cannot accept them.
A. are studying; regret B. have studied; are regretting
C. have studied; regret D. have been studying; will regret
15. With the development of production and science, electronics _____ a wide application in a short time.
A. has found B. finds C. have found D. found
16. The company _____ a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet.
A. has been promised B. has been promising C. is promising D. promised
17. The children _____ many times not to go near the stove.
A. have told B. told C. have been told D. are told
18. The experiment is very expensive. But _____ succeed, we would be able to make production more efficient.
A. should we B. were we C. if should we D. if we
19. _____ if you had lost your watch?
A. Hadn’t you been upset B Wouldn’t you be upset
C. Weren’t you upset D. Wouldn’t you have upset
20. I wished it _____ but it did.
A. not occurred B. did not occur C. had not occurred D. would not occur
21. If I had only read all the books before I _____ the lecture!
A. attended B. would have attended C. had attended D. have attended
22. The swimmer was very tired but he _____ reach the shore before he collapsed.
A. managed B. could C. was succeeded to D. was able to
23. _____ as much as one-fourth of all timber harvested is not used proved to be false.
A. The estimate B The estimate that C. They are estimated D. It is estimated that
24. The lawyer told his client that _____.
A. the case was of a small chance to win
B. it was nearly impossible to win him the case
C. they had little chance of winning the case
D. the chance of their winning the case was little
25. __ that men try to do the same things as nature does, and they usually have to do them in a different way.
A. The fact is so interesting
B. It is an interesting fact
C. The fact has much interest
D. There is a fact so interesting
26. We were all overjoyed at the news _____ the experiment turned out a success.
A. that B. which C. when D. what
27. The man _____ had little information.
A. I spoke of B. of who I spoke C. I spoke of whom D. whom I spoke
28. The size of the audience, _____ we had expected, was well over twenty thousand.
A. whom B. as C. which D. that
29. The higher income tax is harmful _____ it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
A. so that B. in that C. unless D. in case
30. Only in the last few years _____ to help the underprivileged in the country.
A. something is done
B. is something done
C. has there something been done
D. has anything been done

Reading （30分）
Interesting Day Courses in your Area

A Photographing Wildlife
This workshop includes an introduction in the classroom, two photography sessions with specially arranged access to the zoo enclosures so that you can take natural-looking close-ups of the most exotic species, and the opportunity to review and discuss your images as a group.
B Drawing For Fun
You will learn some basic techniques using soft pencils and charcoal. These and different types of paper are provided. Just bring yourself and a willingness to ‘have a go’. This is a start-up day so people who have already attended courses should not apply.
C Find Your Voice
You may feel you can’t sing or you may be an established singer who wants to improve or gain confidence. You will be shown how to sing in tune, how to breathe correctly and how to project your voice. You may attend this course more than once and each time have a wonderful experience. Everyone can sing and it’s great fun.
D Focus On Landscapes
This course is designed for students who are familiar with painting in watercolors, but are having difficulty with some techniques. We will discuss choice of materials, color mixing and any other areas that may be raised.
The day will start with a demonstration, followed by an opportunity to sketch outdoors. After a light lunch cooked in the studio, there will be a further practical session.
E Taking Happy Pictures
The main objective is to introduce you to the skills required to take good photographs of people at special events, such as parties or weddings.
We will discuss camera settings, dealing with varied light or bad weather, and how to get a good atmosphere. Lunch is provided at a nearby hotel, followed by a practical session inside the studio.
F The Music Takeaway
Get some friends, family or colleagues together for your own music course in a venue of your choice, which could be your front room, basement or workplace. We send two guitar tutors to lead a one-day session for you in the style of music you prefer, such as rock, country, funk or blues.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
Participants can decide where the course is held.
Different ability levels are welcome.
All the necessary materials are supplied.
Participants will be able to go where the public are not normally allowed.
It is possible to repeat this course.
You can select what to study from a range of options.
The course will provided advice on how to overcome difficult conditions.

THE LONG-TERM STABILITY OF ECOSYSTEMS
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “ succession ” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes in plant numbers and the mix of species are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.

An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish may tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.

At one time. Ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystem stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologist concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a singe crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy their entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community , such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from bad weather or pests.

The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologist don’t all agree what “stability “ means . Stability can be all defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience . In that case, climax community would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can acquire hundreds of years to return to the complex state.

Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability- just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is , in general more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle）

Ecologists are especially interested in knowing what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by volcanic explosion of Mount. St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example , pales in comparison to the construction cause by humans. We need to know what aspects of community are most important to the communi