初中英语考试语法复习知识点.docx

1、主语：句子的主体，全句述说的对象。回答是“谁”或者“什么”。一般由名词、代词、不定式、动名词或从句担当，位于句首。如：The boy needs a pen.Smoking is bad for you = To smoke is bad for you2、谓语：说明主语的动作或状态。回答“做(什么)”。由动词或系动词加表语担任，常置于主语后。如：The train leaves at 6 oclock.3、宾语：表示动作的对象。回答做的是“什么”。一般由名词或代词担当，常置于谓语后。如：He won the game.He likes playing computer.注意：（1）有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物（直接宾语）,一个指人（间接宾语）。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)（2）有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)4、表语：用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。一般由名词或形容词担任，置于系动词或be动词之后。如：He is a student. We are tired.注意：除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，（1）表感官的动词: feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。（2）表转变变化的动词: become, get, grow, turn, go等。（3）表延续的动词: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。5、定语：对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。如：The black bike is mine.（形容词）The boy in blue is Jim.（介词短语）I have nothing to do today.（动词不定式）注意：（1）当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , something等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语。例如： I tell him something interesting.（2）不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：The boys who are in the room are playing games.6、状语：用以修饰动词、形容词、副词及全句，通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任位置灵活。（1）修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；如：I am very sorry.（2）表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首。如：In order to cheer him up, I told him the truth.They are writing English in the classroom.（3）一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。如：We often help him.He is always late for class.7、补语：补充说明宾语怎么样或干什么,。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。常位于宾语后。如：He made me sad.（形容词）She asks me to take an umbrella.（不定式）The war made him a soldier.（名词）I find him at home.（介词短语）I saw a cat running along the wall.（分词）8、同位语：通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。如：Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy.I myself will do the experiment.9.宾语从句的种类宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。（1）由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如：He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.（2）由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如：He asked whose handwriting was the best.（3）由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如：I want to know if (whether) he lives there.He asked me whether (if) I could help him.10.时间状语从句（1）时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如：It was raining hard when got to school yesterday.While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.（2）在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：Ill ring you up as soon as I get to New York.I will tell him everything when he comes back.（3）在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到才”,“在以前不”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：The young man read till the light went out.Lets wait until the rain stops.11.条件状语从句(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如：What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?Dont leave the building unless I tell you to.(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：Ill help you with your English if am free tomorrow.He wont be late unless he is ill.(3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：Hurry up, or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up, youll be late.12.原因状语从句(1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如：He didnt come to school because he was ill.As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.(2)because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如：Why arent going there?Because I dont want to.13.目的状语从句(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that引导。例如：We started early so that we could catch the first train.He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等；从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如：Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句)Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果状语从句)