1、1、主语:句子的主体,全句述说的对象。回答是“谁”或者“什么”。一般由名词、代词、不定式、动名词或从句担当,位于句首。如:The boy needs a pen.Smoking is bad for you = To smoke is bad for you2、谓语:说明主语的动作或状态。回答“做(什么)”。由动词或系动词加表语担任,常置于主语后。如:The train leaves at 6 oclock.3、宾语:表示动作的对象。回答做的是“什么”。一般由名词或代词担当,常置于谓语后。如:He won the game.He likes playing computer.注意:(1)有些及
2、物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物(直接宾语),一个指人(间接宾语)。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)(2)有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)4、表语:用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。一般由名词或形容词担任,置于系动词或be动词之后。如:He is a student. We are tired.注意:除了be 系动词外,还有一些动词也可以用作系动词,(1)表感官的动词: fee
3、l, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。(2)表转变变化的动词: become, get, grow, turn, go等。(3)表延续的动词: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。5、定语:对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。如:The black bike is mine.(形容词)The boy in blue is Jim.(介词短语)I have nothing to do today.(动词不定式)注意:(1)当定语修饰不定代词如:nothing , anything , everything
4、, something等时,定语要放在其后作后置定语。例如: I tell him something interesting.(2)不定式、短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。例如:The boys who are in the room are playing games.6、状语:用以修饰动词、形容词、副词及全句,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任位置灵活。(1)修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;如:I am very sorry.(2)表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首。如:In order to cheer him up, I told him
5、the truth.They are writing English in the classroom.(3)一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。如:We often help him.He is always late for class.7、补语:补充说明宾语怎么样或干什么,。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。常位于宾语后。如:He made me sad.(形容词)She asks me to take an umbrella.(不定式)The war made him a soldier.(
6、名词)I find him at home.(介词短语)I saw a cat running along the wall.(分词)8、同位语:通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。如:Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy.I myself will do the experiment.9.宾语从句的种类宾语从句是一种名词性从句,在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词,宾语从句可分为三类。(1)由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用,没有实在的意义,在口语和
7、非正式文体中可以省略。例如:He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.(2)由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如:He asked whose handwriting was the best.(3)由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如:I want to know if (whether) he lives there.He asked me wheth
8、er (if) I could help him.10.时间状语从句(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如:It was raining hard when got to school yesterday.While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.(2)在时间状语从句里,通常不用将来时态,用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如:Ill ring you up as soon as I get to New Yo
9、rk.I will tell him everything when he comes back.(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里,如果主句用肯定式,其含义是“一直到时”,谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式,其含义是“直到才”,“在以前不”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如:The young man read till the light went out.Lets wait until the rain stops.11.条件状语从句(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如:What shall we do if it snows tomo
10、rrow?Dont leave the building unless I tell you to.(2)在条件状语从句里,谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如:Ill help you with your English if am free tomorrow.He wont be late unless he is ill.(3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如:Hurry up, or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up, youll be late.12.原因状语从句(1)原因状
11、语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如:He didnt come to school because he was ill.As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.(2)because表示直接原因,语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题,只能用because。As和since语气较弱,一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如:Why arent going there?Because I dont want to.13.目的状语从句(1)目的状语从句通
12、常由 so that, in order that引导。例如:We started early so that we could catch the first train.He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句,又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个:目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等;从意思上看,目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如:Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句)Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果状语从句)