1、法律英语案例赏析法律英语案例赏析李想Syllabus1.Briefintroductionoflaw2.CasesforConstitution/CriminalLaw/CivilLaw/ContractLaw/CompanyLaw/CopyrightLaw/EnvironmentProtectionLaw/PropertyLaw/LawofMarriage/3.Fourdebateordiscussionovermoives.NoticelNohomeworkbutdoreviewthelecture.lAttendenceisveryimportant.(Absence:3times).C
2、ontactslE-mailaddress:fiona-LadyJusticeisthesymbolofthejudiciary.Justiceisdepictedasagoddessequippedwiththreesymbolsoftheruleoflaw:aswordsymbolizingthecourtscoercivepower;scalesrepresentingtheweighingofcompetingclaims;andablindfoldindicatingimpartiality.KingHammurabiisrevealedthecodeoflawsbytheMesop
3、otamiansungodShamash,alsoreveredasthegodofjusticeIntroduction to lawlLawisasystemofrules,usuallyenforcedthroughasetofinstitutions.Itshapespolitics,economicsandsocietyinnumerouswaysandservesasaprimarysocialmediatorinrelationsbetweenpeople.Contractlawregulateseverythingfrombuyingabustickettotradingond
4、erivativesmarkets.Propertylawdefinesrightsandobligationsrelatedtothetransferandtitleofpersonal(oftenreferredtoaschattel)andrealproperty.Trustlawappliestoassetsheldforinvestmentandfinancialsecurity,whiletortlawallowsclaimsforcompensationifapersonsrightsorpropertyareharmed(oftenconsideredcivilcaseiffi
5、ledunderanissueoftortlawvs.criminal).Iftheharmiscriminalisedinpenalcode,criminallawoffersmeansbywhichthestatecanprosecutetheperpetrator.Constitutionallawprovidesaframeworkforthecreationoflaw,theprotectionofhumanrightsandtheelectionofpoliticalrepresentatives.Administrativelawisusedtoreviewthedecision
6、sofgovernmentagencies,whileinternationallawgovernsaffairsbetweensovereignnationstatesinactivitiesrangingfromtradetoenvironmentalregulationormilitaryaction.Writingin350BC,theGreekphilosopherAristotledeclared,Theruleoflawisbetterthantheruleofanyindividual.lLegalsystemselaboraterightsandresponsibilitie
7、sinavarietyofways.Ageneraldistinctioncanbemadebetweencivillawjurisdictions,whichcodifytheirlaws,andcommonlawsystems,wherejudgemadelawisnotconsolidated.Insomecountries,religionstillinformsthelaw.Lawprovidesarichsourceofscholarlyinquiry,intolegalhistory,philosophy,economicanalysisorsociology.Lawalsora
8、isesimportantandcomplexissuesconcerningequality,fairnessandjustice.Initsmajesticequality,saidtheauthorAnatoleFrancein1894,thelawforbidsrichandpooraliketosleepunderbridges,beginthestreetsandstealloavesofbread.Inatypicaldemocracy,thecentralinstitutionsforinterpretingandcreatinglawarethethreemainbranch
9、esofgovernment,namelyanimpartialjudiciary,ademocraticlegislature,andanaccountableexecutive.Toimplementandenforcethelawandprovideservicestothepublic,agovernmentsbureaucracy,themilitaryandpolicearevital.Whilealltheseorgansofthestatearecreaturescreatedandboundbylaw,anindependentlegalprofessionandavibra
10、ntcivilsocietyinformandsupporttheirprogress.Different Categoriessubstantivelawandprocedurallaw;civillawsystemandcommonlawsystem;departmentsoflaw:Constitution/Administrativelaw/TortLaw/CriminalLaw/CivilLaw/InternationalLaw/ContractLaw/CompanyLaw/CopyrightLaw/EnvironmentProtectionLaw/ConsumerLaw/Prope
11、rtyLaw/LawofMarriage,etc.SubstantivelawandprocedurallawlSubstantive lawisthestatutoryorwrittenlawthatgovernsrightsandobligationsofthosewhoaresubjecttoit.Substantivelawdefinesthelegalrelationshipofpeoplewithotherpeopleorbetweenthemandthestate.Substantivelawstandsincontrasttoprocedurallaw.lProcedural
12、lawcomprisestherulebywhichacourthearsanddetermineswhathappensincivillawsuit,criminaloradministrativeproceedings.Therulesaredesignedtoensureafairandconsistentapplicationofdueprocess(intheU.S.)orfundamentaljustice(inothercommonlawcountries)toallcasesthatcomebeforeacourt.whichcomprisestherulesbywhichac
13、ourthearsanddetermineswhathappensincivilorcriminalproceedings.Procedurallawdealswiththemethodandmeansbywhichsubstantivelawismadeandadministered.Thetimeallowedforonepartytosueanotherandtherulesoflawgoverningtheprocessofthelawsuitareexamplesofprocedurallaws.Substantivelawdefinescrimesandpunishments(in
14、thecriminallaw)aswellascivilrightsandresponsibilitiesincivillaw.Itiscodifiedinlegislatedstatutesorcanbeenactedthroughtheinitiativeprocess.procedurallawDifferencelAnotherwayofsummarizingthedifferencebetweensubstantiveandproceduralisasfollows:Substantiverulesoflawdefinerightsandduties,whileproceduralr
15、ulesoflawprovidethemachineryforenforcingthoserightsandduties.However,thewaytothiscleardifferentiationbetweensubstantivelawand,servingthesubstantivelaw,procedurallawhasbeenlong,sinceintheRomancivilproceduretheactioincludedbothsubstantiveandproceduralelements.Civil law systemlCivillawisthelegalsystemu
16、sedinmostcountriesaroundtheworldtoday.Incivillawthesourcesrecognisedasauthoritativeare,primarily,legislationespeciallycodificationsinconstitutionsorstatutespassedbygovernmentandcustom.Common law systemlCommonlawandequityarelegalsystemswheredecisionsbycourtsareexplicitlyacknowledgedtobelegalsources.T
17、hedoctrineofprecedent,orstare decisis(Latinfortostandbydecisions)meansthatdecisionsbyhighercourtsbindlowercourts.Commonlawsystemsalsorelyonstatutes,passedbythelegislature,butmaymakelessofasystematicattempttocodifytheirlawsthaninacivillawsystem.CommonlaworiginatedfromEnglandandhasbeeninheritedbyalmos
18、teverycountryoncetiedtotheBritishEmpireDepartments of lawTheFrenchDeclarationoftheRightsofManandoftheCitizen(人权宣言),whoseprinciplesstillhaveconstitutionalvalue.ThejudgesoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeintheHagueLegal institutions lLawislessabodyofstaticrulesthanadynamicprocessbywhichrulesareconstantl
19、ychanged,created,andmoldedtofitparticularsituations.Changesarecontinuouslymadebyvariousinstitutionsinasociety.Lawsmaininstitutionsinliberaldemocraciesaretheindependentjudiciaries,thejusticesystems,therepresentativelegislaturesorparliaments,anaccountableexecutive,acompetentandnon-corruptbureaucracy,a
20、policeforce,aciviliancontrolofthemilitaryandarobustlegalprofessionensuringpeoplesaccesstojusticeandapluralisticcivilsocietyatermusedtorefertothesocialinstitutions,communitiesandpartnershipsthatformlawspoliticalbasis.Judiciary lAjudiciaryisanumberofjudgesmediatingdisputestodetermineoutcome.Mostcountr
21、ieshavesystemsofappealcourts,answeringuptoasupremelegalauthority.IntheUnitedStates,thisistheSupremeCourt;inAustralia,theHighCourt;intheUK,theHouseofLords.InChina,最高法院。lSomecountriesallowtheirhighestjudicialauthoritytoover-rulelegislationtheydeterminedasunconstitutionallAjudiciaryistheoreticallybound
22、bytheconstitution,muchaslegislativebodiesare.Inmostcountriesjudgesmayonlyinterprettheconstitutionandallotherlaws.Butincommonlawcountries,wheremattersarenotconstitutional,thejudiciarymayalsocreatelawunderthedoctrineofprecedent.lIncommuniststates,suchasChina,thecourtsareoftenregardedaspartsoftheexecut
23、ive,orsubservienttothelegislature;governmentalinstitutionsandofficersexertthusvariousformsofinfluenceonthejudiciary.LegislaturelProminentexamplesoflegislaturesaretheHousesofParliamentinLondon,theCongressinWashingtonD.ClTopasslegislation,amajorityofMembersofParliamentmustvoteforabill(proposedlaw)inea
24、chhouse.Normallytherewillbeseveralreadingsandamendmentsproposedbythedifferentpoliticalfactions.Ifacountryhasanentrenchedconstitution,aspecialmajorityforchangestotheconstitutionwillberequired,makingchangestothelawmoredifficult.Agovernmentusuallyleadstheprocess,whichcanbeformedfromMembersofParliament(
25、e.g.theUKorGermany).Butinapresidentialsystem,anexecutiveappointsacabinettogovernfromhisorherpoliticalallieswhetherornottheyareelected(e.g.theUnitedStatesorBrazil),andthelegislaturesroleisreducedtoeitherratificationorvetoThedebatingchamberoftheEuropeanParliamentExecutive lTheexecutiveinalegalsystemse
26、rveasagovernmentscentreofpoliticalauthority.Inaparliamentarysystem,aswithBritain,Italy,Germany,India,andJapan,theexecutiveisknownasthecabinet,andcomposedofmembersofthelegislature.TheexecutiveischosenbythePrimeMinisterorChancellor,whoseofficeholdspowerundertheconfidenceofthelegislature.Becausepopular
27、electionsappointpoliticalpartiestogovern,theleaderofapartycanchangeinbetweenelections.Theheadofstateisapartfromtheexecutive,andhe/sheusuallylacksformalpoliticalpoweryetsymbolicallyenactslawsandactsasrepresentativeofthenation.ExamplesincludetheGermanpresident(appointedbytheParliament);theQueenoftheUn
28、itedKingdom(ahereditarytitle).Theotherimportantmodelisthepresidentialsystem,foundinFrance,theU.S.andRussia.Inpresidentialsystems,theexecutiveactsasbothheadofstateandheadofgovernment,andhaspowertoappointanunelectedcabinet.Underapresidentialsystem,theexecutivebranchisseparatefromthelegislaturetowhichi
29、snotaccountable.lAlthoughtheroleoftheexecutivevariesfromcountrytocountry,usuallyitwillproposethemajorityoflegislation,andproposegovernmentagenda.Inpresidentialsystems,theexecutiveoftenhasthepowertovetolegislation.Mostexecutivesinbothsystemsareresponsibleforforeignrelations,themilitaryandpolice,andth
30、ebureaucracy.Ministersorotherofficialsheadacountryspublicoffices,suchasaforeignministryorinteriorministry.Theelectionofadifferentexecutiveisthereforecapableofrevolutionisinganentirecountrysapproachtogovernment.representativesofeachcountrysexecutivebranch.G8:八国集团,由美国、英国、法国、德国、意大利、加拿大、日本和俄罗斯八国组成。TheUn
31、itedNationsNewYorkheadquartershousescivilservantsthatserveits192memberstates.Legal ProfessionlAcorollaryoftheruleoflawistheexistenceofalegalprofessionsufficientlyautonomoustobeabletoinvoketheauthorityoftheindependentjudiciary;therighttoassistanceofanadvocateinacourtinEnglandthefunctionofbarristerora
32、dvocateisdistinguishedfromlegalcounselor(solicitor).AstheEuropeanCourtofHumanRightshasstated,thelawshouldbeadequatelyaccessibletoeveryoneandpeopleshouldbeabletoforeseehowthelawaffectsthem.Inordertomaintainprofessionalism,thepracticeoflawistypicallyoverseenbyeitheragovernmentorindependentregulatingbo
33、dysuchasabarassociation,barcouncilorlawsociety.Modernlawyersachievedistinctprofessionalidentitythroughspecifiedlegalprocedures(e.g.successfullypassingaqualifyingexamination),arerequiredbylawtohaveaspecialqualification(alegaleducationearningthestudentaBachelorofLaws,aBachelorofCivilLaworaJurisDoctord
34、egree),andareconstitutedinofficebylegalformsofappointment(beingadmittedtothebar).InChinaandotherdevelopingcountriestherearenotenoughlaw-trainedpeopletostafftheexistingjudicialsystems,and,accordingly,formalstandardsaremorerelaxed.lOnceaccredited,alawyerwilloftenworkinalawfirm,inachambersasasolepracti
35、tioner,inagovernmentpostorinaprivatecorporationasaninternalcounsel.Inadditionalawyermaybecomealegalresearcherwhoprovideson-demandlegalresearchthroughalibrary,acommercialserviceorthroughfreelancework.Manypeopletrainedinlawputtheirskillstouseoutsidethelegalfieldentirely.Significanttothepracticeoflawin
36、thecommonlawtraditionisthelegalresearchtodeterminethecurrentstateofthelaw.Thisusuallyentailsexploringcase-lawreports,legalperiodicalsandlegislation.Lawpracticealsoinvolvesdraftingdocumentssuchascourtpleadings,contracts,orwillsandtrusts.Negotiationanddisputeresolutionskills(includingADRtechniques)arealsoimportanttolegalpractice,dependingonthefield.感谢亲观看此幻灯片,此课件部分内容来源于网络,感谢亲观看此幻灯片,此课件部分内容来源于网络,如有侵权请及时联系我们删除,谢谢配合!如有侵权请及时联系我们删除,谢谢配合!
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