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1、ColonialismContextThegeneralintroductionaboutcolonialismThecolonialpolicyofdifferentcountriesThetriangulartradeImpactsTheearlierperiod:SpainandPortugalThelatterperiod:BritishandFranceDefinition:Colonialismistheestablishment,maintenance,acquisitionandexpansionofcoloniesinoneterritorybypeoplefromanoth
2、erterritory.Itisaprocesswhereaforeignstateclaimssovereigntyoverthecolonyandthesocialstructure,government,andeconomicsofthecolonyarechangedbycolonizers.Colonialismisasetofunequalrelationshipsbetweenthemetropole(hubstate)andthecolonyandbetweenthecolonistsandtheindigenouspopulation.TypesofcolonialismSe
3、ttlercolonialismExploitationcolonialismPlantationcolonialismSurrogatecolonialismInternalcolonialismAgeofDiscoveryModerncolonialismstartedwiththeAgeofDiscovery.PortugalandSpaindiscoverednewlandsacrosstheoceansandbuilttradingposts.Forsomepeople,itisthisbuildingofcoloniesacrossoceansthatdifferentiatesc
4、olonialismfromothertypesofexpansionism.ThisperiodisalsoassociatedwiththeCommercialRevolution.ThelateMiddleAgessawreformsinaccountancyandbankinginItalyandtheeasternMediterranean.TheseideaswereadoptedandadaptedinwesternEuropetothehighrisksandrewardsassociatedwithcolonialventures.EuropeanexpansionMotiv
5、atedby:NeedtosettleexcesspopulationSearchforwealth(trade、mineralsources)ThedescriptionabouttheoutsideworldinliteraryworksIntellectualcuriosity,thespiritofadventureStrugglefordominanceoftheseaReligiousreasonsReligiousFreedomAfterthefalloftheRomanEmpire,manypartsofEuropebegantobecomelesscivilizedagain
6、especiallyinthenorth).TheChurchretainedmuchcontrolthroughreligion,andchurcheswereoftenstrongholdsagainstmarauders(抢劫者).AftertheseparationoftheChurchintoRomanCatholicismandProtestant，manybloodywarsandpersecutionhappenedwithincountries.SpanishInquisitionEuropeanexpansionPremises:Monarchycentralized(m
7、oneysupport)Thedevelopmentoftechnologyandscience(shipping)Theappearanceof“ptolemymap”(15thEurope,8thArab)Moreresources,alargerpopulationandstrategiclocationsincreasedpotentialmilitaryandpoliticalstrengthSpanishEmpireBycolonizingtheAmericas,Spainbecameoneoftherichestandmostpowerfulcountriesofthe16thc
8、entury.Attheheightofitspowerin1588,theSpanishEmpireincludedtheWestIndies,Cuba,Florida,Mexico,CentralAmerica,muchofSouthAmerica,andthePhilippines.SimnBolvarSimnBolvarhelpedwinindependencefromSpainforBolivia,Colombia,Ecuador,Peru,andVenezuela.ReveredthroughoutSouthAmerica,BolvarearnedthenameTheLiberat
9、or.JosdeSanMartnArgentinegeneralJosdeSanMartnhelpedleadSouthAmericatofreedomfromSpanishrule.SanMartnisregardedasoneofArgentinasforemostheroes.DeclarationofPeruvianIndependenceArgentinesoldierJosdeSanMartntookchargeofPerusstruggleforindependencein1820.ThefollowingyearheoccupiedLimaandonJuly28,1821,he
10、proclaimedPerusindependencefromabalconyinthecenterofLima.ThePhilippinesInthemid-16thcentury,SpaniardssettledsomeofthemanyislandsinthePhilippines,whichwerenamedinhonorofSpanishKingPhilipII.ThisphotoshowsavillageonnorthernLuzon,thelargestislandandthesecondsettledbySpain.Manila,PhilippinesManilaistheca
11、pitalandlargestcityofthePhilippines.ThePasigRiverdividesManilabetweentheoriginalcity,onitssouthernbank,andthemoremodernsection,onitsnorthernbank.Spanishcolonistsfoundedthecityin1571,andSpanishinfluenceisapparentintheolddistrictsarchitecture.PortugueseEmpireItsbiggestcolonywasBrazilBrazilhadperfectsp
12、oilforagriculture,hadwood(brazilwood),sugar,andgold.PortuguesebroughtAfricanslavesandusednativesaslaborJustifiedconquestofBrazilwithChristianizationofthepeopleJesuitsSpainandPortugalareveryCatholicTheyusedtheirJesuitprieststoconvertthenativesTheirchurcheswerecalledmissionsTheyalsoservedasmini-hospit
13、alsPortugueseEmpirePortugalwasalwaysthesmallerbrothertoSpainVerywealthythroughtradeItwastoosmalltodefendsuchabigempire(AfricanandSouthAmerica)England,Holland&FranceeasilycapturedmanyPortugueseterritoriesRiseoftheBritishEmpireLate16thearly17thCenturies,Englanddominated17th-18thCenturies:DefeatedFranc
14、eandHollandinaseriesofwarstobecomethemaincolonizerBritishColonialismAmericaAfricaAustraliaCanadaIndia/PakistanMalaysiaHongKongGibraltarBritishEmpire,Early20thCenturyTheBritishEmpire,establishedoverthecourseofthreecenturies,beganinthelate16thcenturywithcharteredcommercialventuresinsugarandtobaccoplan
15、tations,slavetrading,andmissionaryactivitiesinNorthAmericaandtheCaribbeanIslands.Duringthelate19thandearly20thcenturies,theBritishEmpirereachedtheheightofitspower,rulingoverlargepartsofAfrica,Asia,andNorthAmerica.BritishIndia,1858IndiasboundariesweregraduallyexpandedaftertheBritishgovernmenttookover
16、theadministrationofIndiafromtheEnglishEastIndiaCompanyin1858.BritishIndiaeventuallycametoincludewhatarenowtheindependentcountriesofPakistan,Bangladesh,Myanmar(formerlyknownasBurma),andSriLanka(Ceylon).BritishFamilyinIndiaTheBritishpresenceinIndiabeganwiththeEnglishEastIndiaCompanysfoundingofatrading
17、postatSuratin1612.Bytheearly1800s,mostofIndiawasunderthecontroloftheEastIndiaCompany,andin1858theBritishCrowntookoveradministrationofIndia.Here,membersofaBritishfamilyinIndiaposewiththeirservants.WesternPowersinAsia,Early1900s.Initially,WesternpowerscametoAsiatotrade.Buttheysoondemandedconcessionsfr
18、omAsiangovernments,suchaslandformilitarybases,toprotectthattrade.AlthoughtheWesternersbuiltrailroads,canals,roads,andschools,theprofitsfromtradewenttotheWest.MapofallFrenchpossessionsandcoloniesFrenchcolonyDuringthe19thand20thcenturies,theFrenchcolonialempirewasoneofthelargestintheworld,behindtheBri
19、tishEmpire,theRussianEmpireandtheSpanishEmpire:itextendedover12,898,000kmatitsheightinthe1920sand1930s.TheFrenchcolonialempirewasthelargestempirein17thcenturyandtheSecondEmpirein1929.FrenchcolonyFrancebegantoestablishcoloniesinNorthAmerica,theCaribbeanandIndia,followingSpanishandPortuguesesuccessesd
20、uringtheAgeofDiscovery.Inthe19thcentury,FranceestablishedanewempireinAfricaandSouthEastAsia.MapofFrenchcoloniesInAfricaFrenchNorthAfricaFrenchMorocco(19121956)(protectorate)(89%FrenchMorocco(19121956)(protectorate)(89%ofthecurrentterritory)(nowMorocco)ofthecurrentterritory)(nowMorocco)FrenchAlgeria(
21、18301962)(NowAlgeria)Egypt(ownership(17981801)FrenchTunisia(18811956)(protectorate)(NowTunisia)LibyaFrenchMoroccoFranceshowedastronginterestinMoroccoasearlyas1830.In1904FranceandSpaincarvedoutzonesofinfluenceinMorocco.The1912Treaty of FezmadeMoroccoaprotectorateofFrance.InMarch1956theFrenchprotector
22、atewasendedandMoroccoregaineditsindependencefromFranceandSpainastheKingdomofMorocco.SlaveTradeTradebetweenEuropeandAfricasoonbecamefocusedonslavetrade.AfricanswantedEuropeangoodsandalltheEuropeanswantedwereslaves.Mostslaveswerecapturedinraidsorwereprisonersofwar.Somewerecriminalsordebtors.Triangular
23、TradeSobeganatriangularrelationshipbetweenAfrica,theSouthernUS,andEuropeSugar,tobacco,andcottonwouldbeshippedtoEuropefromAmericaTriangularTradeTextiles,rumandmanufacturegoodswouldbeshippedtoAfricaandAmericafromfactoriesinEuropeSlaveswouldbeshippedfromAfricatotheAmericasThesuppliers,manufacturers,and
24、producerswereverydistinct(differentiated)ImpactsTheConquered:Theylosttheirculture,race.Theygotnewspecies,suchashorsesImpactsTheconquerors:1.Muchricher2.Womenbecamemorefreeintheirmarriage3.Thechangeoflifestyle(coffee)4.Mapprojection,sotheycouldhaveanewviewabouttheworld5.Psychologicalimpact:theEuropeansbelievedthesuperiorityoftheircivilizationandreligion
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