西方文明史.ppt

ColonialismContextThegeneralintroductionaboutcolonialismThecolonialpolicyofdifferentcountriesThetriangulartradeImpactsTheearlierperiod:SpainandPortugalThelatterperiod:BritishandFranceDefinition:Colonialismistheestablishment,maintenance,acquisitionandexpansionofcoloniesinoneterritorybypeoplefromanotherterritory.Itisaprocesswhereaforeignstateclaimssovereigntyoverthecolonyandthesocialstructure,government,andeconomicsofthecolonyarechangedbycolonizers.Colonialismisasetofunequalrelationshipsbetweenthemetropole(hubstate)andthecolonyandbetweenthecolonistsandtheindigenouspopulation.TypesofcolonialismSettlercolonialismExploitationcolonialismPlantationcolonialismSurrogatecolonialismInternalcolonialismAgeofDiscoveryModerncolonialismstartedwiththeAgeofDiscovery.PortugalandSpaindiscoverednewlandsacrosstheoceansandbuilttradingposts.Forsomepeople,itisthisbuildingofcoloniesacrossoceansthatdifferentiatescolonialismfromothertypesofexpansionism.ThisperiodisalsoassociatedwiththeCommercialRevolution.ThelateMiddleAgessawreformsinaccountancyandbankinginItalyandtheeasternMediterranean.TheseideaswereadoptedandadaptedinwesternEuropetothehighrisksandrewardsassociatedwithcolonialventures.EuropeanexpansionMotivatedby:NeedtosettleexcesspopulationSearchforwealth(trade、mineralsources)ThedescriptionabouttheoutsideworldinliteraryworksIntellectualcuriosity,thespiritofadventureStrugglefordominanceoftheseaReligiousreasonsReligiousFreedomAfterthefalloftheRomanEmpire,manypartsofEuropebegantobecomelesscivilizedagain(especiallyinthenorth).TheChurchretainedmuchcontrolthroughreligion,andchurcheswereoftenstrongholdsagainstmarauders(抢劫者).AftertheseparationoftheChurchintoRomanCatholicismandProtestant，manybloodywarsandpersecutionhappenedwithincountries.SpanishInquisitionEuropeanexpansionPremises:Monarchycentralized(moneysupport)Thedevelopmentoftechnologyandscience(shipping)Theappearanceof“ptolemymap”(15thEurope,8thArab)Moreresources,alargerpopulationandstrategiclocationsincreasedpotentialmilitaryandpoliticalstrengthSpanishEmpireBycolonizingtheAmericas,Spainbecameoneoftherichestandmostpowerfulcountriesofthe16thcentury.Attheheightofitspowerin1588,theSpanishEmpireincludedtheWestIndies,Cuba,Florida,Mexico,CentralAmerica,muchofSouthAmerica,andthePhilippines.SimnBolvarSimnBolvarhelpedwinindependencefromSpainforBolivia,Colombia,Ecuador,Peru,andVenezuela.ReveredthroughoutSouthAmerica,BolvarearnedthenameTheLiberator.JosdeSanMartnArgentinegeneralJosdeSanMartnhelpedleadSouthAmericatofreedomfromSpanishrule.SanMartnisregardedasoneofArgentinasforemostheroes.DeclarationofPeruvianIndependenceArgentinesoldierJosdeSanMartntookchargeofPerusstruggleforindependencein1820.ThefollowingyearheoccupiedLimaandonJuly28,1821,heproclaimedPerusindependencefromabalconyinthecenterofLima.ThePhilippinesInthemid-16thcentury,SpaniardssettledsomeofthemanyislandsinthePhilippines,whichwerenamedinhonorofSpanishKingPhilipII.ThisphotoshowsavillageonnorthernLuzon,thelargestislandandthesecondsettledbySpain.Manila,PhilippinesManilaisthecapitalandlargestcityofthePhilippines.ThePasigRiverdividesManilabetweentheoriginalcity,onitssouthernbank,andthemoremodernsection,onitsnorthernbank.Spanishcolonistsfoundedthecityin1571,andSpanishinfluenceisapparentintheolddistrictsarchitecture.PortugueseEmpireItsbiggestcolonywasBrazilBrazilhadperfectspoilforagriculture,hadwood(brazilwood),sugar,andgold.PortuguesebroughtAfricanslavesandusednativesaslaborJustifiedconquestofBrazilwithChristianizationofthepeopleJesuitsSpainandPortugalareveryCatholicTheyusedtheirJesuitprieststoconvertthenativesTheirchurcheswerecalledmissionsTheyalsoservedasmini-hospitalsPortugueseEmpirePortugalwasalwaysthesmallerbrothertoSpainVerywealthythroughtradeItwastoosmalltodefendsuchabigempire(AfricanandSouthAmerica)England,Holland&FranceeasilycapturedmanyPortugueseterritoriesRiseoftheBritishEmpireLate16thearly17thCenturies,Englanddominated17th-18thCenturies:DefeatedFranceandHollandinaseriesofwarstobecomethemaincolonizerBritishColonialismAmericaAfricaAustraliaCanadaIndia/PakistanMalaysiaHongKongGibraltarBritishEmpire,Early20thCenturyTheBritishEmpire,establishedoverthecourseofthreecenturies,beganinthelate16thcenturywithcharteredcommercialventuresinsugarandtobaccoplantations,slavetrading,andmissionaryactivitiesinNorthAmericaandtheCaribbeanIslands.Duringthelate19thandearly20thcenturies,theBritishEmpirereachedtheheightofitspower,rulingoverlargepartsofAfrica,Asia,andNorthAmerica.BritishIndia,1858IndiasboundariesweregraduallyexpandedaftertheBritishgovernmenttookovertheadministrationofIndiafromtheEnglishEastIndiaCompanyin1858.BritishIndiaeventuallycametoincludewhatarenowtheindependentcountriesofPakistan,Bangladesh,Myanmar(formerlyknownasBurma),andSriLanka(Ceylon).BritishFamilyinIndiaTheBritishpresenceinIndiabeganwiththeEnglishEastIndiaCompanysfoundingofatradingpostatSuratin1612.Bytheearly1800s,mostofIndiawasunderthecontroloftheEastIndiaCompany,andin1858theBritishCrowntookoveradministrationofIndia.Here,membersofaBritishfamilyinIndiaposewiththeirservants.WesternPowersinAsia,Early1900s.Initially,WesternpowerscametoAsiatotrade.ButtheysoondemandedconcessionsfromAsiangovernments,suchaslandformilitarybases,toprotectthattrade.AlthoughtheWesternersbuiltrailroads,canals,roads,andschools,theprofitsfromtradewenttotheWest.MapofallFrenchpossessionsandcoloniesFrenchcolonyDuringthe19thand20thcenturies,theFrenchcolonialempirewasoneofthelargestintheworld,behindtheBritishEmpire,theRussianEmpireandtheSpanishEmpire:itextendedover12,898,000kmatitsheightinthe1920sand1930s.TheFrenchcolonialempirewasthelargestempirein17thcenturyandtheSecondEmpirein1929.FrenchcolonyFrancebegantoestablishcoloniesinNorthAmerica,theCaribbeanandIndia,followingSpanishandPortuguesesuccessesduringtheAgeofDiscovery.Inthe19thcentury,FranceestablishedanewempireinAfricaandSouthEastAsia.MapofFrenchcoloniesInAfricaFrenchNorthAfricaFrenchMorocco(19121956)(protectorate)(89%FrenchMorocco(19121956)(protectorate)(89%ofthecurrentterritory)(nowMorocco)ofthecurrentterritory)(nowMorocco)FrenchAlgeria(18301962)(NowAlgeria)Egypt(ownership(17981801)FrenchTunisia(18811956)(protectorate)(NowTunisia)LibyaFrenchMoroccoFranceshowedastronginterestinMoroccoasearlyas1830.In1904FranceandSpaincarvedoutzonesofinfluenceinMorocco.The1912Treaty of FezmadeMoroccoaprotectorateofFrance.InMarch1956theFrenchprotectoratewasendedandMoroccoregaineditsindependencefromFranceandSpainastheKingdomofMorocco.SlaveTradeTradebetweenEuropeandAfricasoonbecamefocusedonslavetrade.AfricanswantedEuropeangoodsandalltheEuropeanswantedwereslaves.Mostslaveswerecapturedinraidsorwereprisonersofwar.Somewerecriminalsordebtors.TriangularTradeSobeganatriangularrelationshipbetweenAfrica,theSouthernUS,andEuropeSugar,tobacco,andcottonwouldbeshippedtoEuropefromAmericaTriangularTradeTextiles,rumandmanufacturegoodswouldbeshippedtoAfricaandAmericafromfactoriesinEuropeSlaveswouldbeshippedfromAfricatotheAmericasThesuppliers,manufacturers,andproducerswereverydistinct(differentiated)ImpactsTheConquered:Theylosttheirculture,race.Theygotnewspecies,suchashorsesImpactsTheconquerors:1.Muchricher2.Womenbecamemorefreeintheirmarriage3.Thechangeoflifestyle(coffee)4.Mapprojection,sotheycouldhaveanewviewabouttheworld5.Psychologicalimpact:theEuropeansbelievedthesuperiorityoftheircivilizationandreligion