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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,作文与翻译,英语四级,1/56,写作,1,分值与时间,2,历年真题与范文,3,几个文体,4,写作心得与得分技巧,2/56,1.,作文,分数占总分,15%,，也就是,106.5,分，答题时间为,30,分钟。,2.,翻译,占总分,5%,，即,35.5,分，题号为,87-91,，答题时间是,15,分钟。,一 试题组成与分值百分比,3/56,年,6,月,Due attention Should be given to spelling,年,12,月,Create a Green Campus,年,6,月,Free Admission to Museums,年,12,月,Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags,年,6,月,Recreational Activities,年,12,月,What Electives to Choose,二,历年作文题目,4/56,1.,如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写,2.,出现这种现象原因是,3.,为了改变这种情况，我认为,.,年,6,月,Due attention Should be given to spelling,5/56,Nowadays fewer and fewer students pay attention to their word-spelling.According to a recent survey,there is a dramatic increase in the number of students who can only imitate the pronunciation of a word but be incapable of spelling it.In this essay I will discuss the factors of this phenomenon and offer my own view on it,。,There are a number of factors can be accountable for this situation.One of the most common factors is that fewer and fewer students need to write English essays.Besides,the goal of most students to learn English is to speak it and pass the examination which means they just need to select the similar words according to the listening materials and passages.Perhaps the most contributing factor is the wide use of electronic devices such as e-dictionaries and computers and students no longer need to correct the words by themselves,。,As far as Im concerned,I firmly argue that we need to attach great importance to word-spelling.To the students,they should write English as much as they can.Meanwhile,to the teachers,the dictations should be reinforced in the class,。,范文,6/56,1.,建设绿色校园十分主要,2.,绿色校园不但指绿色环境,3.,为了建设绿色校园我们应该,年,12,月,Create a Green Campus,7/56,It is of great importance to make and maintain a green campus in our university or college.,Obviously,a growing number of people are beginning to realize that it is our duty to do that in the present days,since the concept of“a green world”has become the focus of the,society,.,The idea of“a green campus”is beyond a green environment.To begin with,the development on the campus is to be sustainable and,recyclable,.Some of the authorities budget should be on how to reduce of the waste.Whats more,wed better be aware of the seriousness of pollution around us.Thus the idea of,environmental,protection may become a common occurrence in our daily life.,It is necessary that effective actions should be taken to protect our campus from waste and pollution,and hence these activities are to play an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.Certainly,there is little doubt that further,consideration,must be paid to our green campuses.,范文,8/56,1,在越来越多博物馆向公众开放,2,有些人认为会带来很多问题。,3,我认为,年,6,月,Free Admission to Museums,9/56,There are an increasing number of museums which are open to the public for free in our daily life nowadays.However,no consensus is reached among the public on the influence it brings about on the museums and the visitors involved.,Some people hold the opinion that free admission to museums will contribute to numerous problems ranging from the spoiling of the environment to the damage to the facilites of the museums.,It is known that some visitors will throw away the garbage here and there,which will do great damage to the surroundings of the museusm.Worsely,it will take a lot of time and effort for the museums to fix the facilities destroyed by the little kids who come to the musem without company of their parents.However,there are different opinions on whether visitors should enjoy free admission or not.Some people maintain that visitors can acquire new knowledge and enrich their lives by visiting various museums.,As far as I am concerned,just as every coin has two sides,it is true to the above phenomenon.Therefore we are expected to take measures to educate the public to observe the rules and regulations when visiting the museums.Thus,more and more individuals will enjoy a favorable environment.,范文,10/56,英语四级写作训练,1,开篇审题训练,2,比较型作文,3,议论型作文,11/56,开篇审题训练,看到作文题,我们首先应该判断它是属于问题命题、图表命题还是应用文。四级作文题材皆为与日常生活和学习相关问题、人们普遍关注热点话题等。审题材目标是定主题，这是审题关键任务，也就是我们通常听说内容切题与不切题。一篇文章题材无非分为议论文、说明文、记叙文和应用文。四级作文均为议论文和应用文，只是在议论中加入记叙和说明部分，我们称为叙事性议论文和说明性议论文，所以我们说四级作文通常是几个题材杂合体。从广泛角度来看，四级作文结构比较固定，通常为三段，而且基本上包含开头、主体和结尾三个部分。,1.,将文章合理划分为三段,2.,检验文章写作角度是否合理,12/56,把文章内容组织形式成阶段。在这个阶段，要认真审题，依据对题目标分析确定主题。先列出内容主干，确定每段主题句内容，再一一增加细节，最终形成完整内容提要。,提要：,1.,现在电脑游戏在校园很流行；,2.,电脑游戏危害；,3.,怎样正确对待电脑游戏；,解：电脑游戏是社会发展过程中一个特定现象。众所周知，电脑游戏对学生来说弊大于利，大多数沉迷于游戏学生学习成绩下降很快，同时，结合提要我们能够推断出试题关键是讲述电脑游戏危害。,依据题目给出提要可知文章应包含以下三项基本内容：,1.,描述现象部分：伴随电脑普及，电脑涌入校园，电脑游戏在校园内越来越流行。,2.,说明原因部分：电脑游戏为何有很多危害。,3.,表明作者态度部分：我认为应该怎样正确对待电脑网络游戏。所以我们选取描述现象段、说明原因段、观点总结段组合方式。,13/56,比较型作文之一,在四级考试中比较型作文多以议论式比较形式出现。议论式比较,以比较事物优劣、说明自己立场为目标，普通分为倾向型和中立型两种类,型。,一、倾向型比较论说文,1.,、首段,=,引言,+,主题句,引言句（第一句）：引出比较对象,主题句（第二句）：提出主题，明确表明作者个人取向与偏好。,2,、主体部分,对比点笔墨分配：应有所侧重，对于作者持否定态度事物,优势要少写，而必定事物优点则要多用笔墨，对于其缺点则可轻,描淡写、一笔带过。,14/56,3,、结尾段,=,呼应主题句,+,强调被必定事物主动作用等,第一句：呼应主题句,第二句：能够用一句话归纳被必定事物优点等。,结尾段,=,让步句,+,呼应主题句,第一句：以让步口吻，提出被否定事物一个小优点,第二句：笔锋一转，用一句话归纳并突出被必定事物重大优,点，深入确定自己选择，与主题句相互照应。,15/56,中立型比较论说文,首段和主体部分与倾向型比较论说文相同，而结尾段普通采取简化总结模式：,结尾段,=,呼应主题句,+,一句话总结,第一句：呼应主题句,第二句：总结所比较对象最突出优点，可用,while,，,whereas,连接,倾向型,举例,1.,有些人认为大学住宿应该独处一室,2.,有些人认为应该与同学合住,3.,我观点,It is often difficult for _ to decide whether A or B.In my opinion,A is always better.,Some students dont like B.First,they think _ because _.Second,_.Third,_.,The incomparable advantage of A is that _.First,_.Second,_.Third,_.,I regard A as a precious opportunity for it is the best way of _.And I confidently believe that _.,16/56,中立型,1.,有些人喜欢乡村生活,2.,有些人喜欢城市生活,3.,我观点,Those who prefer A have their own reasons,while some other,people prefer B.As for me,both A and B have merits and,demerits.,First and foremost,_.Moreover,_.Last but not least,_.,On the contrary _.In addition,_.Whats,the commonest,_,Either _ or a _gives _.I,believe_,17/56,训练,:,1.,有些人认为类似于因特网高科技产品会代替书籍,2.,有些人认为传统信息产品书籍不会被取代,3.,我看法。,Nowadays,the influence of _ proves to be profound.And,there has been a very controversial debate as to _.(,引出话题和,争论，但保留作者个人看法,),People in favor of _ always provide the following,evidence.Firstly,_.Secondly,_.Finally,_.,（偏爱书籍理由）,Conversely,as for the merits of _,in the first place,_.Secondly,_.At the same,time,_.(,英特网等当代科技优点,),In short,I agree that_.,（明确提出观点）,18/56,大家能够选一段练习,详细要求：首段：引出关于因特网对当代社会影响,+,关于因特网和书籍话题存在争论,主体段落一：有些人偏爱阅读传统信息媒体，如书籍原因,1,：人类文明历史就是书写历史原因,2,：人们能够随地用自己喜欢姿势阅读原因,3,：书写形式更有利于安全保留信息,主体段落二：如因特网之类当代技术伎俩优点优点,1,：新科技出现从来都回给人类生活带来许多好处优点,2,：电脑新科技出现，使信息贮备量大大提升优点,3,：电脑新科技出现，使信息处理效率提升了结尾段,:,：因特网最终会代替书籍等信息伎俩,19/56,参考答案：,Nowadays,the influence of Internet proves to be profound.And there has been a very controversial debate as to whether or not Internet will replace the book as the main source of information.,People in favor of the traditional information sources always provide the following evidence.Firstly,the history of human civilization is the written history.Secondly,people are free to choose any posture and place that makes them comfortable when reading.Finally,traditional information soureces like books are relatively stable and reliable to preserve the human information well.,Conversely,as for the merits of modern technologies,in the first place,in history,we can see that every new technology brings about great changes to our life.Secondly,modern technology like computers is another great invention that can store a huge amount of data.At the same time,We are able to process the data more rapidly and accurately than we can ever imagine.,In short,I agree that modern technology,such as the Internet,will come day replace the written word as the main source of information.Therefore,I am eagerly,20/56,比较型作文之二,一、连贯性连贯性是写作一个主要标准。句子之间链接主要经过衔接词使用表达连贯性，依据过渡衔接词在篇章中作用，可分为引介词、承接词和总结词三大类：,1.,引介词在篇章中担当引出话题或观点作用，依据其本身含义，可细分以下：（,1,）时间词（组）：,nowadays,at present,recently,now,lately,in some cases;,（,2,）普通观点词（组）：,in general,generally,generally spraking,as we know,as is known to all,as is generally accepted,regarding,concerning,as for.as to.,as regards;,（,3,）个人观点词（组）：,firstly,first of all,in the firest place,to begin with,to start with,for one thing,as for me,in my opinion,on the one hand;,21/56,2.,承接词在篇章中承接主题句或上一个支持句，可表递进或转折，依据其本身含义，可分以下：纯粹承接词：,second(ly),third(ly),for another,on the other hand;,递进承接词：,besides,in addition,in addition to,furthermore,moreover,namely;,并列承接词：,meanwhile,at the same time;,原因承接词：,because,for,as,in that,owing to,due to,on accout of,on the groud of,as a result of;,比较承接词：,equally important,similarly,likewise,in the same way,in common;,对比承接词：,on the contrary,in contrast,by contrast,whereas,instead,conversely;,强调承接词：,in paricular,paricularly,most important of all,needless to say,especially,above all,on top of all this;,转折让步承接词：,although,though,nevertheless,however,but,yet,admittedly,it is true.but,in spite of,even though,granted that,despite,in spite of,unfortunately,nonetheless;,22/56,总结词在篇章中推出结论和后果：,(1),结果词：,thus,consequently,hence,therefore,accordingly,as a consequence,for this reason;,(2),总结词：,in a word,all in all,to sum up,briefly,in brief,in short,in summary,undoubtedly,by and large,as has been noted.,23/56,二、惯用句型,1,、首段惯用句型：,Nowadays,there are two ways to do.,such as A and B.,It is widely accepted/an undeniable fact that.,Some people prefer A.while others.,There used to be a heated discussion over whether A is more important than B.,Those who are in favor of A argue that.,In my point of view,I like a much more than B.,Despite the fact that majority of people tend to/prefer to.,Im in favor of.,A and B are of the same/equal importance.While the former.,the later.,While I attach much importance to A,I wont give up any chance to do B.,24/56,2,、主体部分惯用句型：,A prides itself/themselves on sth however,its/their.counterpart/B.,First and foremost,.whats more,.Last but not least,.,Ranging from.to.,（用于举例事物）,When it comes to.,（用于引出话题）,As merits mean nothing when Bs advantages are considered/mentioned,Admittedly,/of course,/True,/It is true that A is.,but B.,However,for the demerits/disadvantages A has,it has the advantage that.,25/56,3,、结尾段惯用句型：,As a result/For this reason,I like doing.,In spite of the said advantages of A,I will choose B.,Of course,A has its own merits.But Im still in favor of B.,Therefore,A and B are of equal importance.The former helps to do.,and the latter contributes to.,The secret of.lies in the combination of both A and B.,26/56,一、篇章连贯：能够经过文章内容内在联络来表现篇章连贯性。,1,、详细到普通：表现形式为先举例详细事例进行分析、说明，进而得出论证或结论，在段末往往以主题句形式表现出来。,2,、普通到详细：表现为在文章段首以主题句形式出现，然后经过详细叙述、说明、举例使主题句变得详细、明白、易懂。,议论型作文,27/56,二、惯用句型、开头,Its well known to us that.,Recently,.has been brought to popular attention/has become the focus of public concern.,One of the universal issues we are faced with/that cause increasing concern is that.,Peoples view/opinions/ideas on.vary from,person to person.Some people think that.they hold this opinion because.However,others hold that.,28/56,2,、主要叙述方法,A is to B what C is to D,According to.,but there is no evidence whatsoever to show.,The example cited,while suggestive of these trends,is insufficient to warrant their truth because there is no reason to belivev that the data drawn form.is representative of.,As it stands,this argument suffers from three critical flaws.,29/56,3,、结尾,In my opinion,it is more advisable to do.than to do,Taking into account all these factors,we may reasonably come to the conclusion that.,It is time to take the advice of.and to put special emphasis on the improvement of.,We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with,It is high time that we put an end to.Otherwise,.,30/56,例文,1,With the deepening of reform and opening up of our country,studying overseas is becoming an increasingly popular option.People who choose to further their studies abroad insist that overseas study can benefit them in different ways.First,living in a foreign country,they can improve their foreign language skills.Second,completing part or all of their education overseas,help them gain a broader or different perspective on their field of study.Third,they can experience a different culture first-hand,However,there are still many people who favor studying at home.They argue that,for one thing,studying abroad is too expensive and therefore does not pay off.For another,there are no language and cultural barriers if they study in our country.,I,myself,believe both opinions are acceptable in some sense.If students who wish to have overseas academic experience.have got the chances and financial resources,they should seize the opportunity to go abroad and broaden their vision.On the other hand,if conditions dont permit,they can pusue their studies at top universities in our conutry.What counts is not the place where they study,but what they can learn.,31/56,例文,2,Failure is the mother of success is a well-known proverb.It teaches us that failure is not necessarily a bad thing,and as long as we can learn from the failing experience and cheer up,failure will turn into a stepping-stone to success.,My personal experience is a case in point.I entered for the english speech contest last year and was knocked out in the preliminary contest.Since I was not well prepared either mentally or academically then,my failure was inevitable.,However,from my failing experience I knew I had some problems with my pronunciation and I should learn some strategies of making public speech.So in the following year,following the tapes and imitating the speeches of native speakers I made great effort to improve my pronunciation.I also read some books on public speech and practiced the theories in the discussion of English classes.This year,I entered for the speech contest again.What happened?I won the second prize.Without the lesson I learned from last years failure,I can never succeed this year.My failure last year is the mother of my success this year.,The truth of the proverb has been proved by countless other facts.so many new things have been invented after the inventors countless experiments So many masterpieces have been written by writers whose early works were rejected by publishing houses again and again.there fore,we may safely draw the conclusion that failure is the mother of success.since nobody can avoid failure,why not make failure a stepp
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