大学英语四级考试作文高分技巧网上的资料.doc

大学英语四级考试作文高分技巧网上的资料

资料仅供参考
四级考试作文高分技巧
大学四级考试写作的评分依据是：文章切切题，条理清楚，语言准确和字数符合要求。所谓切题就是看你写的作文跑不跑题。所谓条理是每一段的议论的正反清楚，描述的时间正确。语言准确要求作文的语法词汇使用正确，符合英语表示习惯。四级作文的字数要求不少于100字。针对四级考试的作文要求我们提出十二句作文法，这里所说的十二句作文法不但包括一般英文写作的方法而且包括一套行之有效的写作方法。它的具体内容有以下几点。
　　一 审题
　　我们拿到作文后第一件要做的事就是审题。审题的作用在于使你写作不跑题（如果跑题，条理和语言再好，也得不到及格分，甚至0分。）那末审题要审什么呢？
　　1．体裁（议论文，说明文，描述文）
　　审题就是要审作文的题材和体裁。因为什末样的体裁就会用什末样的题材去写。那末体裁包括那些呢？它包括议论文，说明文和描述文。从近些年看，四级作文不是单一的体裁，而是几种体裁的杂合体。例如：
　　Directions: For this part ,your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Trying to Be A Good University Student .You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese ) below :
　　做合格大学生的必要性
　　做合格大学生的必备条件（能够从德智体方面谈）
　　我计划这样做
　　很多人说这种类型的作文是议论文。这是片面的，因为，第一段要求写“...必要性”，这说明本段体裁是议论文；第二段要求写“...必备条件”，这说明本段要求写说明文；儿地三段要求写“...这样做”，这说明本段要求写描述文。因此在大多数情形下，四级作文是三种体裁的杂合体。
　　2．根据不同体裁确定写作方法
　　我们审题的目的就是根据不同体裁确定不同的写作方法。经过审题，我们能够看出四级作文大都是三段式。如上例第一段为议论体，第二段为说明体，地三段为描述体。而各种文体又不同的写作方式：
　　议论文；要有论点和论据，而且往往从正反两方面来论述。例如上面第一段的思路是：做合格大学生，会怎末样（这是从正面论述）；不能做合格的大学生，会怎么样（从反面论述）；因此我们要做合格的大学生（结伦）。
　　说明文：能够从几方面或几条来说明一个问题，就上作文而言，能够从方面（德智体）来说明合格大学生的必要性。
　　描述文：一“人”为中心描述一个“做”的过程。与上两段相比，本段的主语多为人称代词，她要与第二段相互应进行描述。
　　二 确定主题句
　　经过审题，我们知道该如何确定正确的写作思路。下边我们就谈如何些。第一部就是要写主题句。主题句是确保不跑题的前提，只有不跑题才有可得及格分。写主题句嘴保险的方法就是把中文提纲的各句译成英语。例如上述三段主题句分别为：
　　It is very necessary to be a good university student . （议论体的主题句）
　　There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student .（说明体的主题句）
　　What I will do in the future is the following .(描述体主题句)
　　如果要求句是英语就能够把它变成主题句，例如这样一篇作文：
　　Good Health
　　Importance of good health
　　Ways to keep fit
　　My own practice
　这样的作文的要求句就能够扩充成主题句。扩充后三段的主题句分别为：
It is very important to have good health .（将名词 importance变成形容词important）
　　There are four ways to keep fit for me .（用 there be 句型）
　　My own practices are the following .（采用原词）

n 主题句又称主旨句或关键句，是一个段落中最重要的句子，是段落的“纲”。说明段落的中心思想和作者的写作目的，是段落发展的依据。
n 段落的每句话都应紧密地联系主题句所表示的中心内容。
n 写好主题句是文章成功的关键。      
n (common practice of scoring in CET-4)
主题句的构成
n Topic sentence = a topic + a controlling idea about the topic
n 主题句=主题+中心思想
n 主题：段落所谈的话题，问题
n 中心思想：限定话题的范围，确定话题的发展方向。整个段落都以这个中心思想为依据，围绕它进行。中心思想用关键词(key words)来表示。

Examples: please identify the two parts
n Developing private cars in China has many positive aspects.
n Keeping pets is beneficial to people in several aspects.
n Smoking results in a series of negative effects.
n The following factors contribute to success.
n The reasons why bicycles are so popular in China lie as follows.

主题句位于段首
n   开门见山，点出主题。
n There are many ways through which we can improve our English. Above all, we should read as many English books, newspapers and magazines as possible. Next, we may listen to English programs on the radio or watch English programs on TV every day. Besides, it is necessary for us to seize every opportunity to speak English both in and after class. Finally, it is equally important to form the habit of taking notes and keeping a diary in English.
主题句的写法：如何写好
n 主题句应尽量清晰明了，简练，用词准确，力求用一句话清楚地表示该段的中心。
n Environmental pollution is important.
n Environmental pollution is an important problem that deserves our special attention.
n The more I read, the more hungry I feel.
n The more I read, the more hungry I feel for knowledge.
主题句的写作技巧（1）
n    表示人的名词或代词主语的句子
n    College students should take part in social practice and get to know the world.
n    People take part in recreational activities because of several reasons.
n    We benefit a lot from doing part time jobs.
n    Young people today are badly influenced by TV.
主题句的写作技巧（2）
n     表示物的名词做主语的句子
n    Good health is important to us.
n    Information plays an indispensable role in modern life.
n    Diligence is a key factor to success.
n    Sports benefit people in many ways.
n    Recreational activities fall into two major types.
主题句的写作技巧（3）
n 用动名词短语来表示主题，做主语。
nOwning a private car is very convenient.
nKeeping pets can lead to some problems.
nStudying abroad benefits students in many aspects.
主题句的写作技巧（4）
n 用“There +be + 名词”句型来写主题句。
n There are several reasons why we should develop the industry of private cars.
n There are innumerable advantages of keeping pets.
n There are diverse solutions to the housing problem in big cities.
n There are effective measures that we can adopt to deal with the issue of rising crime rate.
主题句的写作技巧（5）
n    用It is + Adj. +for sb. to do sth. 句型
n    It is beneficial for college students to take part in various social activities.
n    It is necessary for us to get to know about the society.
n    It is desirable/advisable for young people to go abroad to study.
Study the Topic Sentences
n         Owning a car can be very costly.
n Traveling by air is more convenient than traveling by train.
n Computers play a variety of roles in our life.
n College students dream of going abroad to study mainly on account of the following three reasons.
n Reading plays an important role in language learning.
n In choosing a career, students should consider various factors.

　三 确保文章条理清楚
　　保证不跑提示写作当中第一任务，第二个重要任务就是要做到条理清楚。对于议论文来说，正反面要清楚，对于说明文来说条理要清楚，对于描述文来说，谁干什么要清楚。就拿上例Good health 来说，第一段保持正反面要清楚救应这样写：正面（With good health ,we can...），反面（Without good health ,we can do nothing .We can’t do...）
　　为了使文章更具有条理性，我们能够用first(ly) second(ly) third(ly)等副词，她们能够是文章的条例性更加突出。作文是主观题，想得告分就必须引起老师的主意，老师的时间很短（每篇作文只有一两分钟就要阅完），因此我们在列调试最好不用: To be with,... after that , then, ... The next , ... The following , ... As last ... 。因为用这样的词语不利于老师看出你作文的条理性。
　　四 保证作文符合字数要求的十二句作文法
　　考生一般都希望作文达到字数而又不至于写得太多，因为写得太多一方面暴露自己语言上的弱点，另一方面又会占用过多的时间。写得太多还易跑题，一个有效的方法就是十二句作文法。
　　我们知道，四级作文都是三段式。我们算一下，如果我们在每一段中写上四句，即主题句加两三句扩展句和一个结论句就能够了。这样全篇在十二句左右，每一句十多个词，就又120-150个字。大家能够试图找一些作文题练一练。
文章的结构
n   一个完整的段落包括三部分：主题句， 推展句和结论句。
n   一篇完整的四级作文包括三部分：引言，正文和结论。又称：三段论。
n   因此，能够说， 文章是段落的扩展，段落是文章的压缩。
文章的结构
十二句作文法
n    具体地说，四级作文实际是一个十二句话短文（十二句作文法）
n    引言段三句或四句话：开头句+主题句（中心思想句+承上启下的组织句）
n    正文段四或五句话：主题句+三个扩（推）展句
n    结论段四句或三句话：主题句+扩（推）展句+结论句
Example
n    Losing Weight
n    1）减肥已成为时尚。
n    2）人们热衷于减肥的原因。
n    3）减肥的有效方法。
n    1）2 sentences
n    2）4 sentences
n    3）4 sentences
Losing Weight
n   1)Nowadays, many people are very much worried about being overweight. 2)And people, the young and women in particular, are trying various ways to lose weight.

n     3)There are many reasons why more and more people are concerned about losing weight. 4)To begin with, they are all aware of the danger of being overweight, which may lead to many diseases such as hyper-tension, diabetes and heart attacks. 5)Secondly, more people have become concerned about their shape and they want to appear energetic and young. 6)What’s more, losing weight can help them feel mentally healthier and build up their self-esteem.

n    7)There are different means through which people can achieve their goal of losing weight. 8)First of all, some of the people who want to remove their fat eat less or eat nothing. 9)Besides, they  take weight-reducing drugs. 10)But the most effective and healthy way to lose weight is to take proper exercises.

文章开头写作的两点原则
n   要紧扣文章标题，即开头点题。
n   要能顺利地引出下文，和下文（文章中间部分——正文）的内容相联系，引发读者兴趣，使人想读下去。
引言段的常见写作方法
n    提问式
n    引用名言谚语法
n    话题式/现象法
1. 提问式
n     以提问开头，激发读者兴趣，可自问自答，自然而然地引出下文。
n    What is essential for happiness? Our world is a big world, complex and full of many diverse people. So different people may have different opinions. In my opinion, happiness lies in the service that you give other people.
此种开头段的构成
n   这种开头段的构成方法如下：
n   问题+答案（过渡句+提供答案的进一步论述）+中心思想句
常见句型， 常见写法
n      What is …?                   Have you ever …?
n          Have you ever taken a part-time job? What are the advantages of college students’ doing part-time jobs? As to this questions, different students may hold totally different ideas.
       Some students take the position that it is beneficial for a college student to do a temporary job. They have the following reasons…. On the contrary, there are still others who disapprove of students’ taking part-time jobs. They have their own reasons against it.
2. 引用名言谚语法
n     引用名人名言或谚语，俗语等，这些语句常具有权威性或为大家所公认，引用在文章中有一定的说服力。
n    “Of all treasures”, says an ancient saint, “knowledge is the most precious, for it can neither be stolen, given away, nor consumed,” From that, we can see the great importance of education.

n   Shakespeare said: “One who is unhappy can never get a beneficial result.” That is to say, happiness is very important in our life.
n   Francis Bacon once said, “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.” Perhaps this is the best advice on how to read.
此种开头段的构成
n    引用的谚语或名言+意义+主题（中心思想）
n   There is an old English saying which goes “No pains, no gains.” It illustrates the importance of hard work in the process of success. In other words, diligence is a key factor to success.
话题式/现象法
n    With the rapid development of society/modern life/science and technology/people’s living standard, an increasing number of people have become aware of the importance of …
n    Recently, the issue of … has become  increasingly controversial.
n    Nowadays, a large number of students have become concerned about …
分析下列开头段落的写法
n   Should college students keep part-time jobs while they are in school? This is a very controversial topic and it brings about many heated discussions.

n   What do you usually do in your spare time? What is your favorite hobby? Let me tell you something about my hobby. I like to collect stamps in my free time. Stamp collecting is my favorite hobby.

n   “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” is a popular saying in English. There is much truth in this old saying. It means that in order to keep us in good health, we must take sufficient recreation.

文章结尾的写法
文章的结尾
n    常言道：“编筐编篓，全在收口”。一篇优秀的文章其结构和气势应为：“虎头，牛身，豹尾。”
n    我们的考生四级考试时所写的文章往往由于时间紧张而“虎头，蛇尾”。
n    其实，文章结尾的好坏也在很大程度上影响文章的global impression.
文章结尾的作用
n   1. 归纳总结概括全文，得出结论。
n   All in all, traveling on one’s own has both advantages and disadvantages.

n   2. 突出主要论点，重申强化主题（中心）。
n   In a word, my life on campus is really colorful and meaningful.

n   3. 表示自己观点，阐述立场。
n   As for me, I take the position that a test of spoken English is extremely necessary and it should be included in CET.
文章结尾的常见写作方法
n    重申主题句法
n    总结（结论）法
n    发表个人看法，总结全文
n    反问结尾法
n    引言结论法
n    提倡议号召（喊口号）法
重申主题句法
n   In conclusion, nothing is more valuable than health. In good health, we can absorb knowledge more readily. In good health we can achieve more success and make more contribution to our country.

n   引言段 When evaluating a job  
n        applicant, most companies would place much weight on one’s educational certificate. Of course, one’s education or one’s educational certificate does tell something about the applicant. However, it is not the only means through which we can judge whether the applicant is qualified or not.

常见句型表示
n   In conclusion
n   To conclude
n   In all
n   All things considered

n   To conclude, no success can be achieved without laboring. Success is simply the fruit of hard work.
n   In all, our school life is really interesting and colorful.
总结（结论）法
n   In short, the advantages of traveling outnumber the disadvantages. Therefore, let’s go traveling when we have the time and enjoy the beautiful scenery and broaden our horizon.
常见句型
n    To sum up, the advantages of …far outnumber/ outweigh the disadvantages.
n    All things considered, the benefits of … are more than the problems.
n    Having taken all the factors into consideration, we can see that doing something. does more good than harm to somebody.
发表个人看法，总结全文
n    In my opinion, the balance of these two kinds of activities might be more useful to those who live in retirement. In other words, physical activities are necessary for good health but intellectual recreation provides the most pleasure.
常见句型
n   In my opinion
n   Personally, I think /believe
n   I take the position that
n   I hold/take the attitude that
n   As far as I am concerned
n   Were it left to me to decide

引言结论法
n   True friendship cannot be bought with money. The proverb “A friend in need is a friend indeed” is really true.

反问结尾法
n    Don’t you think it is high time that we took effective actions to fight against fake commodities in the market?
n    Don’t you agree with my idea that a test of oral English should be included in CET-4 and 6?
常见句型
n   Don’t you think it is necessary for us to …?
n   Don’t you think it is high/about time that we did sth.?
n   Don’t you agree with my idea/opinion that …?
提倡议号召（喊口号）法
n    Let’s join in our efforts to fight against the fake commodities and protect the interests of our people and our nation.
n    Let’s spare no efforts to protect our environment from being further damaged and save our planet.
常见句型
n    Let’s join in the efforts to do …
n    Let’s spare no efforts to do …
n    Let’s take effective measures to do …
n    Let’s take immediate actions to do …
n    Let’s take practical steps to do …

Analyze the following paragraphs
n    In my opinion, what really counts is not failure itself, but what we think of the failure and what we do after the failure. So long as we don’t give up, and believe in ourselves, and in the meantime learn something. From failure, we will certainly make our marks in the end. So I am never afraid of failure, for I believe that failure is not a bad thing, “failure is the mother of success.”

n    Pollution can be reduced. But it can only be reduced if people everywhere really address the situation and make a continuing and intensive effort to reduce the quantity of pollutant emissions into the air. Talking about it is not enough. Positive action will have to be taken.

n   Therefore, there is nothing wrong with the media. Comic books can be bad or good. It is a question how they are used.
四六级考试写作检查

四六级考试时间紧张，匆匆完稿之后，疏漏在所难免，因而有必要复查，修改，及时纠正偏差，堵塞漏洞，从而将作文质量再提高一步。检查主要针对四个重点部位：
1） 是否切题
　　它又分三个层面：一是整篇文章内容是否切合文章标题要求；二是段落主题句的内容是否与各段落提示句内容相一致；三是段落内部的内容是否与段落主题句的表示相-致。如果发现任何一个层面不切题，应尽可能弥补，删除那些多余的或不切题的地方；增添残缺的、语义表示不足的地方。由于时间所限，删的内容一定要精，要切中要害，切忌动“大手术”。
2） 是否连贯
　　检查上下文是否连贯，句子衔接是否自然流畅，检验的标准主要是句子是否通顺，该用连接词的地方用了没有，以及所用的连接词是否合适。
3） 是否有语法错误
　　主谓是否一致，动词的时态、语态、语气的使用是否正确，词组的搭配是否合乎习惯。为避免不必要的语法错误，对把握性不大的词组、句型绝不要用。而应使用那些自己熟悉的词组、句型来表示相同或相近的意思。
4）是否有大小写、拼写、标点错误
　　在这些细枝末节上，谨慎细心地处理，无疑会进一步提高文章的整体质量。在检查、改错的过程中，切忌乱涂乱抹。保持卷面清洁，无疑会给阅卷者留下好印象。
　　另外，在上述几个写作关键步骤中，时间的分配大致应该为：审题、拟题纲10分钟，拟主题句、完成段落15分钟，检查5分钟。
　　总之，对于四六级考试作文，由于其题型比较固定，对应试者要求相对不高，因此，应试者有必要掌握一些写作技巧，多加练习，力争提高写作的质量和水平。

高分作文标志 
1：是否长短句交叉；
2、是否会使用插入语；
3、用词是否多样，准确，形象，尽量使用能够吸引阅卷老师眼球的闪光词； 
4、关键词是否换用，切勿老用重复词； 
5、句型使用是否准确、地道。

四级写作中如何选词

Compare the Following Sentences
n    We should use different  ways to get to know the society.
n    We ought to make use of var