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①If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in ’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. ②If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.
如果你筹划在 世界杯锦标赛上调查所有足球运动员出生证明，那么你很有也许发现一种引人注目旳巧合：优秀足球运动员更也许出生于每十二个月前多种月而不是后多种月。如果你接着调查世界杯和职业比赛欧洲国家青年队话，那么你会发现这一奇怪现象甚至更明显。
certificate n.证书
【巧】certif (y证明) +ic（形容词后缀）+ate（作名词后缀表“物”）＝具证明性质东西→证书。
【例】a leaving certificate 毕业（肄业, 离职）证书; academic certificate
学历证书;I must discard riches, the certificate of slavery.我必需抛弃财富这张奴隶证书。
quirk [ kwə:k ] n. 怪癖；急转；借口
elite n.精英（中频词）来自elect选举，选出来
【巧】谐音：“爱理她”→“精英人士”每个人所有爱理她。
1、If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 's World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.
【译文】 如果你查看一下参与 世界杯赛所有足球运动员出生证，你极有也许会发现一种引人注意怪事：优秀足球运动员大多是在年头出生，而不是在年尾出生。
【析句】 这是一种典型虚拟条件句，但是主句宾语背面跟着一种同位语从句。此句并不难理解。
【讲词】birth certificate意为"出生证"。certificate意思是"证书；证明书；凭证"。对于学生来说，certificate是指"结业证"，即完毕了某门课程或一段时间学习证明。相近单词有diploma（文凭；毕业证书；证明权力、特权、荣誉等证书或奖状）。大学毕业获得学位，英语是用degree来表达，degree核心有三个：学士(bachelor)学位、研究生(master)学位和博士(doctor或PhD)学位。
noteworthy表达"值得注意，引人注意"。
quirk 意为"怪癖;怪事，巧合"，在句中表达"奇怪现象"。
elite 意为"精英，菁华；杰出人士"。
2、If you then examine the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
【译文】如果你再查看一下为世界杯和职业联赛输送人才欧洲各国国家青年队，你会发现这种奇怪现象更加明显。
【析句】主句you would find...，this strange phenomenon是宾语，to be even more pronounced是宾语补足语。
【讲词】feed基本意思是"喂；饲养"，但在本句中则表达"输送"。
pronounce一般表达"发音；宣布"，而pronounced显然是过去分词作形容词，表达"讲出来；明显，断然，明确"。分析句子，可知表达"显然，明显"。
rank 可以表达"级别；行列；阶级"，professional ranks表达"职业队伍"，即各级职业联赛队伍。
③What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.
什么可以解释这一奇怪现象呢？下面是部分猜想：a）某种占星术征兆使人具有更高足球技能；b）冬季出生婴儿往往具有更高供氧能力，这增长了踢足球持久力；c）热爱足球父母更也许在春季（每十二个月足球狂热鼎盛时期）怀孕；d）以上各项所有不是。
astrological adj.占星, 占星术
stamina n.毅力, 持久力, 精力
【例】exhibit enough stamina to master English. 体现出掌握英语充足毅力;That young man lacks stamina.那个年青人缺少毅力。
conceive v.怀孕, 考虑, 设想
【例】conceive prejudices抱偏见；conceive a child 怀孕；Scientists first conceived the idea of atomic bomb in the 1930s. 20
世纪30年代科学家们初次设想原子弹筹划。
annual adj.每十二个月（中频词）
【例】annual report / income / production年度报告 / 收入 / 产量
peak n.顶点, (记录)最高峰
mania n.嗜好, 狂热
【例】She has a mania for ponies. 她特别爱慕小马。
3、What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses： a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.
【译文】 如何解释这一奇怪现象？有多种猜想：1. 某些星相予以超强足球技能。2. 冬天婴儿大多摄氧量更高，可以增长足球体能。3. 狂爱足球父母更有也许在春天怀孕，这一段时间是足球狂热高峰。4. 以上选项所有不对旳。
【析句】 冒号后来是四个选项，其中涉及三个简朴句和一种名词短语构造。
【讲词】account for核心表达"解释，阐明"，即是explain意思。例如：Bad weather accounted for the long delay of the flight.（航班长期延缓是由于坏天气。）The suspect couldn’t account for his time that night.（嫌犯不能阐明那天晚上她时间安排。）
astrological sign 指星座或星相（zodiac，黄道），共有12个：水瓶座（Aquarius)，双鱼座（Pisces），白羊座（Aries)，金牛座（Taurus），双子座（Gemini），巨蟹座（Cancer)，狮子座（Leo），处女座（Virgo），天秤座（Libra)，天蝎座（Scorpio)，人马座（Sagittarius)，摩羯座（Capricorn）。
confer 意为"赠送；授予；给"，其同义词涉及：give,bestow,invest等。也可表达"协商，互换意见"，其同义词涉及advise,consult,parley等。
stamina意为"毅力，持久力，精力"，即physical or moral strength。
conceive 基本上有两个意思，即"构思"或"怀孕"。
Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”
58岁安德斯•埃里克森是佛罗里达州立大学一名心理学专家，她说，她坚信“以上各项所有不是”这一猜想。在瑞典长大埃里克森，始终研究核工程，直到她结识到，如果她转向心理学领域，她将会有更多机会从事自己研究。她初次实验是在大概30年此迈进行，和记忆有关：训练一种人先听一组任意挑选数字，然后复述这些数字。“在通过大概20小时训练后来，第一种实验对象（复述）数字跨度从7个上升到20个，” 埃里克森回忆说。“该实验对象不断进步，在接受大概200个小时训练后，她复述数字已经达到80多种。”
④This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
这一成功，连同后来证明记忆自身不是遗传决定研究，使得埃里克森得出结论，即记忆过程是一种认知练习，而不是一种本能练习。换句话说，不管两个人在记忆力能力上也许存在如何天生差别，这些差别所有会被每个人如何合适地“解读”所记信息所掩盖。埃里克森确信，理解如何有目旳地解读信息最佳措施就是一种为人所知故意练习过程。故意练习需要不仅仅是简朴地反复一种任务。相反，它涉及拟定明确目旳、获得即时反馈和技术和成果浓缩。
coupled with 加上， 外加
intuitive adj.直觉
cognitive adj.认知, 结识, 有感知
【例】a child's cognitive development小孩结识能力发展
swamp v. 使陷入困境
【例】be swamped by heavy debts 债台高筑；The horse was swamped in the mud. 马陷入泥潭。
A big wave swamped the boat.
一种大浪沉没了小船。
I am swamped with work.
我工作忙得不可开交。
deliberate adj.深思熟虑, 故意, 预有准备
【例】a deliberate decision 谨慎决定
pursuit / n.追求；职业
【习】hell-for-leather pursuit 全力追击, 拼命追赶；in pursuit of 追踪, 追求；in hot
4、This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.
【译文】 这一成功，和后来显示记忆自身并非由基因所决定研究，让埃里克森得到这样结论，即记忆行为是一种结识练习，而不是一种直觉练习。
【析句】 句子虽长，却是一种简朴句，主语是This success，谓语是led，背面接两个宾语，一是Ericsson，一是不定式to conclude。不定式自身接that引导宾语从句。
【讲词】couple 作名词表达"(一)对，(一)双；夫妇"，作动词表达"连接；结合；结婚"。to be coupled with意为to be together with。例如：She coupled her refusal with an explanation.（她解释了回绝因素。）
genetically determined意为"（是）由基因决定"。genetically名词是gene（基因），形容词是genetic，它们和generate,general,generation等来自同一词根。
cognitive 意为"认知"，其名词是cognition（认知，认知力）。
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory [ lə'bɔrətəri ] experiments with high achievers. ⑤Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming–are nearly always made, not born.
因此，埃里克森和她同事开始研究涉及足球领域在内广泛领域中专业实行者。她们收集了可以收集所有资料，不只是体现方面记录数据和传记具体资料，还涉及她们自己对获得很高成就人员进行实验室实验成果。她们研究得出了一种很令人惊奇结论——我们一般称为天分特性被高估了。或，换句话说，专业实行者――不管是在记忆还是手术方面，在芭蕾还是计算机编程领域――几乎总是培养，而不是天生。
pursuit 穷追
【例】daily pursuits 平常事务；in one's pursuit of happiness 追求幸福
statistics n.记录学, 登记表(中频词)
assertion n.主张, 断言, 声明
【例】stand to one's assertion 坚持已见
5、Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers-whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming-are nearly always made, not born.
【译文】 她们工作得出了一种惊人见解：我们一般称之为天才特性被高估了。换句话说，在记忆、外科、芭蕾或计算机程序方面专业人士，她们几乎所有是后天努力成果，并非天生如此。
【析句】 第一句是简朴句，冒号后成分是宾语assertion同位语，而同位语中又涉及一种定语从句修饰the trait。在第二句中，or和put another way是插入语，句子主干是expert... are... made, not born。whether in... programming作定语。
【讲词】startling 意为"惊人，令人吃惊"，其同义词有surprising、astonishing、stunning、astounding等。
assertion 表达"主张；断言；声明"。
talent 意为"天才；才干；才干"，注意中文"人才市场"，英语应用job market来表达。
overrate "高估"，其反义词是underrate（低估）。
expert 句中意思是"专家，专业"，expert performers 表达"专业人士"。
made 句中意为"通过后天努力而成就（人）"。
born 指"天生"，如：She is a born star.
21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to
[A] stress the importance of professional training.
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup.
[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.（C）
[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
21.[C]例证题。请问提及出名运动员生日目旳是什么?第一段是一种引子，作用就是为了引出专项，不是为了阐明这个例子。因此一方面就能排除选项[B]和选项[D]，由于所有浮现了soccer，而选项[A]中“professional training”是文中未提及信息。很明显和专项有关就是[C]“引出文章专项”。该类题型也是近两年每十二个月必考题型，考生只要注意答案只和专项有关。
22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means
[A] fun.
[B] craze.
[C] hysteria.（B）
[D] excitement.
22.[B]词义题。请问‘mania’在文中意思是什么?一方面返回原文，在上文中找到soccer-mad和soccer mania正好相应，因此应当找一种mad同义词。选项[A] fun没有疯狂意思;选项[C]hysteria解释为歇斯底里，明显带有贬义，不符合原文意境;选项[D] excitement只是兴奋,没有达到疯狂限度。因此选[B] craze。
23. According to Ericsson, good memory
[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.
[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.
[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.（A）
[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.
23.[A]细节事实题。根据Ericsson见解，好记忆如何?根据题干中memory，返回原文第四段。选项[B]“源于直觉而不是感觉”和原文四段首句“是感觉而不是直觉”相反;选项[C]“基因此不是心理因素决定”和第四段首句“不是由基因决定”相反;选项[D]中“high degree”是文中未提及信息。选项[A]“取决于有目旳性信息过程”相应文中第四段第三句‘Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice有目旳性练习过程”。 根据科学家埃瑞克森研究“好记忆”应是“后天培养”（cognitive exercise）故意识地去练习而非“先每天生”(intuitive one先天本能)。后来天培养是指对信息进行故意义“编码记忆”（注：有点像“联想记忆”）。故应选A：对信息进行故意义加工解决！B和C均谈是先天因素，错！至于D仅谈到了总结反馈和高度集中，不够完整。
24.[D]细节事实题。请问Ericsson和其同事见解是什么?选项[A]“天赋是获得职业成功核心因素”和原文末段第三句“我们一般对天赋估计过高”矛盾;选项[B]属于以偏概全，选项中biographical data只是其中一种部分，而不能理解为选项中“key决定性因素”;选项[C]属于单词替代，文章中浮现是‘Overrate过高估计’，而选项换成“overlook忽视”，和原文意思不符。选项[D]“成功归功于训练”相应原文末句“好体现是自己努力而不是天生”，[D]为对旳答案。
25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?
[A] “Faith will move mountains.”
[B] “One reaps what one sows.”
[C] “Practice makes perfect.”（C）
[D] “Like father, like son.”
25.[C]主旨题。请问文章专项是什么?整篇文章在末尾进行了总结，即成功源于不断练习，而不是天生具有。因此选项[C]“熟能生巧”为对旳答案。
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