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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,英语句子翻译,黄山学院 程汕姗,1/55,短句,另外看到、想到,英语：SVO/SVC/SVP,汉语:TC(topic+comment),原文:Her efforts gained her a reputation.,原译:她努力为她赢得了声誉。,改译:她很努力,名声很好。,讲解:原文SVO三分结构,原译逐字直译,不合汉语表示习惯。改译采取两分结构。原主语是偏正词组,改译为描写句,后续评论。,2/55,短句,另外看到、想到,原文:His skills qualify him for the job.,原译:他技艺使他有资格担任这一工作。,改译:他有技术,能担任这一工作。,讲解:原译按原文SVO三分结构译为汉语,改译是两分结构,符合汉语表示习惯。原主语是偏正结构,译文改为句子。,3/55,短句,另外看到、想到,汉语句子结构不像英语那样三分,它只有两个部分:,话题和说明。它基础不是形式逻辑,而是阴阳辨证。,中国远古先民们很早就对世界形成了阴阳对立认识,传说中伏曦八卦是很久远了,历经夏易、商易、周,易,一脉相承。易经中思想和语言文字都是阴阳对,立。到诗经已经比较系统了,今后即使经过了二,三千年,今天遣词造句依然如此。,4/55,短句,另外看到、想到,汉语句子阴阳对立,不在语法,而在语意,其表意有其独特之处。有学者把汉语句子表意类型归纳为七种:,语义相反型:先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐。(宋范仲淹),语义相异型:窗含西岭千秋雪,门泊东吴万里船。(唐杜甫),语义递进型:同是天涯沦落人,相逢何须曾相识。(唐白居易),反义衬托型:衣莫若新,人莫若故。(春秋晏子),同义衬托型:有莠则锄,有疾则医。(宋苏轼),正说反说型:改过不吝,从善如流。(宋苏轼),同义强调型:同声对应,同气相求。(周易乾文言),5/55,短句,另外看到、想到,不但,诗词歌句子语义结构如此,散文句子语义结构也是如此。比如:,有理而无益于治者,君子弗言;有能而无益于事者,君子弗为。(尹文子),水浊,则无掉尾之鱼;政苛,则无逸乐之士。(邓析子),天地者,万物之逆旅也;光阴者,百代之过客也。(李白),只影自怜,命寄江湖之上;惊魂未定,梦游缧绁之中。(苏轼),夜光之珠,无须出于孟津之河;盈握之璧,无须采于昆仑之山。(刘义庆),木秀于林,风必摧之;堆出于岸,流必湍之;行高于众,众必非之。(李康运命论),兰生幽谷,不为莫服而不芳;舟在江海,不为莫乘而不浮;君子行义,不为莫知而止休。(淮南子),满则虑兼,平则虑险,安则虑危。(荀子),思焉而得,故其言深;感焉而得,故其言切;触焉而得,故其言易。(苏洵),6/55,短句,课堂练习,The strong walls of the castle served as a good,defense against the attackers.,原译:那城堡坚固城墙充当了抵抗进攻者良好防御物。,改译:那座城堡城墙很坚固,在敌人进攻中起了很好防御作用。,讲解:原文SVO三分结构,原译文直译,显得不通顺。改译是两分,符合阴阳结构。原主语是偏正结构(adj.+n.),译文变为描写句(名词+形容词),后续评论句。,那座城堡城墙坚固,有效地抵抗住了敌人进攻。,7/55,短句,课堂练习,That dirty old house is an offense to everyone,who lives in the street.,原译:那座肮脏老房子使住在那条街上人都讨厌。,改译:那座老房子很脏,住在那条街上人都很讨厌。,讲解:原文是SVO三分结构,原译直译,句子较长,读起来不上口。改译是两分,节奏变短,轻易上口,符合阴阳结构。主语是偏正结构,改译为描写句,后续评论句。,8/55,长句,结构区分,英语长句展现出一个树式结构，即在英语中，主干结构突出，主谓宾突出，表示复杂思想时，往往开门见山，句中主语和主要动词这两根巨栋先树立起来，再利用各种关系词把定语从句及其它短语往这两个巨栋上挂靠。英语是形合语言，往往以整驭零。,汉语长句展现出一个竹式结构，即在汉语中，动词使用频繁。在表示一些较复杂思想时，往往借助动词，按动作发生次序，或逻辑次序，逐步交待，层层展开，给人以舒缓明快之感，有如一根竹子，一节节连下去。汉语没有主干结构，所以就没有主干与枝叉之分、竹节可多可少，由语音凝结在一起，有团块性，因为汉语不存在主干，在扩展时会引发结构不停改变对比。,9/55,长句,翻译唯一标准,语意第一,详细操作：,了解,找出各层含义,理清层次关系（包含时间、空间、以及各种逻辑关系）,表示,按照汉语时空逻辑规律重新排列。,时间：先后,空间：大小、上下、远近,逻辑：先因后果，先假设后结论,10/55,长句,课堂解析,But now it is realized that supplies of some of minerals are limited,and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their“expectation of life”,the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.,分析:该句骨干结构为“It is realized that”,it为形式主语,that引导着主语从句以及并列it is even possible to 结构,其中,不定式作主语,the time 是“expectation of life”同位语,深入解释其含义,而time后面句子是它定语从句。五个谓语结构,表示了四个层次意义:A.可是现在人们意识到;B.其中有些矿物质蕴藏量是有限;C.人们甚至还能够比较合理预计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”;D.将这些已知矿源和储量消耗殆尽时间,可是现在人们意识到,其中有些矿物质蕴藏量是有限,人们甚至还能够比较合理预计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”,也就是说,经过若干年后,这些矿物全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。,11/55,长句,课堂解析,Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century,because nowhere in nature is it found,free,owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen,for which it has a strong affinity.,分析:这个句子由一个主句,两个原因状语和一个定语从句,“铝直到19世纪才被人发觉”是主句,也是全句中心内容,全句共有四个谓语结构,共有五层意思:A.铝直到19世纪才被人发觉;B.因为在自然界找不到游离状态铝;C.因为它总是跟其它元素结合在一起;D.最普遍是跟氧结合;E.铝跟氧有很强亲和力。,铝总是跟其它元素结合在一起,最普遍是跟氧结合;因为铝跟氧有很强亲和力,因为这个原因,在自然界找不到游离状态铝。所以,铝直到19世纪才被人发觉。,12/55,长句,课堂解析,I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointed to a cabin on the far side of a stream,mutely refused the money I offered,and rode on.,原译：我在一头租来骡上骑了一整天，直到曾担任我向导邮差指着一条河远边上小屋，默默地拒绝了我给他钱，骑着马走了。,改译：我雇了一头骡子，骑了整整一天。在此期间，邮差权当向导。以后他指着河对岸一幢木屋给我看，我给他钱，他默然拒绝，迳自骑马走了。,13/55,长句,课堂解析,The village of Marlott lay amid the northen-easten undulations of the beautiful lake Blakemore or Blackmore aforesaid,an engirdled and secluded region,for the most part un-trodden as yet by tourists or landscape-painters,though within a four hours journey from London.,前面说过那个布蕾谷或布莱谷，是一处群山环抱、偏僻幽静地方。即使离伦敦不过四个小时旅程，但它大部分都不曾有游游家和画家足迹。马勒村就在它东北部那片起伏地带中间。,14/55,长句,课堂解析,People were afraid to leave their houses,for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency,they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.,该句共有三层含义:,A:人们不敢出门;,B:尽管警察已接到命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况;,C:警察也和其它人一样不知所措和无能为力。,在这三层含义中,B表示让步,C表示原因,而A则表示结果,按照汉语习惯次序,我们作以下安排:,尽管警察已接到命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况,但人们不敢出门,因为警察也和其它人一样不知所措和无能为力。,15/55,长句,课堂解析,Mr.Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots.,原译：肯尼迪先生显著地是被目击者相信开了三枪中第一枪击中。,改译：据目击者说，凶手共开了三枪，肯尼迪显然是被第一枪击中。,16/55,被动句,英汉对比介绍,被动语态是英语中动词一个改变形式，表示句子谓语动词和其主语之间存在逻辑上动宾关系。被动句主语实际上是谓语动词动作承受者。英语被动句把所要说明人或事物放在主语位置上，突出了行为对象，所以较少主观色彩。被动语态广泛使用是英语有别于汉语又一个特点。,汉语中虽也有被动句，但使用范围较狭窄，许多被动意义句子是用无主句或主动形式来表示。,17/55,被动句,一个英译汉实例,I was beaten up by my father yesterday.,昨天我被父亲狠狠地打了一通。,昨天我爹狠狠地打了我。/狠狠地把我揍了一通。,昨天我,挨,了老爸一顿,狠揍,。,昨天我,让,老爸暴打/猛K了一通。,昨天我,给/叫,我爸狂扁了一通。,18/55,被动句,英语被动变汉语主动,转换主语,Large quantities of fuel are used by modern industry.,当代工业耗用大量燃料。,English is spoken in Britain,the U.S.and some other countries.,英国、美国和其它一些国家讲英语。,Many new opportunities will be opened up in the course of time for those with a university education.,今后含有大学文化水平人将会取得更多就业机会。,19/55,被动句,英语被动变汉语主动,添加主语,He was sent a thank-you letter last week.,上周，有些人给他送了一封感激信。,他上周收到一封感激信。,To explore the moons surface,rockets were launched again and again.,为了探索月球表面，人们一次又一次地发射火箭。,20/55,被动句,英语被动变汉语主动,转变成无主句,Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.,要注意看看信地址有没有,写错,。,Account should be taken of the low melting point of this substance.,应该考虑到这种物质熔点较低。,21/55,被动句,习惯套语,It is considered that-有些人认,为,It is generally accepted that-普遍认为,It is believed that 人们认为,It is well known that众所周知,It is estimated that据预计,It is learned that据悉,It is supposed that-据推测,It must be pointed out that必须,指出,It will be seen that可见,It is understood that不用说,It cannot be denied that无可否定,It has been proved that已经证实,It may be confirmed that能够必定,It may be safely said that能够有,把握地说,据-/无主语结构/添加主语,22/55,被动句,英语被动变汉语被动,英语标识被动变汉语无标识被动,动作去”被”直接保留,Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily.,大部分问题已经圆满地处理了。,His house is located on the edge of the city.,他家位于市区边缘。,The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.,这座桥将在今年年底建成。,23/55,被动句,英语被动变汉语被动,被动转判断,The song was composed by a friend of mine.,这首歌是我一个朋友谱写。,History is made by the people.,历史是人民创造.,The explosive was first made and used in China.,火药最早是在中国制造和使用。,24/55,被动句,英语被动变汉语被动,英语标识被动变汉语标识被动,He is often sent to do this work.,他常被派做这项工作。,The boy was criticized yesterday.,这孩子昨天挨来了一顿批评。,Our clothes were soaked with sweat.,我们衣服给汗水湿透了。,The things have been affected with damp.,东西受潮了。,They were hit by a natural calamity last year.,他们去年遭了灾。,25/55,被动句,关于汉语“为所”结构,汉语“为,所,”结构是一个文化色彩较浓，较为端庄典雅被动表示方式。,All the buildings were destroyed in a big fire.,全部建筑物都为那场大火所焚毁。,Peace is desired by everyone.,和平为人人所向往。,Such conduct will be looked down upon by all sense of decency.,此种行为将为一切君子所不齿。,26/55,否定句,穿越重重迷雾之冗余否定,冗余否定,（redundancy negation）,/多出否定,(pleonastic negation),形式否定，语意必定，多为习惯表示或语气委婉之故。,她,差一点（没）撞上人。,（你）小心（别）见到班主任。,我险些（没）摔了个狗啃泥。,我们好（不）轻易才买到了车票。,27/55,否定句,穿越重重迷雾之冗余否定,宾语从句多出否定,一些宾语从句,尤其是用whether,if 引导宾语从句,其主句谓语往往表示不,必定或怀疑(如wonder,question,ask,know,think),后面从句假如使用否定形式,其否定意义往往会弱化消失。,I asked him if I could not do anything for him.,我问他可能我能帮他做点什么吧。,I wonder if/whether we cannot get any more.,我想知道我们再拿一些行不行。,Wont you drink some tea?,=Will you drink some tea?,28/55,否定句,穿越重重迷雾之冗余否定,感叹句中多出否定,有时英语句子里面虽没有感叹词,但也是表示某种强烈感情句子,这类句子也属感叹句。这类感叹句中出现否定形式时,但却没有否定意义。普通多用于口语,句未用叹号,全句读作降调。,My mother read the little poem and began to cry.“Buddy,you didnt really write this beautiful,beautiful poem!”,我妈妈读完这首小诗便大叫起来:“宝贝,你写了一首多漂亮诗啊!”,If the walls of that room could speak，what amount of blundering and capricious cruelty would they not bear witness to!,假如这个房间墙壁会说话,那该有多少错误和任性残暴行为会说出来呀!,29/55,否定句,穿越重重迷雾之冗余否定,习惯使用方法中多出否定,I cant hardly believe it.,I cant but say that,Some people just want it all.,But I dont want nothing at all.,If I aint got you.,I dont never trust you.,30/55,否定句,穿越重重迷雾之转移否定,转移否定（transferred negation）,句中否定词在语法上属于某一部分（往往是谓语部分），但在语义上否定却是另一部分。,I dont think(that)you are right.=I think you are not right.,?,You are probably right,but I dont think so.(periphrasis),It is a fact that you are wrong.I think so.(seldom used),在表示个人感知、评论时，往往使用转移否定。,Think，feel,believe,look/sound as if,expect,imagine,suppose etc.,I dont believe hell come back tomorrow.,I dont suppose Ill trouble you again.,She didnt feel the neighborhood was friendly.,She doesnt look as if she were drunk.,31/55,否定句,穿越重重迷雾之转移否定,特例,We didnt think wed be this late.,我们没想到会这么迟。,I cant believe that they are married.,我真不敢相信，他们竟然结婚了。,You mustnt think that he is a fool.,你千万不要认为他是个傻瓜。,32/55,否定句,穿越重重迷雾之转移否定,I didnt take Joan to swim in the pool today.,I didnt,take Joan to swim in the pool today.,(I forgot to do so.),我今夭没带琼到游泳池去游泳。,I didnt take,Joan,to swim in the pool today.(It was Lucy),我今天带到游泳池去游泳不是琼。,I didnt take Joan,to swim,in the pool today.(just to see it),我今天带琼到游泳池去不是游泳。,I didnt take Joan to swim,in the pool,today.I took her to the seaside.),我今天带琼去游泳地方不是游泳池。,I didnt take Joan to swim in the pool,today,.(It was last week),我不是今天带琼到游泳池去游泳。,I didnt,take Joan to swim in the pool today.(It wasnt I but my father),今天带琼到游泳池去游泳不是我。,33/55,否定句,穿越重重迷雾之转移否定,He didnt mention it on purpose.,He mentioned it unintentionally.,He deliberately didnt mention it.,I havent studied English for two years.,I have studied English for less than two years.,I stopped studying English two years ago.,He didnt go to the clinic to have his wound dressed.,他没去诊所包扎伤口。,他去诊所不是去包扎伤口。,He didnt go downtown because his father was ill.,他没进城，因为父亲病了。,他进城，并不是因为父亲病了。,34/55,否定句,穿越重重迷雾之转移否定,The earth does not move around in an empty space.,The earth moves around but not in an empty space.,In an empty space,the earth doesnt move around.,Certainly I dont teach because teaching is easy for me.Nor do I teach because I think I know answers,or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.,分析：这句话主要包括是否定范围问题。假如把because从句排除在否定范围之外，其意思为：“因为我以为教书轻易，所以没有教书”（=because teaching is very easy for me,I dont teach）；假如把because从句包含在否定范围之内，则为：“我之所以教书，并不是因为我以为教书轻易”（=I teach,but it isnt because teaching is easy for me）。,译文：当然，我之所以教书，并不是因为我以为教书轻易。我之所以教书，也不是因为我认为自己能够解答问题，或者因为我满腹学问，情不自禁地要与他人分享。,35/55,否定句,穿越重重迷雾之转移否定,严格说来,否定句并不是简单非此即彼。假如脱离语境,一切否定句都能够找到若干不一样深层意义。,否定情况很复杂,不可能一览无余地加以说明。总而言之,分析否定句不能依赖语序等句法结构,要从语义结构角度去分析,更主要是联络上下文进行逻辑分析。只有这么,才能把握否定句深层结构,从而顺利地实现语际转换。,36/55,长句,课后练习,They(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.,对于以往几代人来说,旧式体力劳动是一个用以摆脱贫困伎俩,而技术进步则摧毁了穷人赖认为生体力劳动,所以首先体验到技术进步之害是穷人。,37/55,长句,课后练习,And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born,and the kind of people among whom he was born.,他有这么一位母亲，他生在这么一个地方和这么一群人中间，要是这些都让她知道，他明白该有多丢人。,38/55,被动句,课后练习,。,39/55,长句翻译,课后练习,Transplant surgeons,work miracles,.They take organs from one,body,and,integrate,them into another,granting the lucky recipient a longer,better life.,Sadly,every year thousands of other people are less fortunate,dying while they wait for suitable organs to be found.,The terrible constraint on organ transplantation is that every life extended depends on the death of someone young enough and healthy enough to have organs worth transplanting.,Such donors are few.The waiting lists are long,and getting longer.,40/55,长句翻译,课后练习,Freedom from this constraint is the dream of every transplant surgeon.So far attempts to make artificial organs have been disappointing:,nature is hard to mimic,.Hence the,renewed interest,in trying to use organs from animals.,41/55,长句翻译,课后练习,Doctors in India have just announced that they have successfully transplanted a heart from a pig into a person.,Pressure to increase the number of such,xenotransplants,seems to be growing.,In Europe and America,herds of pigs are being specially bred and genetically engineered for organ donation.,During 1996 at least two big reports on the subject-one in Europe and one in America-were published.They agreed that xenotransplants were permissible on,ethical grounds,and cautiously recommended that they be allowed.,Americas Food and Drug Administration,has already published draft guidelines for xenotransplantation.,42/55,长句翻译,课后练习,The,ethics,of xenotransplantation are relatively unworrying.People already kill pigs both for food and,for sport,;,killing them to save a human life seems,if anything,easier to justify.,However,the,science,of xenotransplantation is much less straightforward.,43/55,长句翻译,课后练习,外科医生经过器官移植创造奇迹。他们将器官从一个人身体里取出，放进另一个人体内，这名幸运器官接收者便能够活得更长，更健康。遗憾是，每年成千上万病人，他们就没这么幸运了：还没等到匹配器官，便已离开人世。对器官移植而言，最大限制在于要挽救一条生命，就得有另一条年轻健康生命从人间消逝，这么才有合格器官可供移植。符合这种条件捐献者实在寥寥无几，而等候器官移植人早已排成了长队，而且人数还在与日俱增。,44/55,长句翻译,课后练习,所以怎样让器官移植摆脱这一限制就成了每位手术医生梦想。就当前而言，人造器官努力令人失望，自然终究难以模拟。于是人们再度将注意力放在了怎样利用动物器官研究上。,45/55,长句翻译,课后练习,印度有医生刚才宣称他们已经成功地将猪心脏移植进人体中。对这种异种器官移植需求似乎也在增加。在欧洲和美国，为了器官移植，人们对成群生猪进行了基因改造和特殊喂养。1996年，最少有两篇关于异种器官移植长篇报道问世。（一篇发表于欧洲，另一篇发表于美国。）这两篇报道都认为，异种器官移植是在人们伦理规范范围内，因而都慎重提议当局应准许这种移植进行。美国食品和药品管理局还就异种器官移植公布了指导标准草案。,46/55,长句翻译,课后练习,相对而言，异种器官移植不会带来太大伦理问题。人们既已为食物、消遣之故杀猪，再为救人性命而杀猪，不论怎样，都更为合情合理。然而，异种器官移植技术问题就远没这么简单了。,47/55,课后练习,错误集锦,词汇,词义分析错误（了解）,work wonders 工作神圣,renewed interest 新兴趣/方向/趋势,ethics/ethical 道德（）,science of(doing)sth 科学（知识）,48/55,课后练习,错误集锦,词义表示错误,科技术语、机构名称,xenotransplantation 异体移植/异种移植学,genetically engineered 基因调试,Food and Drug Administration,美国食品与药品监督局/委员会/监管局,49/55,课后练习,错误集锦,用词不妥,kill,pigs 杀害,integrate,in the body 合二为一/融为一体,special,breeding,特殊培养/培育,生造词汇,ethical ground 伦理范围/道德层次,50/55,课后练习,错误集锦,单句,句义分析错误（了解）,Pressure to increase the number of such,xenotransplants seems to be growing.,伴伴随异种器官移植增多，社会压力也越来越大。,pressure to do sth,51/55,课后练习,错误集锦,违反汉语语法和逻辑,每个器官移植都希望/梦寐以求摆脱这种限制。,但死后愿意捐献器官人极少。,宰杀活猪,器官移植医生,这门科学不是一帆风顺。,翻译腔,大量使用标识性被动,赐予/授予病患生命,在等候移植过程中死去,52/55,课后练习,错误集锦,语意重复，表示繁冗,得不到这么好运气,试图制造人造器官,一颗猪心移入一个人体,信息焦点转移,53/55,课后练习,错误集锦,段落,段内衔接（句间衔接）,代词,多用代词，造成指代不明,关联词,缺乏必要关联词,错用关联词,54/55,课后练习,错误集锦,篇章,语体等级,EST(English for Science and Technology),科技文体,表示过于口语化,篇章功效,inform 客观,affective 主观抒情,55/55,
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