2022年清华大学博士英语入学考试完型.doc

清华大学博士考试完型填空

清华大学博士题中完型填空是在一篇难度适中旳短文中设立20个空白，短文长约300—350个词，从四个给出旳选项中选出一种最佳答案；选项可以是一种单词，也可以是一种短语。
文章多为阐明文和记叙文
完型填空是一项综合性旳测试，也成为The use of English。 它是从语篇旳水平上测试考生综合运用语言知识，测试词汇、语法、词组、句型及文章旳整体构造。重要是规定考生在全面理解短文旳基本上，选择一种最佳答案，可以使短文旳意思连贯、构造完整、合理。因此需要注意语意、构造、逻辑和常用法旳关系。
基本规定：1）词汇和短语 2）语法知识 3）理解能力
应试规定：理解命题、有一定旳题量、应试方略。
Sample 1
Double Income and No Kids (DINK) becomes fashionable in China. The DINK couples are usually regarded as those who have higher educations and __31__ careers with higher incomes. The increase in DINK families has shattered the Chinese traditional idea of the family and __32__ typical.
A survey conducted recently in Beijing by a market survey company __33__ that about 3.3 percent of 1,300 surveyed families in Beijing said they have __34__ plans to have children. It is estimated there are about 600,000 DINK families in large cities like Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing.
Why they choose such a lifestyle is concluded in __35__ reasons. Some are showing great worry for the rapid growth of population; some are indulged in building a more well-off family; some are showing sharp __36__ to get themselves free from the obligation of raising children.
__37__, most people still believe it is necessary to bear a child to keep the family line on. As an old Chinese saying goes, there are three aspects in failing to be a filial son and the __38__ serious one is to have no heir for the family. So childless couples will suffer discrimination __39__ family members and neighbors.
But it is clear that the new tide of ideas has come, which suggests young people __40__ to choose their own way of life. They are installing modern ideas into traditional families and society. In the modernization process, personal choices will be highly respected.
31. A. stable B. available C. achievable D. liable
32. A. had become B. may become C. became D. becomes
33. A. directed B. induced C. indicated D. dictated
34. A. no B. not C. hardly D. scarcely
35. A. elegant B. abundant C. similar D. various
36. A. tension B. attention C. intention D. interaction
37. A. Moreover B. However C. According D. Generally
38. A. most B. more C. latest D. less
39. A. into B. to C. at D. from
40. A. wanted B. should want C. want D. had wanted
Sample 2
Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. 67 a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the 68 in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The 69 student is considered to be 70 who is motivated to learn for the sake of 71 , not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned 72 brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is 73 for learning the material assigned. When research is 74 , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with 75 guidance. It is the 76 responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain 77 a university library works; they expect students, 78 graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference 79 in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but 80 that their students should not be 81 dependent on them. In the United States professors have many other duties 82 teaching, such as administrative or research work. 83 , the time that a professor can spend with student outside of class is 84 . If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either 85 a professor during office hour 86 make an appointment.
67 a) If b) Although c) Because d) Since
68 a) suggestion b) context c) abstract d) information
69 a) poor b) ideal c) average d) disappointed
70 a) such b) one c) any d) some
71 a) fun b) work c) learning d) prize
72 a ) by b) in c) for d) with
73 a) criticized b) innocent c) responsible d) dismissed
74 a) collected b) distributed c) assigned d) finished
75 a) maximum b) minimum c) possible d) practical
76 a) student’s b) professor’s c) assistant’s d) librarian’s
77 a) when b) what c) why d) how
78 a) particularly b) essentially c) obviously d) rarely
79 a) selections b) collections c) sources d) origins
80 a) hate b) dislike c) like d) prefer
81 a) too b) such c) much d) more
82 a) but b) except c) with d) besides
83 a) However b) Therefore c) Furthermore d) Nevertheless
84 a) plentiful b) limited c) irregular d) flexible
85 a) greet b) annoy c) approach d) attach
86 a) or b) and c) to d) but
Passage 1
The United States has historically had higher rates of marriage than those of other industrialized countries. The current annual marriage 56 in the United States—about 9 new marriages for every 1,000 people—is 57 higher than it is in other industrialized countries. However, marriage is 58 as widespread as it was several decades ago. 59 of American adults who are married 60 from 72 percent in 1970 to 60 percent in . This does not mean that large numbers of people will remain unmarried 61 their lives. Throughout the 20th century, about 90 percent of Americans married at some 62 in their lives. Experts 63 that about the same proportion of today’s young adults will eventually marry.
The timing of marriage has varied 64 over the past century. In 1995 the average age of women in the United States at the time of their first marriage was 25. The average age of men was about 27. Men and women in the United States marry for the first time an average of five years later than people did in the 1950s. 65 , young adults of the 1950s married younger than did any previous 66 in U.S. history. Today’s later age of marriage is 67 the age of marriage between 1890 and 1940. Moreover, a greater proportion of the population was married (95 percent) during the 1950s than at any time before 68 . Experts do not agree on why the “marriage rush” of the late 1940s and 1950s occurred, but most social scientists believe it represented a 69 to the return of peaceful and prosperity after 15 years of severe economic 70 and war.
56. A. rate B. ratio C percentage D. poll
57. A. potentially B intentionally C. randomly D.substantially
58 A. not any longer B. no more C. no longer D. not any more
59 A. A proportion B. The proportion C. The number D. A number
60 A. declined B .deteriorated C deduced D demolished
61 A past B passing C throughout D through
62 A period B level C point D respect
63 A project B plan C promise D propose
64 A unexpectedly B irregularly C flexibly D consistently
65 A Beside B However C Whereas D Nevertheless
66 A descendants B ascendants C population D generation
67 A according to B in line with C based D caused by
68 A and after B or after C or since D ever since
69 A refusal B realization C response D reality
70 A repression B aggression C restriction D depression
Passage 2
In recent years a new farming revolution has begun, one that involves the 61 of life at a fundamental level – the gene. The study of genetics has 62 a new industry called biotechnology. As the name suggest, it 63 biology and modem technology through such techniques as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies specialize in
agriculture and are working feverishly to 64 seeds that give a high yield, that 65 diseases, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for 66 chemicals. If such goals could be achieved, it would be most 67. But some have raised concerns about genetically engineered crops.
In nature, genetic diversity is created within certain 68 .A rose can be crossed with a different kind of rose, but a rose will never cross with a potato. Genetic engineering, 69 usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another 70 to transfer a desired characteristic. This could mean, for example, selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with anti-freeze 71 from an artic fish, and inserting it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. 72, then, biotechnology allows humans to 73 the genetic walls that separate species.
Like the green revolution, 74 some call the gene revolution contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity---some say even more so 75 geneticists can employ techniques such as cloning and 76 culture(培养), processes that produce perfectly 77 copies. Concerns about the erosion of biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new 78, such as the effects that they may have on us and the environment. “We are flying blindly into a new 79 of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potential 80,” said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.
61. A. manipulation B. management C. manufacture D. maturity
62. A. got along with B. given rise to C. come up with D. lived up to
63. A. broods B. breeds C. blends D. blasts
64. A. hatch B. train C. duplicate D. patent
65. A. restrict B. resist C. reverse D. retrieve
66. A. hostile B. hydraulic C. hazardous D. harmless
67. A. beneficial B. disappointing C. surprising D. extreme
68. A. lines B. limits C. space D. ages
69. A. after all B. on the other hand C. in any case D. as a rest
70. A. to the point B. in no case C. in an attempt D. with regard
71. A. quality B. property C. priority D. quantity
72. A. In essence B. In part C. In advance D. In return
73. A. brake B. blaze C. breach D. brand
74. A. what B. as C. where D. so
75. A. that B. because C. if D. when
76. A. skin B. tissue C. organ D. muscle
77. A. resembling B. alike C. similar D. identical
78. A. issues B. height C. difficulties D. goals
79. A. spot B. era C. deadline D. scheme
80. A. navigation B. mystery C. outcomes D. destination
Passage 3
Imagine fishermen walking down to the seashore, ready to carry out their early morning routine of preparing their boats and net. ___71___ they hope for a good catch of fish. But to their ___72___ , a horrible sight meets their still sleepy eyes. Thousands of fish have washed ___73___ dead. The cause of this mass destruction? A red tide!
Red tides are a global ___74___. They have been observed on both the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts of the United States and Canada. They have also___75___ in many other places. Though relatively few people are ___76___ them, red tides are not new.
In the Philippines, a red tide was first seen in the province of Bataan in 1908. Since then, red tides have been seen in many other ___77___. A Philippines red tide expert told us that " ___78___ the fish kills, the Philippines has documented 1, 926 cases of dead shellfish poisoning caused by red tides. "
The term "red tide" ___79___ the discoloration of water that sometimes occurs in certain areas of the ocean or sea. Although the color is often red, it may also be ___80___ of brown or yellow. The World Book Encyclopedia reports that "the discolored areas may range from ___81___ a few square yards to more than 2, 600 square kilometers. "
What causes such discoloration? Red tides are generally caused by several ___82___ of single—celled organisms. These tiny organisms have hair—like projections which they use to ___83___ themselves in water. There are about 2, 000 varieties of these organisms, 30 of which carry poisonous ___84___. These minute organisms usually stay in warm waters with high content of salt.
A red tide occurs when there is a sudden and rapid ___85___ of these organisms. The concentration of these organisms may ___86___ to 50, 000, 000 per quart of water! Although scientists do not fully understand why this happens. It is known that these organisms ___87___ when certain conditions simultaneously affect the water. These include abnormal weather, ___88___ temperatures, an oversupply of nutrients in the water, a generous ___89___ sunlight, and favorable water currents. When a heavy rainfall occurs, minerals and other nutrients are sometimes washed ___90___ the land into coastal waters. These nutrients can contribute to the breeding of the organisms. The result? Red tides!
71. A. As a result B. As it is C. As expected D. As usual
72. A. satisfaction B. disappointment C. astonishment D. regret
73. A. ashore B. aboard C. aside D. across
74. A. question B. crisis C. phenomenon D. situation
75. A. occupied B. occurred C. acquired D. accused
76. A. assured of B. worried about C. concerned about D. aware of
77. A. sandy beaches B. river mouths C. coastal areas D. reef areas
78. A. except B. besides C. despite D. without
79. A. applies to B. sums up C. copes with D. leads to
80. A. shadows B. shades C. shakes D. shapes
81. A, less than B. more than C. as much as D. as little as
82. A. components B. elements C. ingredients D. species
83. A. propel B. probe C. proceed D. prompt
84. A. materials B. substances C. masses D. objects
85. A. bolt B. block C. bloom D. blast
86. A.