英语语言学填空题及答案.doc

Chapter one
1. Linguistics is generally defined as the .
2. The study of language as a whole is often called .
3. The study of_ used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics.
4. The study of is known as semantics.
5. Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to .
6. The study of is generally known as applied linguistics.
7. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be .
8. The description of a language at some point of time in is a synchronic study the description of a language as it through time is a diachronic.
9. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is to writing.
10. _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of a speech community, and refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
11. Linguistic is descriptive while traditional grammer is .
12. Modern linguistic regards the language as primary, not the written.
13. Many of the rules of traditional grammer apply only to the language.
14. When the study of meaning is ,not in isdation ,but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.
15. Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different of linguistic study.
答案：
1. scientific study of language
2. general linguistics
3. sounds
4. meaning
5. psychology
6. applications
7. descriptive
8. history; changes
9. prior
10. langue; parole
11. prescriptive
12. spoken
13. written
14. conducted
15. types
Chapter Two
1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the of language; if is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.
2. The three branches of phonetics are_ , auditory phonetics and acousfic phonetics respectively.
3. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of _
and the other is in terms of _ .
4. Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language-_______.
5. The different throes which can represent a phoneme in different phonetics envronments are called the _ of that phoneme.
6. The assimulation rules assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a_______; thus making the two phones similate.
7. The assimulation rule also accounts for the _______ of the alvedar nasal in some sound combinations.
8. The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is______.
9. Language is first ______through its sounds.
10. The letter [P] in terms of place of articulation______ in terms of manner of articulation is _______.
11. _______, not phonetic identity is the ctciterion with which we operate the phonological analysis of language .
12. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding the _______.
13. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of _____and______ vowels .
14. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of______.
15. Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a ______and a phrase consisting of the same elements.
答案:
1. phonic medium
2. labeled articulation phonetics
3. manner of articulation; place of articulation
4. the speech sounds
5. allo phones
6. sequential phoneme
7. varying pronunciation
8. orthographically represented
9. perceived
10. bilabial; stops
11. phonetic similarity
12. oral cavity
13. tense; lox
14. simultaneous distinctive features
15. compound noun
Chapter Three
1. Linguists define the word as the smallest ______found in language.
2. Morpheme is the_______________ that carries information about meaning or function.
3. The root consistutes the _____ of the word and carries the major components of its meaning .
4. Morpheme are usually ______: there is no nature connection between their sound and meaning.
5. When _______ are conjoined to other morpheme （or words）, a new words are derived , or formed.
6. Derivation is an _______ that form a word with meaning and category distinct from that of its bases.
7. Unlike phonemes and syllables which are the elements of sound , words_______.
8. ______ are the foundation building blocks of a language .
9. Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part of the grammer that is concerned with ______ and ________.
10. The content words of language , such as ____,_____,_____and adverbs, are sometimes called open class words.
11. Affixes______ belong to a lexical category and are always bound morpheme.
12. Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical makers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case are called_________.
13. _______, ________ and free morphemes combine are the major ways to produce new words.
14. The ways word are formed are called _______.
15. When two words are in the same _______, the compound will be in this category.
答案：
1. free form
2. smallest unit of language
3. core
4. arbitrary
5. derivational morphemes
6. affixational process
7. carry meaning
8. words
9. word formation; word structure
10. nouns; verbs; adjectives
11. do not
12. inflectional morphemes
13. derivation; compounds
14. morphological rules
15. grammatical category

Chapter four
1.To determine a word's category，three criteria are usually employed: , , .
2. The XP rule is .
3.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that .
4.The S rule is
5.The first, formed by the in accordance with the subcategorization properties, is called deep structure.
6.questions begin with a wh- word are called .
7.Corresponding to the final syntactic form of sentence which results from appropriate transformations , is called .
8.If the head is a verb, then the specifier is .
9.Word level categories are divided into two kinds: and .
10.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called .
11. The structures which formed by joining two or more elements of the some type with the help of a conjunction are .
12.The information about is included in the head and termed subcategorization.
13.The element which specifies optionally expressible properties of hand is .
14.A special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another is .
15.The construction in which the complement phrases is embedded is called .

答案
1. meaning，inflection, distribution
2. XP→(specifier)X(complement)
3. govern the formation of sentences
4. S→NP VP
5. XP rule , head’s
6. questions
7. suffice structure
8. qualifier
9. major lexical categories , minor lexical categories
10. phrases
11. coordinate structures
12. a word’s complement
13. modifiers
14. transformation
15. matrix clause
Chapter five
1.According to the naming theory , words are just or labeis for things .
2.

3.Two kinds of context are recognized :the situational context and the .
4.In the English vocabulary there are two category of words: and .
5.Synonyms can be divided into the ,
stylistic synonyms, and collocational synonyms.
6.When two words are identical in ,they are .When two words are identical in ,they are homographs.
7.swperordinate is more general in meaning, but hyponyms is more .
8.three kinds of antonymy are recognized：Gradable antonymys, , and .
9.There are four certain relations between sentences,they are: , , and preswpposes.
10.There are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and meaning .
11.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is true ,if X is false,Y may be true or false, we called the relation is
12.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the meaning of the word. The various meaning of the word are to some degree. Complete homonyms are often brought into being by .
13. Reference deals with the relationship between the element and word of experience.
14. held the view that “we shall know a word by the company it keeps
15.semantics canbe simply defined as the study of .
答案：
1. names
2. referent
3. linguistic context
4. native words, borrowed words
5. Dialectal synonyms ,emotive synonyms
6. homophones, spelling
7. specific
8. complementary antonyms, relational opposites
9. synonymous , inconsistence , entails
10. semantic
11. entails
12. primary , related , coincidence
13. linguistic ,non-linguistic
14. J.R.Firth
15. meaning