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64,The Channel Tunnel,海峡隧道,第1页,The Channel Tunnel,-,The worlds longest undersea tunnel,第2页,What is Undersea tunnel?,An undersea tunnel is a tunnel which is partly or wholly constructed under a body of water.,Advantages:,Tunneling will generate soil that has been,excavated,ekskvetid and this can be used to create new land,as was done with the soil of the Channel Tunnel.,Travelling through a tunnel is significantly quicker and wont be,influen,ce during,adverse,weather,第3页,The Channel Tunnel also,referred,to as the Chunnel is a 50.5-kilometre,undersea,rail,tunnel linking,Folkestone,in the United Kingdom with,Calais,in northern France,beneath,the English Channel at the,Strait of,Dover,.,Profile of The Channel Tunnel:,第4页,At its lowest point,it is 75 meters deep.At 37.9 kilometers,the,Channel Tunnel possesses the longest undersea,portion,of any tunnel in,the world,although the,Seikan Tunnel,in Japan is both longer overall at,53.85 kilometers,and deeper at 240 meters below sea level.,The Seikan Tunnel,The Channel Tunnel,第5页,Ideas for a cross-Channel fixed link appeared as early as 1802,began construction in 1988 and opened in 1994,eventually closed in for incident,第6页,The British Channel Tunnel Group consisted of two banks and five construction,companies,while their French,counterparts.,The French Channel Tunnel Group consisted of three banks and five construction companies.,The design and construction was done by the ten construction companies.,Engineering,：,第7页,Geological profile,along the tunnel as constructed:,The,geology,generally consists of,northeasterly dipping Cretaceous,strata,.,For the majority of its length the tunnel,bores,through a,chalk marl stratum,.Successful tunnelling under the channel required the selection of the best rock strata.,第8页,Typical tunnel,cross section:,with a service tunnel between twin rail tunnels.Shown linking the rail tunnels is a,piston relief duct,necessary to manage pressure changes due to the movement of trains,第9页,Construction,：,Precast segmental linings,in the main,TBM,drives were used,but different solutions were used on the English and French sides.,On the French side,neoprene,and,grout sealed bolted linings,made of,cast,iron,or high-strength,reinforced,concrete were used.,On the English side,the main requirement was for speed and,bolting,of,cast-iron lining,segments,was only carried out in areas of poor geology.,第10页,Background,information,英吉利海峡隧道（The Channel Tunnel)又称英法海底隧道或欧洲隧道（Eurotunnel)，是一条把英国英伦三岛连接往欧洲法国铁路隧道，于1994年5月6日开通。它由三条长51km平行隧洞组成，总长度153km，其中海底段隧洞长度为338km，是当前,世界上最长海底隧道,。从1986年2月12日法、英两国签署关于隧道连接坎特布利条约（Treaty of Canterbury)到1994年5月7日正式通车，历时8年多，耗资约100亿英镑（约150亿美元），也是世界上规模最大利用,私人资本,建造工程项目。隧道长度50千米，仅,次于,日本青函隧道。海底长度39千米。单程需35分钟。,第11页,第12页,第13页,第14页,第15页,Channel Tunnel,第16页,Length:560 km(350 miles),Width:34-240 km(21-150 miles),(Its narrowest part is between Dover in England and Cape Gris-Nez,near Galasis,in France.),Depth:120-45 meters(400-500 feet),(,1 km,=0.6214,miles,),(1 meter=3.28 feet),The English Channel,第17页,汉字：,英吉利海峡隧道,英文：,(,The English Channel Tunnel,）,昵称：,Chunnel,法文：,le tunnel sous la Manche,又称：,海峡隧道、英法海底隧道或欧洲隧道,(,Euro Tunnel,),第18页,The tunnel consists of three interconnected tubes:one rail track each way plus one service tunnel,Its length is 31miles of which 23 miles are underwater,Its average depth is 150 feet underwater,第19页,新圣哥达,St.Gotthard,隧道,(,瑞士,).57.6 km(),布雷纳,BasisBrenner,隧道,(,奥意,).55.6 km(2022),青函海峡隧道,(,日本,).53.85km(1988),里昂,-,都灵间,Ambin,隧道,(,法意,).52.11km(2025),英吉利海峡隧道,(,英法,).49.50km(1994),第20页,Channel Tunnel Inauguration,On May 6th,1994,France and Britain opened a new era in their history of conflict.The French President and the British Queen cut the ribbon at the dedication ceremony for the Chunnel.,第21页,第22页,第23页,text,In1858,aFrenchengineer,AimeThomedeGamond,arrived inEnglandwithaplanforatwenty-one-miletunnelunderthe EnglishChannel.Hesaidthatitwouldbepossibleto builda platforminthecentreoftheChannel.Thisplatform wouldserveasaportandarailwaystation.Thetunnelwouldbewell-ventilatediftallchimneyswerebuiltabovesealevel.In1860,abetter planwasputforwardbyanEnglishman,WilliamLow.Hesuggestedthatadoublerailway-tunnel shouldbebuilt.,第24页,Thiswouldsolvetheproblemofventilation,forifatrainenteredthistunnel,it woulddrawinfreshairbehindit.Forty-twoyearslateratunnelwasactuallybegun.If,atthetime,theBritishhadnotfearedinvasion,itwouldhavebeencompleted.Theworldhadtowaitalmost another100yearsfortheChannelTunnel.ItwasofficiallyopenedonMarch7,1994,finally connectingBritaintotheEuropeancontinent.,第25页,The 17 century plan,第26页,New words,and,expressions,第27页,Newwordsandexpressions,生词和短语,tunneln.,隧道,portn.,港口,ventilatev.,通风,chimneyn.,烟囱,sealevel,海平面,doubleadj.,双,ventilationn.,通风,fearv.,害怕,invasionn.,入侵，侵略,officiallyadv.,正式地,connectv.,连接,Europeanadj.,欧洲,continentn.,大陆,第28页,tunnel n,隧道,channel,海峡,/The Channel:,英吉利海峡,port n,港口,airport,航空港,ventilate v,通风,air:air the room,please,给房间通通风,第29页,chimney n,烟囱,sea level,海平面,double adj,双,DINK:double income,no kid.,字母,W,读音就是,:“double u”,意为两个,u,组成,w.,couple/pair,两个,a couple of weeks,a pair of shoes/socks/glasses,一副眼镜,第30页,ventilation n,通风,Forced Ventilation,强制排风系统,force n.,力量,武力,精力,魄力,势力,暴力,复,军队,影响力,vt.,强制,强加,(,用武力,),夺取,促使,推进,施加压力,forced adj.,被迫,强迫,动用武力,第31页,fear v,害怕,fright/frighten/frightening/frightened/frightful,be afraid of/fear,是习惯性,/,人做主语,frighten/scare,是因某件突然事情才让你产生了害怕情绪,/,句子后边部分是人,第32页,sb fear sth,:I feared darkness./I fear dogs.,be afraid of:I am afraid of dogs.,be afraid that:can you help me?I am afraid I cant(,恐怕,)/I am afraid not.,等同于,I am sorry.,第33页,sth frighten sb./sth scare sb,:you frightened/scared me.,The doy frightened me./the film scared me.,horrify v.,使恐怖,使极度厌恶,惊骇,horrified adj.,惊悸,带有恐怖感,惊骇,第34页,invasion n,入侵,侵略,invade,in5veid,vt.,侵略,侵袭,拥挤,invade invasion/decide decision,officially adv,正式地,official(,官方正式,)/formally(,普通正式,),office official,connect v,连接,connect sth with/to,connect A with B(A,和,B,平等,)/connect A to B(A,连到,B,上去,),第35页,European adj,欧洲,continent n,大陆,European Continent:,欧洲大陆,第36页,port,ventilate,Tunnel,第37页,chimney,double,sea level,第38页,Fear,invasion,continent,第39页,connect,officially,Europe,第40页,chimney,timni,n.,烟囱,烟筒,air chimney,通风管,第41页,Words/phrases,单词与词组,tunnel,n.,隧道,port,n.,港口,ventilate,v.,通风,chimney,n.,烟囱,sea level,海平面,double,adj.,双,ventilation,n.,通风,platform n.,平台,fear,v.,害怕,invasion,n.,入侵，侵略,officially,adv.,正式地,connect,v.,连接,European,adj.,欧洲,continent,n.,大陆,possible adj.,可能,fresh adj.,新鲜,第42页,Words/phrases,单词与词组,n.,隧道,n.,港口,v.,通风,n.,烟囱,海平面,adj.,双,n.,通风,n.,平台,v.,害怕,n.,入侵，侵略,adv.,正式地,v.,连接,adj.,欧洲,n.,大陆,adj.,可能,adj.,新鲜,第43页,Words/phrases,单词与词组,n.,圈子,v.,赞美，,n.,感觉,;,感官,adj.,亲密,prep.,除了,n.,婚礼,n.,招待会,n.,种类,n.,演讲,v.,包含,n.,成功,adj.,失望,第44页,Words/phrases,单词与词组,French engineer,法国工程师,in the centre of,在,中心,serve as,用作,railway station,火车站,well-ventilated,通风好,put forward,提出,solve the problem,处理问题,draw in,抽进,fresh air,新鲜空气,connect.to/with,把,与,连接起来,第45页,Words/phrases,单词与词组,法国工程师,在,中心,用作,火车站,通风好,提出,处理问题,抽进,新鲜空气,把,与,连接起来,第46页,Notes on the text,第47页,In1858,aFrenchengineer,AimeThomedeGamond,arrived inEngland,with,aplanfora,twenty-one-mile,tunnelunderthe EnglishChannel.,1858,年，一位名叫埃梅,.,托梅,.,德,.,干蒙法国工程师带着建造一条长,21,英里、穿越英吉利海陕隧道计划到了英国,twenty-one-mile,加连字符,用单数,是定语,第48页,Hesaidthat,it,wouldbepossibletobuilda platforminthecentreoftheChannel.Thisplatformwould,serveas,aportandarailwaystation.,serve as,作为,.,来服务,起,.,作用,It will serve as a swimming pool.,他说，能够在隧道中央建造一座平台，这座平台将用作码头和火车站。,第49页,Thetunnelwouldbewell-ventilatediftallchimneyswerebuiltabovesealevel.,Thetopofthehillis400metres,abovesealevel,.,山顶高度是,海拔,四百公尺。,Itissituated,abovesealevel,.,它位于,海平面以上,。,假如再建些伸出海面高大烟囱状通风管，隧道就具备了良好通风条件。,第50页,In1860,abetter plan,wasputforward,byanEnglishman,WilliamLow.,1860,年，一位名叫威廉,.,洛英国人提出了一项更加好计划。,put forward(plan/suggestion),提出,第51页,He,suggested,thatadoublerailway-tunnel,should,bebuilt.,他提议建一条双轨隧道，这么就处理了通风问题。,suggest,有两个意思,作为,“,暗示,”,意思时,使用方法与其它词相同,作为,“,提议,”,意思时,则为虚拟语气,后接动词是要用,-ing,形式,后接,that,从句采取一个固定使用方法,:should+,动词原形,should,可省略,第52页,insist,使用方法作坚持用时同,suggest,文中,:He suggested that a double railway tunnel should be built.,I suggested(that)he(should)go home.(that,should,都可省略,),又如,:He suggested that I should go with him.,他提议我一定要跟他去,.,He insisted that I should stay to lunch.,他坚持要我留下来吃晚饭,.,第53页,Thiswouldsolvetheproblemofventilation,forifatrainenteredthistunnel,it would,drawin,freshairbehindit.,因为假如有列火车开进隧道，它就把新鲜空气随之抽进了隧道。,draw in,吸进,如用,bring,没有,drow in,形象,贴切,第54页,Exercise,练习,Choose the correct words in the following sentences:,选择正确词,:,1 We shall have to draw(in)(up)a new plan.,2 When I recognized who he was I drew(back)(up)in horror.,3 The car drew(back)(up)outside the cinema.,1 draw up,签署,/2 draw back,倒退,/3 draw up,stop:,停顿,停下来,第55页,Forty-twoyearslateratunnelwasactuallybegun.,42,年以后，隧道实际已经开始建了。,第56页,If,atthetime,theBritishhadnotfearedinvasion,itwouldhavebeencompleted.,假如不是因为那时英国人害怕入侵，隧道早已建成了。,at the time,the British:,英国人,第57页,虚拟语气,(,非真实条件句,),1,、表示与现在事实相反情况：,从句：,If,主语,+,过去时,(Be,动词用,were),主句：,主语,+should/would/could/might+do,eg,：,1,If I were you,I would take an umbrella.,假如我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）,2,If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.,假如我知道他电话号码，我就会告诉你。,（事实：不知道）,第58页,2,、表示与过去事实相反情况,从句：,If,主语,+had+done,主句：,主语,+should/would/could/might+have done,eg,：,1,If I had got there earlier,I should/could have met her.,假如我早到那儿，我就会见到她。,（事实：去晚了）,2,If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake.,假如他听我劝说话，就不会犯这么错误了。,（事实：没有听我话）,第59页,exercise,1 If you had told me about it earlier,I_(be able)to help you.,2If you_(can/come)with us,we would have been pleased.,3You_(not make)such a mistake if you had been more careful.,4If father_(be)alive,he would be horrified.,5 If it_(be)fine tomorrow,we shall go for a swim.,第60页,1 would have been able,2 would have done,跟过去事实相反,从句会使用,had done,could have done,情态动词后面一旦加了,have done,表示跟过去相关,3 would not have made,4 were:,虚拟语气与现在事实相反,从句使用普通过去时,与普通现在时相反,be,动词,用,were,代替,if I were you,5 is,真实条件句,第61页,Theworldhadtowaitalmost another100yearsfortheChannelTunnel.,世界不得不再等快要1才看到海峡隧道完工。,wait for,wait for five minutes,I have waited five minutes.(for 可不要),I have waited for you for five minutes.,I have waited five years for you.,第62页,ItwasofficiallyopenedonMarch7,1994,finally connectingBritaintotheEuropeancontinent.,它于,1994,年,3,月,7,日正式开通，将英国与欧洲大陆连到了一起。,Connect.to.,非谓语动词中,ing,形式,1,、表示其与主语是主动关系,2,、表示动作正在发生,非谓语动词中,ed,形式表示其与主语是被动关系,第63页,普通过去未来时,普通过去未来时表示,从过去某一时间来看未来要发生动作或存在状态。过去未来时惯用于宾语从句和间接引语中。普通过去未来时,出发点是过去,，即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生动作或状态,。,第64页,必定句：,主语+was/were going to,+V+其它,主语+would(should would),+V+其它,第65页,否定句：,主语+was/were not going to+V+其它,主语+would（should would）not+V+其它,第66页,疑问句：,Be(Was，Were)+主语+going to+V+其它,Would(Should could)+主语+V+其它,第67页,虚 拟 语 气,虚拟语气用来表示说话人主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在事实，所说是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气经过谓语动词特殊形式来表示。,第68页,在表示虚假、与事实相反或难以实现情况时用虚拟语气,表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。,即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说话是基于自己主观想法，愿望，假想，猜测，怀疑或提议，而不是依据客观实际，就用虚拟语气,第69页,条件句可分为,两类,，一类为,真实条件句,，一类为,非真实条件句,。非真实条件句表示是假设或实际可能性不大情况，故采取虚拟语气。,第70页,使用方法及动词形式,1、表示与现在事实相反情况：,从句,：If 主语+过去时(Be动词用were),主句,：主语+should/would/could/might+do,eg：If I were you,I would take an umbrella.假如我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）,第71页,2、,表示与过去事实相反情况,从句,：If 主语+had+done,主句：,主语+should/would/,could/might+have done,eg：If I had got there earlier,I should/could have met her.假如我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了）,第72页,3、表示对未来情况主观推测,A-,从句,：if+主语+were to do,主句,：主语+should/would/could/might+do,B-,从句,:if+主语+did/were,主句,：主语+should/would/could/might+do,C-,从句,:if+主语+should+do,主句,:主语+should/would/could/might+do,第73页,eg,：,1,If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him.,假如他明天来这儿话，我就跟他谈谈。（,事实：来可能性很小,）,2,If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating.,假如下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（,事实：下雪可能性很小）,3,If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter.,假如她下周一来这儿话，我就会告诉她这件事始末。（,事实：来可能性很小,）,第74页,Key points,学习关键点,a plan for a twenty-one-mile tunnel,1)twenty-one-mile,为形容词,修饰,tunnel,There is a one-hundred-mile bridge between the two islands.,2)a plan for,“,计划,”,I,like to make plans for my holidays.,2.,serve as,充当,起,作用,The sofa can serve as(a)bed.,第75页,Key points,学习关键点,a better plan was put forward,put forward,固定短语,was put forward(,被动,),Has he put forward any plans for the meeting?,He suggested that a double railway-tunnel should be built.,suggest(,提议,),后面跟从句时,从句谓语动词形式为,should(,可省略,)+,动词原形,He suggested they change the plans.,Q:,每个同学用,suggest,造一个句子,.,第76页,Thanks for your attention!,第77页,
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