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一是在区间调控基础上实施定向调控，保持经济稳定增长。
First, on the basis of range-based macro regulation, we exercised targeted regulation to keep the economy growing steadily.
在······的基础上：on the basis of
这个短语，包括下面的“面对”，都是非常常见的词，但可能很多人还是译不好，或者考试时想太多，不敢确定。平时这方面还是要多积累。
区间调控： range-based macro regulation
定向调控： targeted regulation
宏观调控：macro regulation
（以前都是 macro-control，现在改成了 regulation）
实施：exercise
We是增译成分。“保持经济稳定增长”，用 to 作了连接。
这里是把原文的两句，理解成动作+目的的结构，让松散的中文译出来更有英文味道。
面对经济下行压力加大态势，我们保持战略定力，稳定宏观经济政策，| 没有采取短期强刺激措施，而是继续创新宏观调控思路和方式|，实行定向调控，激活力、补短板、强实体。
In the face of mounting downward economic pressure, we maintained strategic focus and kept our macroeconomic policy unchanged. Instead of using short-term stimulus measures, we continued to develop new ideas and methods for macro regulation. We exercised targeted regulation, stimulated market activity, shored up our weak spots, and boosted the real economy.
首先这段话对中文流水句的重组很有意思，译文基本上是两三句话合一句。个人感觉这个倒是可以借鉴，当成一种规律来用。如果再多，四五句合一句，那么译文句子就可能太长，里面的逻辑关系也不好梳理。
政府公文的逻辑，常用的也就是
措施+目的
措施+措施+措施
措施+结果
有时候目的和措施不太好区分，比如最后一句，“实行定向调控，激活力、补短板、强实体”，后面的并列感觉也可以理解成定向调控的目的。这个需要平时熟悉国家政策，只是懂英语也是不够。而且，这里可能也是为了段落的均衡，第一句用了 “措施 + 目的”，第三句换了个样子避免重复。
面对：In the face of
“经济下行压力加大态势”，态势这个词可以理解成趋势，译文并没有这么翻，而是用的 mounting downward economic pressure（不断增大的经济下行压力），也是比较常见的翻译技巧，用表示趋势的形容词（mounting）替换动词（加大）。为什么没有用 trend of 这种结构呢，个人猜测是为了行文简洁，避免太多 of 结构。
mounting 这个词也比较有意思，它表示 gradually increasing，所以逐渐增加，也不需要再加上 gradually 这个词，避免累赘。中文中很多看似复杂的短语，其实可能用一个简单的英文词就能替换，还是需要积累。
战略定力： strategic focus
这里其实也不太理解，定力为什么就是 focus，中文的定力内涵应该比 focus 更丰富，不过可能也是一种转化，理解成定住重点。
稳定宏观经济政策：kept our macroeconomic policy unchanged
一般很难翻译成这个句子，因为直观上来讲可能会用stable。这里用的 unchanged，大概是理解成 经济政策没有太大变化。
创新思路与方法：develop new ideas and methods
这里也是简化了许多，一方面还是要学习这种处理思路，另一方面有些也要记忆，记得多了以后用起来可能才会更自然。
激活力：stimulate market activity
补短板：shore up weak spots
强实体：boost the real economy
三个小句，没什么好办法，这种既要好好理解，也得好好背。理解再到位也不一定译出这个味道。不是说别的不对，而是怕改卷老师看到不一样的不给分。这种“应试心态”的确不好，但可能也是比较保险的办法。
把握经济运行合理区间的上下限，抓住发展中的突出矛盾和结构性问题，定向施策，聚焦靶心，精准发力。
With a keen understanding of the appropriate range within which the economy needs to be operating, we adopted targeted steps to address the serious issues and structural problems hindering development.
英语一词多义是普遍现象，汉语也是。汉语中有很多类似的词，看着简单，其实内涵太多，不只是表面意思。比如这句的“把握”，惠宇《汉英大词典》里就有4个解释，多种译法，比如：
把握时代精神：catch the spirit of the times
有把握地回答：answer with confidence
有把握完成任务：He is confident of completing the task
把握客观规律：master the objective laws
把握经济增长的脉搏：keep fingers on the pulse of economic growth
汉英词典是个好东西，值得买。不过如果不看也没效果。
“经济运行合理区间的上下限”，这里的偏正结构，用的是which句型来译： the appropriate range within which the economy needs to be operating，这种处理方式也比较好用。
“突出矛盾”，用的是 the serious issues，想想确实也是这个意思。顺便又查了下矛盾的多种译法：
矛盾的普遍性：universality of contradiction
避免矛盾： avoid conflicts
人民内部矛盾：contradictions within the ranks of the people
缓解矛盾：alleviate the problem of
心情矛盾：be in two minds about something
"定向施策，聚焦靶心，精准发力"，其实说得事情基本上是一样的，所以译文只用了一个 targeted steps，比较简洁。
“发展中的突出矛盾和结构性问题”，用的是 hindering development 。偏正结构也是公文常见结构，of 式结构最简单也最普通，其实有各种灵活译法，后面还会遇到。
向促改革要动力，向调结构要助力，向惠民生要潜力，既扩大市场需求，又增加有效供给，努力做到结构调优而不失速。
We promoted reform to gain impetus for development, made structural adjustments to produce support for development, and improved living standards to increase the potential for development. We both expanded market demand and increased effective supply, working to ensure that structural adjustments were made without compromising the growth rate.
“向促改革要动力，向调结构要助力，向惠民生要潜力”，又一个排比，译文则把“向”的重复变成了 to 结构的重复。断句也是之前分析的，三句一断。
“既”字用的是 both ，以后可以借用。
“速”， the growth rate，类似前面讲的“激活力”（stimulated market activity），要结合语境寻找对应词。
有效实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策。
We have been effectively implementing proactive fiscal policy and prudent monetary policy.
这句比较常规，平时多看新闻或者各类公文，适当记忆下各种常见说法，基本翻译出来的句子都差不多。
实行定向减税和普遍性降费，拓宽小微企业税收优惠政策范围，扩大“营改增”试点。
We increased targeted tax reductions, reduced fees across the board, extended the coverage of tax relief policies to benefit more small and micro businesses, and expanded the trials to replace business tax with VAT to cover more industries.
定向减税 targeted tax reductions
普遍性降费 reduce fees across the board
税收优惠政策 tax relief policies
营改增 replace business tax with VAT
以上表达，应该是属于这类材料里比较难翻译的部分，有的是比较专业，平时看时政少的话汉语都不理解，有的是需要多熟悉表达方式，尽量自己也能熟练应用。
可以学习下的是 extend 和 expand 这两个词，意思相近，也稍有差别。有网友总结区别如下：extend 表示时间和空间的“延长”，也可以用于比喻意义上的“延长”，或范围的“扩展”。 例如：to extend one's stay. (延长某人的逗留) ； expand侧重指“上下、左右、前后的面或体的伸展”，例如：Irons expands when it is heated. 铁加热时就膨胀。
加快财政支出进度，积极盘活存量资金。
We sped up the process of making budgetary funds available for fiscal expenditures and put surplus budgetary funds to good use.
这句不太好理解的可能是“加快财政支出进度”里的 budgetary，字面上毕竟没有这个词，需要从财政支出的本意来理解。
财政支出（Public finance expenditure / fiscal expenditures) 通常是指国家为实现其各种职能，由财政部门按照预算计划，将国家集中的财政资金向有关部门和方面进行支付的活动，因此也称预算支出（百度百科）。所以加快支出，也就是尽快把预算用掉， making ···· available for
存量资金：财政存量资金，主要是指要把一些没有按照预算进度执行、依然趴在账上的沉淀结余资金用起来，更好地提高财政资金使用效益。可以理解为预算中剩下的一部分， budgetary funds
盘活，也是公文里常见的词，可以简化成“用好”的意思。关于盘活存量资金，可以多看下相关的新闻评论，比如
这一段的一些译法再次说明，透彻理解中文是做好翻译的第一步。一些时政和财经领域的词汇，有时间应该多关注。
灵活运用货币政策工具，采取定向降准、定向再贷款、非对称降息等措施，加大对经济社会发展薄弱环节的支持力度，小微企业、”三农”贷款增速比各项贷款平均增速分别高 4.2 和 0.7 个百分点。
By flexibly utilizing monetary policy instruments, making targeted cuts to required reserve ratios, carrying out targeted re-lending, and making asymmetric interest rate cuts, we steppedup support for weaker areas in economic and social development. Increases in loans made to small and micro businesses, and loans for agriculture, rural areas, and farmers, outdid the average increase in loans overall by 4.2 and 0.7 percentage points respectively.
“灵活运用货币政策工具，采取定向降准、定向再贷款、非对称降息等措施”，没有放在主句里，而是用by引导，作为修饰性部分，避免主干太长。这段的原文也是拆成了两大句来译的。
货币政策工具： monetary policy instruments
定向再贷款 ：carry out targeted re-lending
非对称降息： make asymmetric interest rate cuts
定向降准：make targeted cuts to required reserve ratios
降准，全程是降低存款准备金率，是央行货币政策之一。存款准备金是指金融机构为保证客户提取存款和资金清算，需要而准备的在中央银行的存款，中央银行要求的存款准备金占其存款总额的比例就是存款准备金率（deposit-reserve ratio）。一般来说，存款准备金率上升，利率也上升，是实行紧缩的货币政策的信号。
增速，直接用的 increase，类似的用法还有：
增速下降 falling of rate of increase
税收增速 Tax Revenue Increase
除了 increase，有时候也用 growth。
“增速比各项贷款平均增速分别高 4.2 和 0.7 个百分点”，这类关于数字的句子往往是历年考试的重点，特别是一句涉及多种概念、多重数字。
同时，完善金融监管，坚决守住不发生区域性系统性风险的底线。
At the same time, regulation of the financial sector was improved and regional and systemic risks were forestalled.
重点是 forestall 这个词，表示“预先阻止”，其实也是对原句“坚决守住不发生·····底线”的简化，属于一个简单词表示复杂意思的例子。如果想不到这个词，用 guard against 应该也是可以的，不过意思可能稍弱一点儿。
二是深化改革开放，激发经济社会发展活力。
Second we deepened reform and opening up and invigorated economic and social development.
激发······活力 invigorate
针对束缚发展的体制机制障碍，我们通过全面深化改革，以释放市场活力对冲经济下行压力，啃了不少硬骨头，经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明等体制改革全面推进。
To address obstructions holding back development caused by certain systems and mechanisms, we comprehensively deepened reform, invigorating the market to offset downward economic pressure. We tackled many tough issues and carried out structural reforms in the economic, political, cultural, societal, and ecological sectors.
束缚： hold back （抑制；控制 | 阻挡，阻止，阻碍）
对冲： offset （抵消；补偿）
硬骨头：tough issues
体制改革：structural reforms
经济下行压力：downward economic pressure
障碍： obstruction
各种障碍的说法：obstacle,barrier,obstruction,bar,hindrance
这些名词均含“障碍(物)”之意。
obstacle → 指在达到目的或前进的过程中必须消除或绕过的障碍物，也指起阻碍作用等情况。obstacles on the race-course 赛马跑道上设置的障碍物 obstacles to world peace 世界和平的障碍
barrier → 常指临时的或者可能跨越的障碍。Show your ticket at the barrier. 请在检票处出示票以备查验 barriers of race and religion 种族和宗教的鸿沟
obstruction → 常既指具体的障碍又可指抽象或喻意上的阻碍。 obstructions on the road, eg fallen trees 公路上的障碍物（如倒下的树木） The government were defeated by the obstructionism of their opponents. 政府受到反对派阻挠而挫败.
bar → 既可指阻止进出或通过的栅栏一类的障碍物，也可用于抽象意义障碍。
Poor health may be a bar to success in life. 健康不佳可能成为人一生中取得成功的障碍.
hindrance /ˈhɪn.drənts/ → 指妨碍他人进步或做事的人或物。 Some kitchen gadgets are more of a hindrance than a help. 有些灵巧的炊具非但没有用处反而碍事. hindrance to traffic 交通障碍物
扎实推动重点改革。
We have made solid progress in key reforms.
制定并实施深化财税体制改革总体方案，预算管理制度和税制改革取得重要进展，专项转移支付项目比上年减少 1/3 以上，一般性转移支付比重增加，地方政府性债务管理得到加强。
We formulated and implemented a coordinated plan for deepening the reform of the fiscal and tax systems. Important progress was made in the reform of the budgetary management and tax systems.
The number of items receiving special transfer payments was over one third less than that of the previous year, and the proportion of transfer payments for general purposes was increased. Management of local government debt was strengthened.
制定： formulate
其他制定的说法:
制定法令：enact decrees
制定计划 ：work out a plan; lay down a plan;
制定法令：enact decrees
制定法律：make laws
比重：proportion
专项转移支付项目： items receiving special transfer payments
一般性转移支付：transfer payments for general purposes
减少 1/3 以上：over one third less than that of····
存款利率和汇率浮动区间扩大，民营银行试点迈出新步伐，“沪港通”试点启动，外汇储备、保险资金运用范围拓展。
The floating ranges of interest rates on deposits and exchange rates were expanded. New steps were taken in the trials to establish private banks. The Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect was launched on a trial basis. The scope for using foreign exchange reserves and insurance funds was broadened.
浮动区间：floating ranges
存款利率和汇率：interest rates on deposits and exchange rates
沪港通：Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect
扩大：expand
扩展：broaden
能源、交通、环保、通信等领域价格改革加快。启动科技资金管理、考试招生、户籍、机关事业单位养老保险制度等改革。
Price reforms in energy, transport, environmental protection, and communications were accelerated. We launched reforms tothe system for managing research and development funding, the school examination and enrollment systems, the household registration system, and the pension system for employees of Party and government offices and public institutions.
交通：transport
通信：communications
户籍制度： the household registration system
机关事业单位 Party and government offices and public institutions
养老保险制度 the pension system for ····
这句里的 reform 搭配可以注意下，前文多处用的是 reforms of 或者reforms in，这里用的是 reforms to
继续把简政放权、放管结合作为改革的重头戏。
We have continued to give the central stage in reform tostreamlining administration and delegating more powers to lower-level governments and to society in general while improving regulation.
[全句解析] “放管结合” 和 “简政放权” 中“放”的部分意思有重合，译文作了合并处理，后面只用 improve regulation 一带而过。
[词汇]
简政放权：streamline administration and delegating more powers to lower-level governments and to society
重头戏：important part of, give the central stage to
委托; 授权：delegate: delegating more authority to his deputies
国务院各部门全年取消和下放 246 项行政审批事项，取消评比达标表彰项目29 项、职业资格许可和认定事项 149 项，再次修订投资项目核准目录，大幅缩减核准范围。
Over the course of the year, departments under the State Councilcancelled the requirement of or delegated the power for reviewon 246 items. We cancelled 29 performance evaluations,inspections on the meeting of standards, and commendations, and 149 verifications and approvals of vocational qualifications. We again revised and significantly shortened the list of investment projects requiring government review.
[全句解析] “取消评比达标表彰项目” 可能不太好理解，可以按照“评比、达标、表彰”来断句，注意中文词语之间的细微差别。最后一部分的“核准目录”、“核准范围”有合并。
[词汇]
国务院各部门：departments under the State Council
（“各”字有时候可以通过复数来体现）
表扬，称赞；推荐，表彰：commendation
表彰：cite，commend
表彰劳动模范：commend model workers
因勇敢受表彰：cited for bravery
确认，查证：verification
大幅： significantly
修订： revise
核准、审批、审查：review
投资项目：investment projects
职业资格：vocational qualifications
着力改革商事制度，新登记注册市场主体达到 1293 万户，其中新登记注册企业增长 45. 9 % 形成新的创业热潮。
We channeled great effort into the reform of the business system. The number of newly registered market entities reached 12.93 million, with that of enterprises increasing by 45.9%, creating a fresh surge of entrepreneurial activity.
[全句解析] 可以注意下 “其中”的译法，除了这里的 with that of，有时候也用 of which 等形式。
例如：赤字率从去年的 2.1%提高到2.3%。其中，中央财政赤字1. 12 万亿元
the deficit to GDP ratio will rise from last year’s 2.1% to 2.3%. Of this amount, the central government deficit will account for 1.12 trillion yuan
今年保障性安居工程新安排 740 万套，其中棚户区改造 580 万套
This year, our plan includes building an additional 7.4 million units of government-subsidized housing, of which 5.8 million are to be located in rundown urban areas
[词汇]
着力 channel great effort into, take great pains to, concentrate one's efforts on
调拨 (钱、资源) ：channel , channel funds to the poor countries
集中 (精力、情感) ： channel, Stephen is channelling his energies into a novel called Blue.
商事制度 ：the business system
登记注册 ：register
创业热潮 ：surge of entrepreneurial activity
热潮：fever，boom，upsurge，surge
创业：start a business / entrepreneurial activity
经济增速放缓，新增就业不降反增，显示了改革的巨大威力和市场的无限潜力。
While economic growth slowed down, more jobs were created, which fully demonstrates both the tremendous power of reform and the endless potential of the market.
[词汇]
增速：growth
显示：demonstrate
巨大威力：the tremendous power
无限潜力： the endless potential
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