定语从句语法知识归纳.doc

定语从句 语法知识归纳
一、基本概念
（一） 定语从句
在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词从句叫定语从句。
（二） 先行词
被定语从句所修饰名词或代词。通常情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割现象。
（三）关系代词和关系副词
定语从句引导词。与先行词关系亲密，所以紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成份。关系代词有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when, where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。
一．关系代词引导定语从句
关系代词使用方法
（一）基本使用方法
依照先行词不一样，和在从句中所充当成份不一样，选取不一样关系代词。
以下表：
关系词
先行词
从句成份
例句
备注
关系代词
who
人
主语，宾语
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常能够省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不能够用that
whom
人
宾语
Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.
whose
人，物
定语
I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate.
that
人，物
主语，宾语
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
which
物
主语，宾语
The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
as
人，物
主语，宾语
He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
as做宾语通常不省略

比如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当成份）
① Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语）
② I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主语）
③ The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. （作宾语）
④ This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作宾语）
⑤ The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定语）
注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时能够省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例③④）
（二）关系代词that代替which一些情况
which, that 在代替物时，通常能够通用。
但在有些情况下，只用 that。
⑴ 先行词是最高级形容词或它前面有最高级形容词修饰时。
比如：① This is the best that has been used against pollution.
② English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.
⑵ 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。
比如：① This is the last place (that) I want to visit.
② It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen.
⑶ 先行词是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。
比如：① You should hand in all that you have.
② We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
⑷ 先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。
比如：① The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
② The little money (that) he had was stolen.
（三）其它情况
⑴ 先行词现有些人又有物时。
比如：① Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
② The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.
⑵ 主句已经有疑问词who 或which时。
比如：① Which is the bike that you lost?
② Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?
（四）宜用who, 而不用that一些情况
⑴ 先行词是one, ones, anyone时。
比如：① One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
② Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it.
⑵先行词是those时。
比如：① Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.

（五）与whose关于问题
⑴ whose是代词全部格，它既能够代人也能够代物。
比如：
① I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.
② Please show me the book whose cover is red.
⑵ 当whose表示物与物全部格关系时，亦可用of which形式。
比如：① The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.
→ The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或
→ The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.
三、介词前提问题
关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词能够前提至关系代词前。
比如：
Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介词with宾语）
→Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now?
不过，要注意是：
⑴ 介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。
⑵ 介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。
⑶ 有些含有介词短语动词中介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。
Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to?
These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.
四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中主谓一致
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。
比如：Who is the guy that is reading over there?
① The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000.
② All that needs to be done has been done.
③ He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study.
④ Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.
例③中all意为“一切”，作单数。例⑤中没经过考试学生实际上只有一人，所以谓语动词也用单数。
定语从句（二） 关系副词引导定语从句
一、“介词+关系代词”结构
1. 可代替when, where, why, that等关系词
e.g. There is no reason for which (why) we shouldn’t be friends.
2. 介词后面关系词不能省略。
e.g. Here is the money with which to buy a piano.
3. that前不能有介词。
4. 一些在从句中充当初间，地点或原因状语“介词+关系词”结构能够跟关系副词when 和where 交换。
e.g. This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
　 This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
　 Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

二、关系副词使用方法：
关系词
先行词
从句成份
例句
备注
关系副词
when
时间
时间状语
I will never forget the day when we met there.
可用on which代替
where
地点
地点状语
This is the house where I was born.
可用in which代替
why
原因
原因状语
I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.
可用for which代替
（一）基本使用方法
关系副词起连接主句和从句作用，又在从句中作状语，when, where和why分别表示时间，地点和原因。
1. when
在从句中作时间状语。惯用on which, in which, at which, during which等代替。
e.g. April the first is the day when people make fun of others.
=April the first is the day on which people make fun of others.
2. where
在从句中作地点状语。常可由in which, on which, at which, on which等取代。
e.g. This is the house where he lived two years ago.
=This is the house in which he lived two years ago.
3. why
why在定语从句中作原因状语。可用for which代替。why不可引导非限定性定语从句，此时可用for which代替。
e.g. This is the reason why he went away.
=This is the reason for which he went away.
（二）关系副词常可用“介词+关系代词”结构改写
这里关系代词只限于which和whom，比如
① I will never forget the night when I met you for the first time.
=I will never forget the night on which I met you for the first time.
② This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
=This is the house where I lived two years ago.
③ We don’t know the reason for which he suddenly fell ill.
=We don’t know the reason why he suddenly fell ill.
注意：并不是全部介词+关系代词结构都可用关系副词代替。
比如：I am very impressed by the way in which he works.
这里in which 代表是in the way, 在句中作方式状语。只有当介词+关系代词结构作表示时间、地点和原因状语时，才能对应地用when, where和why代替。
（三）怎样判断是用关系代词还是关系副词
这本质上取决于关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中充当成份。前者充当主语、宾语、表语或定语，后者充当状语。
试比较下面两组句子：
① This is the factory that/which produces radios.
This is the factory where radios are produced.
第一句中划线部分在从句中作主语，故而应选取关系代词：
The factory produces radios.
而第二句中划线部分在从句中作地点状语故而应选取关系副词：
Radios are produced in the factory.
② Do you remember the days (that) we spent together?
Do you remember the days when we worked together?
第一句中关系代词在从句中作宾语：We spent the days together. 而第二句中关系副词作时间状语：We worked together during the days.

（四）一些需要特殊记忆关系词使用方法
1. I don’t like the way in which he look at people.
当先行词是way时，除了in which，还能够用that来引导定语从句。that还经常省略。又如： Judging from the way he walked, I believe he was wounded in the leg.
2. Finally came the day when he had to leave his hometown.
当先行词为time, moment, day等，并在从句中作状语时，从句也能够用that引导，that也常省略。又如：① It was the first time (that) we had stayed up so late.
② The moment (that/when) he sent the mail, John realized what a mistake he had made.
③ She was the only girl I went steady with during the four years (that /when) I was at university.

三、关系副词省略：
1. the time, every time, each time, the moment等后关系副词能够省略。
e.g. By the time (when) he was fourteen years old, Jim had learnt more than two thousand English words.

2. 在一些表示地点名词后，关系副词有时也能够省略。如the place等。
e.g. This is the place (where) I saw him last time.
3. 先行词the reason后面关系副词能够省略。
e.g. The reason (why) he came here is quite clear.
4. 当先行词是way时，关系副词经常省略。
e.g. I know the way (that) he learns English.
四、判断关系代词与关系副词方法：
1. 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中谓语动词。及物动词后面没有宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
　 判断以下句子对错
　 （×） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
　 （×） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
　 （√） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
　 （√） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间名词与关系副词 where, when联络在一起。此两题错在关系词误用上。

定语从句（三）非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句起补充附带说明作用，缺乏它也不会影响全句了解，译为汉语时经常不译作定语，而依照句意翻译为对应其余形式从句。它与主语关系不像限定性定语从句关系那样亲密。在非限定性定语从句前面往往有逗号隔开，假如把非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都要用逗号与主句隔开。

1. 引导非限定性定语从句关系代词以下表所表示：
指代对象
指代人
指代物
主格
who

宾语
whom
which, as
全部格
whom, of whom, whose
which, of which, whose
注意：①关系代词that不能引导非限定性定语从句。
②引导非限定性定语从句关系副词主要有when, where。不可用why。

2. 利用非限定性定语从句情况：
（1）关系代词指代整个主句内容
e.g. Our new house has a lovely garden, which makes us very happy.
（2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后定语从句通常是非限制性。比如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
（3）当出现some, many, few, a few, little, much, most, two of which, whom等结构时
e.g. You’ve made many mistakes, most of which were due to your carelessness,
3. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句区分：
类别
语法意义及特征
例句
限制性定语从句
对先行词起修饰限制作用，假如去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句关系十分亲密，写时不用逗号分开。
The accident happened at the time when I left.
非限制性定语从句　
对先行词作附加说明，与主句关系不十分亲密，较涣散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。
His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.
非限制性定语从句主要在以下方面不一样于限制性定语从句：
⑴ 非限制性定语从句和主句关系不十分亲密，它不是对先行词进行修饰或确定，只是对先行词作些附加说明。专有名词通常被非限制性定语从句所修饰。比如：地名，人名，国家名等。
⑵ 非限制性定语从句不是先行词必不可少修饰语，所以假如去掉从句，主句意思依然清楚。
⑶ 从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，翻译时复合句通常译成两句话。
⑷ 与限制性定语从句一样，非限制性定语从句也可用关系代词who, which, whom, whose, as和关系副词when, where, why 引导。that不引导非限制性定语从句。
比如：We will fly to Xi’an first, where we plan to stay for a couple of days.
① My wife, who is a doctor, is working abroad this year.
② As is known to all, ice is water in its solid state.
㈢ 非限制性定语从句中值得注意几个问题
⑴ 在which引导非限制性定语从句，先行词能够是一个名词或代词，也能够是句子一部分，甚至整个句子。
比如：My new car, which I paid several thousand dollars for, isn’t running well.
先行词是car
① He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true.
先行词是he had never seen her before
⑵ which和as引导非限制性定语从句比较
which和as都可引导非限制性定语从句，而且先行词都能够是一句句子，但which通常指代上文提到情况，而as则能够指代上文或下文。 as 在这类句子中经常有“正如”意思。另外，as还经常与such, the same 等连用。（见第一讲中as 引导定语从句）
比如：He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like.
① As we expected, he gave a wonderful performance.
② Mike is late, as is often the case.
③ I never heard such stories as he told.
④ She knew he felt just the same as she did.
⑶ 在从句中作宾语关系代词which, who, whom通常不省略。
比如：Jeanne was her old friend, from whom she borrowed a necklace.
① He built a telescope, through which he could study the skies.
4. as与which区分：
定语从句
区分
例句
限制性定语从句中
名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which
He is not such a fool as he looks.
Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
非限制性定语从句中
as和which都能够指代前面整个主句。假如有“正如，象”含义，并能够放在主句前，也能够放在后面，那么用as；而which引导从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”意思。
They won the game, as we had expected.
They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.
As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.
关系代词as引导定语从句
⑴和such连用，这时as相当于who, which。有时such和as连在一起
比如：① Wendy is not such a fool as she looks.
② Such cars as I saw were too expensive to me.
③ We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had.
注意：这种使用方法和such … that …区分
在such … as …中，as是关系代词，它在从句中充当成份。例①中作looks表语，在例②和③中分别作saw和had宾语。而在such … that …中that引导结果状语从句，解释为“以至于”。that不充当任何成份，只起语法上连接作用。
比如：She gave me such a surprise that I couldn’t say anything at that moment.
① His idea was such a good one that we all agreed to use it.
⑵ 和same连用
比如：① You must show my friend the same respect as you show me.
② She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister usually does.
⑶ 引导非限制性定语从句
比如：① She was the one I met at the party, as you know.
② As was natural, she married Robin.

5. 定语从句和其它从句区分
很多高三同学在解题时发觉，有时难以区分定语从句，表语从句，时间、地点状语从句和强调句。处理这一问题关键在于紧记：
① 定语从句一定有先行词
② 定语从句关系代词和关系副词在从句中一定充当成份。
我们来看详细从句比较：
（一）定语从句和表语从句
例① 1) This is where your father worked when he was young.
此句没有先行词，where 引导是表语从句，where相当于“the place where”，解释为“……地方”。
2) This is the shop where my brother once worked.
此句中where引导是定语从句， 先行词是：the shop
（二）定语从句和状语从句
例② 1) Let’s do it when we are free.
此句中没有先行词，when引导是状语从句。
2) Let’s do it next month, when we are free.
这里when引导是定语从句，先行词是next month。又如：
1) Put it where it was. where引导是地点状语从句，无先行词。
2) Put it in the drawer where I keep documents. where 引导是定语从句。
（三）定语从句和强调句
例③ 1) -- Where did you interview the composer?
-- It was in the hotel _____ he stayed.
A. where B. that
此句看上去很像强调句型，很多同学因而错选B。但选B后意思是：他住在宾馆里。不能回答上文中提出问题。而应该选A. where，句子意思是：是在他住宾馆。所以，正确地解这一题除了要求对定语从句和强调句型有很好掌握以外，还考查了对题目所给出语境了解。
（四）定语从句和并列句
例④1) There are 45 students in our class, of whom two fifths are girls.
of whom/which +分数/百分数/ both / all / none / some / many …这么结构常出现在定语从句中，尤其是在较正式文体中。更常见是：分数/百分数/ both / all …+of whom/which， 此句是定语从句。
2) There are 45 students in our class, and two fifths of them are girls.
此句中第二分句由并列连词and引发，所以，不是定语从句。