资源描述
A-bar movement(A-棒儿移位) 306
Ablaut(元音交替) 164
Abney, S.(人名,阿伯尼) 360
accent (see phrasal stress)(重读)
accusative case (宾格)248, 251, 265–6, 356, 360–1
accusative possessors in Child English(儿童英语中宾格性领属者)359–61
accusative subjects(儿童英语中宾格性主语)
in Child English355–8
in infinitive clauses(非定式小句) 251
acquired language disorders(获得性语言错乱) 13, 213
acquisition of language(语言的获得) (see also developmental linguistics(发展语言学)) 408
acrolect(上层方言) 234
activation in psycholinguistics(心理语言学中的激活作用) 202, 209
active articulator(主动性发音器官) 31
active voice(主动语态) 137
additions in speech errors(言语失误中的追加) 115
Adger, D. (人名,阿杰尔)267
adjacency pairs(邻接对) 401
adjectives(形容词) 130
comparative form of ((形容词)的比较级形式)130
and derivational morphology((形容词)和派生形态学) 144
dimensional(程度(形容词)) 175–6, 177, 179
incorporation((形容词)并入) 161
in language acquisition((语言习中的)形容词) 187
superlative form of (形容词的最高级)130
adjuncts(附加语)249, 331
adverbs(副词) 130, 144
Affected Object(蒙受性宾语) 334–5
affix(词缀) 140
Affix Attachment(词缀附接) 273, 319
affricates(塞擦音) 29
African American Vernacular English (AAVE)(非裔美国人英语方言土语)
agreement in(AAVE的一致关系) 233, 237
double negation in(AAVE的双重否定) 297
empty T in(AAVE中的空语类T) 271–2
inversion in(AAVE中的倒装) 311–13
possessives in(AAVE中的所有格或属格) 237
age and variation in language use(年龄与语言运用中的变异) 235–6
age-graded sociolinguistic variables(与年龄段相关的社会语言学变量) 16
Agent(施事) 305, 333, 334–5
agglutinating languages(黏着语) 156–7
agrammatism(语法缺失) (see also Broca’s aphasia(布洛卡失语症)) 214–17,377–82, 385, 408
comprehension errors in(语法缺失中的理解错误) 215, 216–17, 378–80
production errors in(语法缺失中的发音错误) 215–16, 378
agreement (一致关系)135, 137, 144–5, 233, 248
in AAVE(AAVE中的一致关系) 233, 237
in complement clauses(补语小句中的一致关系) 251
in East Anglian English(东央格鲁英语中的一致关系) 233
in EME(EME中的一致关系) 320
operations in syntax(句法中一致关系演算或操作) 264–5, 267–8, 306, 345, 407
in SLI(SLI中的一致关系) 219, 385
in south western English (东南部英语中的一致关系)233
allomorphs(语素变体)152
allomorphy(语素音位变化) 151–2
lexically conditioned(词汇制约的语素音位变化) 152
phonologically conditioned(音系制约的语素音位变化) 152, 220
plural(复数的语素音位变化) 188–9
third person singular present(第三人称单数现在时的语素音位变化) 220
allophones(音位变体)77
allophonic variation(音位的变化) 77
allophony(音位变化) 77
alternation in phonology(音系(学)中的交替) 26, 83–5, 90, 152
alveolars(齿龈音) 30, 109
alveopalatals(齿龈硬腭音) (see palato-alveolars)
ambiguity(歧义) (see also structural ambiguity(结构歧义)) 5, 232
amelioration in semantic change(语义变化中的改进现象) 231
American English(美国英语) 55, 63, 71, 227
A-movement(论元移位) 306
Ancient Egyptian(古埃及人) 119
Antecedent(先行语) 277
local for reflexives(约束反身代词的局部先行语) 277–8
anterior as phonological feature(作为音系特征的前部性) 86, 413
anticipations in speech errors(言语错失中的先兆) 115, 117
antonyms(反义词) 176, 208, 209
antonymy(反义关系,反义现象) 176, 177–8
aphasia(失语症) 11–13, 213–19
selective impairment in(失语症中的缺陷或障碍 选择性) 213
apophony (元音交替,元音弱化)(see ablaut)
apparent-time method(视时方法后手段) 16, 66
approximant as phonological feature(无擦通音作为音系特征) 412
approximants(无擦通音) 33
in child phonology(儿童音系中的无擦通音) 100–4
Arabic (阿拉伯语)81, 224
arbitrariness of the linguistic sign(语言符号的任意性) 205
argument movement(论元移位) (see A-movement)
arguments(论元) 130, 247
Armenian alphabet(亚美尼亚字母或文字) 119
Articles(冠词) ( see also determiners(限定语)) 130, 133
Ash, S. (人名,阿施)237
aspect (体)252
perfect(完成(体)) 252, 261
progressive(进行(体)) 252
aspirated as phonological feature(送气作为音系特征) 87, 413
aspiration(送气音) 35, 75–7, 87–90, 90–1
assimilation(同化现象) (see also harmony(和谐发音)) 5
in Farsi (Farsi中的同化现象) 49
partial(部分同化) 100
target of (同化对象)100
total(整体同化) 100
trigger for(同化的触发者) 100
audience design((面向受众的设计)) 53–4, 409
Austin, J. L. (人名,奥斯汀)394
Australian English(澳大利亚英语) 62, 64,
71, 227
auxiliary copying in children(儿童语言中的助动词拷贝) 295
auxiliary inversion(助动词倒装) 294–6
auxiliary verbs(助动词) 133
difficulties with in SLI(特定语言障碍中助动词使用上的困难) 219, 385
dummy(假性助动词) 319
errors in SLI (SLI中助动词的错失)385
as finite T(助动词作为定式的T) 259, 261
and gapping(助动词和空位) 272
perfect (完成体)136
progressive(进行体) 136
babbling(婴儿发出的咿哑声) 96
back as phonological feature(后部(音)作为音系特征) 413
backtracking in parsing(切分中的回溯法) 373
back vowels(后元音) 36, 109–10
Bailey(贝利), B. 313
Bantu(班图语) 156
bare nominals(光杆名词性成分) 284–5
in Child English(儿童英语中的光杆名词型成分) 358–9
base form of verbs(动词的基础形式/基式) 147
basic level of categorisation((范畴化的基本层级) 194–6, 226, 232
in Wernicke’s aphasia(维尼克失语症中范畴化的基本层级) 217–18
basilect(下层方言) 235
behaviourism(行为主义) 115
Belfast(贝尔法斯特) 51
Belfast English(贝尔法斯特英语)300
Bell(贝尔), A. 53
Bengali(孟加拉人(的),孟加拉语(的)) 71–2, 87
Berko(拨库), J. 189
Bidialectalism(双方言现象) 409
Bilabials(双唇音) 30
Bilingualism(双语现象) 409
Binarity(二分性)
of parametric values(参数值的二分性) 314, 317, 320, 321, 325,349, 351
of phonological features(音系特征的二分性) 85
blends(融合) 207–8, 209
in paragrammatism(语法倒错性言语障碍中融合现象) 382
Bloom(布龙姆), L. 355
body of tongue (舌面)(see dorsum)
borrowing(借用) 224–5
bound morphemes(粘着语素) 140
in aphasia (失语症者话语中的)216
in SLI(特定语言损伤中的) 219–21
bound variable interpretation of pronouns(约束代词阐释的变量)342–4
bound word(粘着词) 150
Bradford(布莱德福德) 47–8
Braine, M.(人名) 351
Bresnan, J. (人名)246
British English ( 英国英语see also Contemporary Standard English) 62 , 69 –70, 71,227–8, 230
broad transcription(宽式标音) 76
Broca, P. (人名)12
Broca’s aphasia (布洛卡失语症see also agrammatism) 214– 17, 377–82
Broca’s area (布洛卡区)12
Brown, R. (人名)189
Bucholtz, M. (人名)51
Bulgarian (保加利亚语)85
calque(仿造,语义转借) 225
Cambodian (柬埔寨语)38
Canadian English (加拿大英语)227–8
Cantonese (广东话,粤语)79, 81
Cardiff (加迪夫,地名)53
Caribbean English(加勒比式英语) 66
case (格see also genitive case(属格), nominative case(主格),objective case(宾格)) 248
assignment of(格指派) 264, 265–6, 267–8, 345, 356–8,360–1
errors in agrammatism (语法缺失中的格错误)216
errors in SLI(特定语言损伤中的格错误) 385
(拉丁语中的格)in Latin 158
marking in Child English(儿童英语中的格标记) 355–8
structural(结构格) 356
in Turkish(土耳其语中格) 158
categorical perception(范畴感知) 113
causative verb(致使动词) 274–5
Celtic languages(凯饵特语族语言) 164
central vowels(央元音) 36
centre-embedding(中心内嵌现象) 370, 373–4
cerebral cortex(大脑皮层) 11
cerebral hemispheres(大脑半球) 11, 214
chain shift(链移) 66–7
Chambers, J. (人名)227
child grammar(儿童语法) 349–61
child phonology(儿童音系) 96–106
Cherokee(切罗基语) 119
Chicago(芝加哥) 66
Chinese (汉语)43, 119, 156, 224
Chomsky, N. (人名,乔姆斯基)1, 2, 7, 11, 213, 245–6, 314, 325, 377, 407
Chukchee(楚克其人[语]) 160–1
circumfix (框架式词缀see confix)
citation form(引用形式,基础形式,原形) 134
clauses(小句)247
bare infinitive(光杆不定试小句) 275–6
complement (小句补语)250–2, 275, 276
as CPs (充任CPs的小句)279, 280, 282, 283, 293, 304, 349, 356, 361
declarative(陈述小句) 279, 280
finite in German SLI(德语SLI小句中的限定性) 385
finite verb in (小句中的限定动词)251, 265–6
force of(小句的语力) 279
function of(小句的功能) 253
in German(德语中的小句) 321–4
infinitive(不定式小句) 275, 276–8
interrogative (疑问小句)279
main(主要小句,主句) 250, 280–1
non-finite verb in(小句中的非定式动词) 251, 281–2
v. phrases(小句和短语) 261–2
relative(关系小句) 253, 367
in sentence perception(句子感知过程中的小句) 367, 368
tensed (v. untensed)(时态小句和非时态小句) 251
as TPs(小句作为TPs) 273, 274, 275–6, 278
click studies(点击调查) 367–8
cliticisation(附着化) 274–6
and copies(附着化和拷贝) 296, 298–9
clitics(附着成分) 150–1
in Spanish(西班牙语中的附着成分) 151
cluster (see consonant cluster) 音丛(参见辅音丛)
codas of syllables(音节的节尾(音)) 79–82
in child language(儿童语言中的节尾音) 104–5
cognitive effects of utterances(话语的认知效应) 399
cognitive synonymy(认知同义关系或现象) 174–5
cognitive system(认知系统)
language as(语言作为认知系统) 1–14, 409
coherence in discourse(语篇中的连贯) 397
co-hyponyms(共存性下义词/下位词) 172, 209
in Wernicke’s aphasia(维尼克失语症中的共存性下义词) 218
co-indexing(同指标/同标引) 341
Comanche(科曼奇族/语) 225
co-meronyms(共存性局部关系词) 174, 208
comment (v. topic)(话题和评述/述题) 249, 281
Communicative Principle of Relevance(交际的关联原则) 399–400
communities of practice(实践社群) 52
commutation test(接换测试) 390
competence (v. performance)((语言能力)和语言行为/运用)2–3, 9, 264, 339, 367,
370, 375, 388, 408, 409
complement(补语) 130, 247–9, 262
covert(隐性补语)278
interrogative expressions as(疑问表达式充任补语) 297
complementaries(互补性反义词) 176
complementarity(互补性/关系) 176, 177–8
complementary distribution(互补分布) 76
complement clause(补语小句) 250–2
in German(德语中的补语小句) 322
complement clause question(疑问型补语小句) 299–300
complement clause yes-no question(是非型疑问补语小句) 303
complementiser(标句词) 135
declarative(陈述句的标句词) 279
empty(空标句词) 278–83, 284, 299
interrogative(疑问型标句词) 279
complex sentence(复合句) 250–3
compounds(复合词) 148–50, 379, 408
in language acquisition (语言习得中的复合词)191–2
structural ambiguity in(复合词中的结构歧义) 149
synthetic(合成性复合词) 162
comprehension of language (see sentence
comprehension, speech perception)(语言理解(参见句子理解、言语感知))
concatenative morphology(并置形态学) 163
concept (v. lexical entry)(概念(和词条)) 205–6, 209, 225, 233
confix(框架词缀/环缀) 162
conjugation (接合)159
consonants(辅音) 28–35
categorical perception of (辅音的类别感知)113
syllabic(成音节性辅音) 41
three-term description of(辅音的三个方面的描写) 34, 61
in writing systems (书写系统中的辅音)119
consonant change (辅音变化)61–4
consonant cluster (辅音丛)41
deletion in(辅音丛中的删除现象) 54–6
simplification in child language(儿童语言中的辅音丛简化现象) 98
consonant harmony(辅音和谐/辅音的协同发音) 99
consonant insertion(辅音插入) 64
consonant loss(辅音丢失) 63
consonant mutation(辅音变换) 164–5
consonantal as phonological feature(作为音系特征的辅音性) 412
constituency tests(成分性测试) 263–4
constituents(结构成分) 249, 263–4
covert (see empty constituents)(隐性成分(参见空成分))
in sentence comprehension(句子了解中的隐性成分) 366
constraints(限制(条件))
in phonology (音系中的限制条件)90–1
in syntax (句法中的限制条件)263, 312–13, 318
Contemporary Standard English (CSE) (当代标准英语)311
questions in(CSE中的疑问句) 311, 313, 316
strong C in(CSE中的强C) 314
weak T in (CSE中的弱T)317, 319
content words (内容词、实词)132
in aphasias (失语症中的内容词或实词)214–15
continuous perception of vowels(元音的连续性感知) 110–11
contour tone(轮廓调或曲折型声调) 43
contrastive sounds(对立音) 77
control(控制) 276
clause(控制小句) 277, 282–3
verbs (控制动词)277
conversation(会话) 245, 388
logic of(会话的逻辑) 395–7
Conversational Analysis (CA)(会话分析) 246, 401–2
conversational implicature(会话涵义) 397
conversational maxims(会话准则) 396–7, 399, 409
conversational particles(会话中的小品词) 400
conversion((词性)转换) 143
Co-operative Principle(合作原则) 396
co-ordinating conjunction(并列连词) 134
co-ordination test(并列关系测试) 263–4, 279–80, 283, 333
copy (trace) of movement(移位拷贝(语迹)) 295, 298–9, 340
in Child English(儿童英语中的移位拷贝) 295
in sentence perception(句子感知中的移位拷贝) 368–70
as variable(移位拷贝作为变量) 341
co-referential interpretation of pronouns(代词的同指阐释) 342, 343
coronal(前舌音/舌冠音) 34
count noun(可数名词) 285
Coupland, N. (人名)53
covert movement (隐性移位)339, 343–5
covert question operator(隐性疑问算子) 302–3, 324
Crossover Principle(跨越原则) 343–4
C Strength Parameter(C强度参数) 314
cumulation(堆积现象) 158
Cutler, A.(人名) 207
Czech(捷克(语)) 81
data of linguistics(语言学语料/数据) 1–2, 117, 170
declarative(陈述句/式) 253–4, 394–5
declension(形态变化,尤其指格变化) 158–9, 160
default cases in phonology(音系(学)中的缺省情况) 90
definitions(定义) 179–81, 193
deictic words(指示性词语) 389, 398
delinking in child phonology(儿童音系中的链接解除现象) 103
demonstratives(指示语) 133
dentals(牙齿,齿音) 31, 109
derivational morphology(派生形态学) 131, 143, 144
in compounds(复合词中的派生形态) 150
in language acquisition(语言习得中的派生形态) 190–2
Derivational Theory of Complexity (DTC)(复杂性推导理论) 367
Derivations(派生(式),推导(式))
in phonology(音系学中的推导(式)) 85
in syntax(句法中的推导(式)) 306
despecification in child phonology(儿童音系中的描写(式)) 103
determiner phrase (DP)(限定词短语/词组) 262, 283–7
in Child English(儿童英语中的限定词词组) 286
determiners (see also articles) (限定词(参见冠词))133, 297
empty(空限定词) 283–7
null in Child English (儿童英语中的空限定词)358
as operators(限定词作为算子) 297
prenominal(名词前的限定词) 286–7
pronominal(代词性限定词) 286–7
quantifying(量化限定词) 284–5, 303
in SLI (SLI中的限定词)219
Detroit (底特律)52, 66
developmental linguistics(发展论语言学) 1, 6–9
DhoLuo(卢奥语,东苏丹语族,尼罗语支) 164
diachronic method in historical linguistics(历史语言学中的历时方法) 15–16
diacritic (附加符号)35
dialect contact(方言接触) 227
dialects(方言)
regional (地域方言)14
rhotic(翘舌音方言) 77
rural (乡村方言)228
social(社会方言)14
urban(城市方言) 228
dictionaries(词典、辞书) 179–81
diphthongisation in language change(语言变化中的双元音化) 64
diphthongs(双元音) 38–9
discourse markers(话语标记) 15
discourses(话语) 245
discrimination experiment(辨别力实验) 111
distinctive features(区别性特征) 85, 412, 414
in child phonology(儿童音系中的区别性特征) 101
distribution(分布) 76
dorsals(舌面音) 34
dorsum(舌背、舌面) 31
Do-support(Do支撑) 274
D-projections(D投射) 287, 349
drag chain(拉链) 67
dual-lexicon model of child phonology(音系学中的双词库模型) 104–5
Dutch(荷兰语) 231
Early Modern English (EME)(早期现代英语,初期现代英语)
negation in(EME中的否定) 314–20
null subjects in (EME中的空主语)319–20, 351, 352
questions in(EME中的疑问句) 316
strong T in(EME中的强T) 317
East Anglian English(东盎格鲁英语) 63, 64–5
echo question(回声问) 297, 299
Eckert, P. (人名)51–2
Economy Principle(经济原则) 301–2, 314, 318–19, 324
‘edge’ as target of movement (边缘位置作为移位的目的地)306
education level and language use(教育水平和语言运用/使用) 49
Egyptian cuneiform(古埃及楔形文字) 119
Eimas, P.(人名) 96
elision (省缺)4
ellipsis(省略) 278, 371
Elsewhere Condition(另处原则) 89–90
empty constituents (空成分)246, 271–86, 407, 408
in psycholinguistics(心理语言学中的空成分) 271
in sentence perception(句子感知中的空成分) 368–70
enclitic(后附着) 151
entailment(衍推/蕴含)170–1, 392–3
environment (context) in phonological rules(音系规则中的环境(语境)) 87
errors in speech (言语中的偏误/失误,口误)114–17, 199, 207–9
Estonian(爱沙尼亚语) 38
ethnic group and language use(族群和语言运用/使用) 49–50
exchanges in speech errors (see also word
exchanges) (言语失误中的换位现象(参见词的换位))11 4 –16, 11 7
exclamative(感叹句,感叹式) 254
exponent(体现) 145, 152–3, 252, 259, 261
extended exponence(扩展了的体现) 159
extraction site(提取部位) 298
Farsi (Persian) (波斯语(波斯语的))49
Fasold, R.(人名) 272
feature matrix (特征矩阵)86
features(特征)
distinctive in phonology(音系学中的区别性特征) 86–90, 177
functional in agrammatism(语法缺失中的功能性特征) 380–2
morphological(形态特征) 153, 163
semantic(语义特征) 176–9
semantic in acquisition(习得中的语义特征) 193
filler-gap dependencies(填充词-空位依存性/关系) 369–70
finite (v. non-finite) verb forms(定式(非-定式)动词形式) 251–3
finiteness in language acquisition (语言习得中的有定性)359–61
Finnish (芬兰语)99, 156
flap (闪音)34
flapping(闪音化) 61
floating features(漂移特征) 101–4, 106
flouting of conversational maxims(对会话准则的藐视) 397, 399
focus(焦点) 282, 389–92
position(位置) 282
focus bar(焦点棒儿) 88
Fodor, J. (人名)201
form (v. lemma)(形式(和内容))
in lexical entries(词条中的形式和内容) 128, 205–7
free morphemes (自由语素)140
Frege, G. (人名)338, 339, 344
French (法语)90–1, 215, 224, 225, 230
frequency effect(频率效应)
in paraphasias(言语错乱中的频率效应) 217, 218
in substitution errors(替换语误中的频率效应) 208
fricatives(擦音) 29, 31–3
Frisian(弗里斯兰语) 231
Fromkin, V. (人名)207
front vowels (前(部)元音)36, 109–10
functional categories(功能语类) 132–5, 247, 385
in aphasia(失语症中的功能语类) 214–17, 378–82
comprehension of in agrammatism (语法缺失中功能语类的理解)378–80
in language acquisition(语言习得中的功能语类) 187–8
and pragmatic presupposition(功能语类和语用预设) 393
production of in agrammatism(语法缺失中功能语类
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